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In: Regional studies: official journal of the Regional Studies Association, Volume 28, Issue 6, p. 647-654
ISSN: 1360-0591
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In: Regional studies: official journal of the Regional Studies Association, Volume 28, Issue 6, p. 647-654
ISSN: 1360-0591
The COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ES0601: advances in homogenization methods of climate series: an integrated approach (HOME) has executed a blind intercomparison and validation study for monthly homogenization algorithms. Time series of monthly temperature and precipitation were evaluated because of their importance for climate studies and because they represent two important types of statistics (additive and multiplicative). The algorithms were validated against a realistic benchmark dataset. The benchmark contains real inhomogeneous data as well as simulated data with inserted inhomogeneities. Random independent break-type inhomogeneities with normally distributed breakpoint sizes were added to the simulated datasets. To approximate real world conditions, breaks were introduced that occur simultaneously in multiple station series within a simulated network of station data. The simulated time series also contained outliers, missing data periods and local station trends. Further, a stochastic nonlinear global (network-wide) trend was added. ; This study has been performed with support of the European Union, through the COST Action ES0601 – Advances in Homogenisation Methods of Climate Series: an Integrated Approach (HOME), as well as the project Large Scale Climate Changes and their Environmental Relevance funded by the North Rhine-Westphalia Academy of Science. The contribution of VV was supported by the surrogate cloud project (VE 366/3), the one of RL by the Daily Stew project (VE366/5), both sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG). The contribution of EA was sponsored by the "Cambios en la Frecuencia, Intensidad y Duracion de eventos Extremos en la Península Ibérica", code number: CGL2007-65546-C03-02.
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In: The World Readers
Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Alaska and Its People: An Introduction -- I Portraits of Nations: Telling Our Own Story -- Lazeni 'linn Nataełde Ghadghaande: When Russians Were Killed at "Roasted Salmon Place" (Batzulnetas) -- The Fur Rush: A Chronicle of Colonial Life -- Redefining Our Planning Traditions: Caribou Fences, Community, and the Neetsaii Experience -- Memories of My Trap Line -- Cultural Identity through Yupiaq Narrative -- Dena'ina Ełnena: Dena'ina Country: The Dena'ina in Anchorage, Alaska -- Qaneryaramta Egmiucia: Continuing Our Language -- Deg Xinag Oral Traditions: Reconnecting Indigenous Language and Education through Traditional Narratives -- The Alaskan Haida Language Today: Reasons for Hope -- II Empire: Processing Colonization -- Yuuyaraq: The Way of the Human Being -- Angoon Remembers: The Religious Significance of Balance and Reciprocity -- The Comity Agreement: Missionization of Alaska Native People -- Dena'ina Heritage and Representation in Anchorage: A Collaborative Project -- How It Feels to Have Your History Stolen -- Undermining Our Tribal Governments: The Stripping of Land, Resources, and Rights from Alaska Native Nations -- Terra Incognita: Communities and Resource Wars -- Why the Natives of Alaska Have a Land Claim -- A Brief History of Native Solidarity -- III Worldviews: Alaska Native and Indigenous Epistemologies -- A Yupiaq Worldview: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit -- The Cosmos: Indigenous Perspectives -- Seeing Mathematics with Indian Eyes -- What Is Truth? Where Western Science and Traditional Knowledge Converge -- The Yup'ik and Cup'ik People -- IV Native Arts: A Weaving of Melody and Color -- Ugiuvangmiut Illugiit Atuut: Teasing Cousins Songs of the King Island Iñupiat -- fly by night mythology: An Indigenous Guide to White Man, or How to Stay Sane When the World Makes No Sense -- Kodiak Masks: A Personal Odyssey -- Artifacts in Sound: A Century of Field Recordings of Alaska Natives -- Digital Media as a Means of Self Discovery: Identity Affirmations in Modern Technology -- America's Wretched -- The Alaska Native Arts Festival -- Conflict and Counter-Myth in the Film Smoke Signals -- Alaska Native Literature: An Updated Introduction -- V Ravenstales -- Poems -- Poem -- Living in the Arctic -- Tunnel? . . . What Tunnel? -- Daisy's Best-Ever Moose Stew -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- Acknowledgment of Copyrights -- Index
In: Ebony, Volume 65, Issue 3, p. 128-130
ISSN: 0012-9011
