Suchergebnisse

Until 1970s external debts did not come as a serious problem for Polish economy. Due to political reasons, the Polish People's Republic rarely took any credits from Western countries, and when it did, all due amounts were repaid in due time. The aim of the article is to present the growth of the Polish external debt, with special consideration of its causes and methods of debt reduction. In order to achieve the aim of the article, a research method of descriptive comparative analysis has been applied. In the conclusions of the paper it is stated – among others – that external credits have been taken in order to decrease economic disproportions between Poland and highly developed countries. Considering the necessity of debt repayment, the due amounts have already become a considerable developmental barrier and a burden not only for the state budget but also for business entities. Undoubtedly, Poland is going to take more credits and to issue foreign bonds in the nearest future. Their use may turn out to be an important factor which shall determine the economic situation of the country.

Until 1970s external debts did not come as a serious problem for Polish economy. Due to political reasons, the Polish People's Republic rarely took any credits from Western countries, and when it did, all due amounts were repaid in due time. The aim of the article is to present the growth of the Polish external debt, with special consideration of its causes and methods of debt reduction. In order to achieve the aim of the article, a research method of descriptive comparative analysis has been applied. In the conclusions of the paper it is stated – among others – that external credits have been taken in order to decrease economic disproportions between Poland and highly developed countries. Considering the necessity of debt repayment, the due amounts have already become a considerable developmental barrier and a burden not only for the state budget but also for business entities. Undoubtedly, Poland is going to take more credits and to issue foreign bonds in the nearest future. Their use may turn out to be an important factor which shall determine the economic situation of the country.

"Sovereign Debt Default" published on by Oxford University Press.

Chile is nowadays considered to have the most successful programme of debt conversion among debtor countries. However, the Chilean debt conversion programme presents some shortcomings. In fact, as this study shows, the conversion scheme may have negative effects regarding direct foreign investment and the balance of payments

Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Review Of Existing Datasets -- III. Methodological Considerations -- IV. Overview of the Global Debt Database -- V. Global Debt Trends -- VI. Conclusion And Way Forward -- BOXES -- 1. A Multidimensional Approach to Debt Statistics: The Example of Mexico -- A.1.1. Compilation of the Global Debt Database -- FIGURES -- 1. Private Debt Coverage in Approach 2 vs. IIP Approach -- 2. Country Coverage in the Global Debt Database -- 3. Country Coverage in the Global Debt Database -- 4. Private Debt: Country Coverage in Global Debt Database vs. Existing Datasets -- 5. Public Debt: Country Coverage in the Global Debt Database vs. Existing Datasets -- 6. Largest Debtors by Income Group, 2016 -- 7. Total Debt -- 8. Change in Public and Private Debt -- 9. Total Debt: World and G20 -- 10. Contribution to Total Debt by Income Group -- 11. Private Debt by Income Group -- 12. Public Debt by Income Group -- 13. Total Debt by Region -- 14. Private Debt by Region -- 15. Public Debt by Region -- A.1.1. Global Debt Database: Country Coverage -- TABLES -- 1. Comparison of Existing Debt Datasets -- 2. Selected Countries and Income Group: Total Debt -- A.1.1. Global Debt Database: Characteristics of Private Debt Data -- A.2.1. Classification by Income Group -- A.2.2. Classification by Region -- ANNEXES -- I. The Global Debt Database: Definitions, Methodology and Sources -- II. Country Classification

Front Cover -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Overview -- Overview -- Key Messages of the 2020 Data Are as Follows -- Aggregate Financial Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- External Debt Stocks in 2020 -- External Debt Flows in 2020 -- IDA Borrowers Eligible for the DSSI -External Debt Stocks and Flows -- Debt Indicators 2011-2020 -- Equity Flows in 2020 -- Supporting Debt Transparency -- Part II Aggregate and Country Tables -- All Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- East Asia and Pacific -- Europe and Central Asia -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- South Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Afghanistan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Angola -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Azernaijan -- Bangladesh -- Belarus -- Belize -- Benin -- Bhutan -- Bolivia, Plurinational State of -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cabo Verde -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Congo, Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt, Arab Republic of -- El Salvador -- Eritrea -- Eswatini -- Ethiopia -- Fiji -- Gabon -- Gambia, the -- Georgia -- Ghana -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran, Islamic Republic of -- Jamaica -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kosovo -- Kyrgyz Republic -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Madagascar -- Malawi -- Maldives -- Mali -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- North Macedonia -- Pakistan -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda.

Front Cover -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Overview -- Executive Summary -- Aggregate Financial Flows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries -- External Debt Stocks in 2019 -- External Debt Flows in 2019 -- Supporting Debt Data Transparency -- IDA Borrowers Eligible for the DSSI: External Debt Stocks and Flows -- Debt Indicators, 2010-2019 -- Equity Flows in 2019 -- Part II Aggregate and Country Tables -- All Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- East Asia and Pacific -- Europe and Central Asia -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Middle East and North Africa -- South Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Afghanistan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Angola -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Bangladesh -- Belarus -- Belize -- Benin -- Bhutan -- Bolivia, Plurinational State of -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cabo Verde -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Congo, Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt, Arab Republic of -- El Salvador -- Eritrea -- Eswatini -- Ethiopia -- Fiji -- Gabon -- Gambia, The -- Georgia -- Ghana -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran, Islamic Republic of -- Jamaica -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kosovo -- Kyrgyz Republic -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Madagascar -- Malawi -- Maldives -- Mali -- Mauritania -- Mexico -- Moldova -- Mogolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- North Macedonia -- Pakistan -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Samoa -- São Tomé and Príncipe.

The United States' borrowing poses a potential threat to its long-term external power. This is not because the United States' fiscal debt is large in relative terms, or because rising debt necessarily threatens a state's power, but because the United States has now indebted itself to China, and this financial relationship fundamentally changes the political terms on which the United States has borrowed since the 1960s. The consequences of that change may force American presidents to consider questions about the domestic viability of their foreign policy in a way that has not been necessary since the beginnings of the Cold War. Neither liberals nor realists are equipped to understand the significance of this change, because of the way in which they conceive power in relation to the interaction between domestic and international politics.