Supplementary data are available at IJE online. https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/48/4/1275/5363232#supplementary-data ; BACKGROUND: Earlier age at menopause has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the shape of association and role of established cardiovascular risk factors remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations between menopausal characteristics and CHD risk; the shape of the association between age at menopause and CHD risk; and the extent to which these associations are explained by established cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We used data from EPIC-CVD, a case-cohort study, which includes data from 23 centres from 10 European countries. We included only women, of whom 10 880 comprise the randomly selected sub-cohort, supplemented with 4522 cases outside the sub-cohort. We conducted Prentice-weighted Cox proportional hazards regressions with age as the underlying time scale, stratified by country and adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS: After confounder and intermediate adjustment, post-menopausal women were not at higher CHD risk compared with pre-menopausal women. Among post-menopausal women, earlier menopause was linearly associated with higher CHD risk [HRconfounder and intermediate adjusted per-year decrease = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.03, p = 0.001]. Women with a surgical menopause were at higher risk of CHD compared with those with natural menopause (HRconfounder-adjusted = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.10-1.42, p < 0.001), but this attenuated after additional adjustment for age at menopause and intermediates (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.96-1.29, p = 0.15). A proportion of the association was explained by cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier and surgical menopause were associated with higher CHD risk. These associations could partially be explained by differences in conventional cardiovascular risk factors. These women might benefit from close monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. ; This work was supported by the European Union Framework 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012–279233), the European Research Council (268834), the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270, MR/L003120/1), the British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002, RG/08/014, RG13/13/30194) and the UK National Institute of Health Research (to EPIC-CVD). The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Stavros Niarchos Foundation and Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC) and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council and Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council (UK). This work is supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation (2013T083 to V.D.). This work was supported by a UK Medical Research Council Skills Development Fellowship (MR/P014550/1 to S.A.E.P.). None of the funding sources had a role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, nor in the decision to submit the article for publication. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version
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In this paper we present observations, simulations, and analysis demonstrating the direct connection between the location of foreground emission on the sky and its location in cosmological power spectra from interferometric redshifted 21 cm experiments. We begin with a heuristic formalism for understanding the mapping of sky coordinates into the cylindrically averaged power spectra measurements used by 21 cm experiments, with a focus on the effects of the instrument beam response and the associated sidelobes. We then demonstrate this mapping by analyzing power spectra with both simulated and observed data from the Murchison Widefield Array. We find that removing a foreground model that includes sources in both the main field of view and the first sidelobes reduces the contamination in high k∥ modes by several per cent relative to a model that only includes sources in the main field of view, with the completeness of the foreground model setting the principal limitation on the amount of power removed. While small, a percent-level amount of foreground power is in itself more than enough to prevent recovery of any Epoch of Reionization signal from these modes. This result demonstrates that foreground subtraction for redshifted 21 cm experiments is truly a wide-field problem, and algorithms and simulations must extend beyond the instrument's main field of view to potentially recover the full 21 cm power spectrum. ; J.C.P. is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Fellowship under award AST-1302774. This scientific work makes use of the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, operated by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. Support for the MWA comes from the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants AST-0457585, PHY-0835713, CAREER-0847753, and AST-0908884), the Australian Research Council (LIEF grants LE0775621 and LE0882938), the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (grant FA9550-0510247), and the Centre for All-sky Astrophysics (an Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence funded by grant CE110001020). Support is also provided by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the MIT School of Science, the Raman Research Institute, the Australian National University, and the Victoria University of Wellington (via grant MED-E1799 from the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development and an IBM Shared University Research Grant). The Australian Federal government provides additional support via the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy, Education Investment Fund, and the Australia India Strategic Research Fund, and Astronomy Australia Limited, under contract to Curtin University.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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