Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half-title -- Series information -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- 1 Introduction -- Structure of the book -- 2 What is financial inclusion? -- Defining financial inclusion -- Key distinctions -- Exclusion versus inclusion -- Global South and Global North -- Concept, intervention and assemblage -- Key players -- Accion -- The Alliance for Financial Inclusion -- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation -- The Grameen Bank -- The World Bank -- Key questions -- 3 Financial inclusion as a tool of poverty eradication: the case of microcredit -- From microcredit to microfinance -- The microcredit model -- Microfinance in Bangladesh -- Microfinance in India -- The commercial turn -- The lived experience of microcredit -- The fall of microcredit -- Conclusion -- 4 Financial inclusion as the production of new markets: the case of reverse redlining -- Redlining -- Reverse redlining -- The feminization of finance -- Conclusion -- 5 Financial inclusion as financial subjectivity: the case of financial capability in the UK -- Financial exclusion: geographies of inequality -- Discovering financial inclusion: a "Third Way" in poverty alleviation -- Financial subjectivity and asset-based welfare -- Financial literacy and capability -- Financial capability in the era of austerity -- Conclusion: dynamics of inclusion, risk and practice - financial inclusion as a new form of exclusion? -- 6 Financial inclusion as political project: the case of conditional cash transfers -- Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera -- CCTs and financial inclusion -- Financial nudges -- Financial inclusion through contractual governance -- Conclusion: achieving financial inclusion by other means -- 7 Financial inclusion as transformations in financial practice: the case of mobile money -- Mobile money: overview -- M-PESA -- Mobile money and airtime gifting.

Financial decisions, be they related to asset building or debt management, require the capacity to do calculations, including some complex ones. But how numerate are individuals, in particular when it comes to calculations related to financial decisions? Studies and surveys implemented in both the United States and in other countries that are described in this paper show the level of numeracy among the population to be very low. Moreover, lack of numeracy is not only widespread but is particularly severe among some demographic groups, such as women, the elderly, and those with low educational attainment. This has potential consequences for individuals and for society as a whole because numeracy is found to be linked to many financial decisions. As we shift responsibility from governments and employers onto individuals, it is increasingly important to find ways to equip people with the skills that are necessary to make savvy financial decisions.

Doutoramento em Gestão ; This dissertation aims to investigate the association between financial reporting (and related accounting choices and disclosure policies) with periods of economic and financial crises. In order to do that, a paper methodology was used. This approach allows focusing on a particular topic under that broad theme at each time, while allowing structuring the research and its dissemination to particular targets. On the first paper entitled "Financial Reporting and the Dynamics of Crises: a Literature Review", we review extant literature on the role played by financial reporting (and broadly the accounting system) on periods of economic and financial crises. Previous literature, both theoretical and empirical, shows that financial reporting should have low importance in causing an economic crisis. Opportunities for future research are presented. To further understand this subject in higher detail, we then proceed on a paper that aims to answer the question: "Does Earnings Quality Mitigate Negative Shocks to Stock Markets?" Accounting quality proxied by earnings quality should mitigate uncertainty about firms' value and prevent some of the dynamics associated with the negative shocks to the market. Results show that firms with lower accounting quality exhibit stock prices decreases larger than those of firms with better accounting quality during those events. This association is both statistically and economically significant. When the analysis is extended to market booms, results are not symmetric, suggesting earnings quality do not proxy for market betas. Lastly, in an article titled "The Impact of Measurement Criteria on Investors' Judgement and Decisions", we aim to extend our research of the impact of different measurement criteria on investors' decisions and judgements, especially concerning historical cost vs fair value reporting. Results obtained in an experiment show that there are statistically significant effects on relevance judgements of the different criteria. Additional effects are detected for different levels of fair value judgement, (mark-to-market vs mark-to-model). Regarding investors' earnings prediction we found a volatility effect as we move from historical cost to fair value measurement. ; Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a associação entre o relato financeiro (escolha de politicas contabilísticas e divulgação da informação financeira selecionadas) e a evolução dos períodos de crise económica e financeira. Na realização da dissertação optou-se por uma metodologia de artigos científicos individualizados. Esta metodologia permite focalizar num aspeto específico do tema geral em estudo, permitindo assim estruturar e divulgar as análises efetuadas para cada tópico, tendo em mente targets distintos. No primeiro artigo, intitulado "Financial Reporting and the Dynamics of Crises: a Literature Review", é feita uma revisão da literatura relativa ao envolvimento da contabilidade em períodos de crise económica e financeira. A investigação existente, quer teórica quer empírica, não permite concluir que o reporte financeiro e o sistema contabilístico desempenham um papel primordial no despoletar das crises. Pistas para investigação futura são apresentadas. Em seguida, procuramos detalhar mais o tópico em estudo, tentando apresentar resposta à questão: "Does Earnings Quality Mitigate Negative Shocks to Stock Markets?". A qualidade da informação financeira, aproximada pelo conceito de earnings quality, deverá mitigar a incerteza relativa ao valor da empresa e, consequentemente, aliviar os efeitos de choques negativos ao mercado de capitais. Os resultados obtidos permitem encontrar prova de que as empresas que divulgam informação contabilística de menor qualidade experienciam maiores quedas nos seus preços do que aquelas cuja III informação contabilística tem maior qualidade. Os resultados obtidos são robustos e significativos, quer estatisticamente, quer economicamente. Quando os mercados de capitais apresentam resultados anormalmente bons, o inverso não se verifica, pelo que podemos concluir que a qualidade da informação financeira não representa um fator de risco sistemático de mercado. Finalmente, no último artigo intitulado "The Impact of Measurement Criteria on Investors' Judgement and Decisions", pretendemos aprofundar a investigação relativa às consequências da escolha de um dado critério de mensuração, (em especial o contraste entre custo histórico e justo valor), nas decisões e julgamentos dos investidores. Os resultados, obtidos através de uma metodologia de experiência, permitem identificar um efeito estatisticamente significativo ao nível do julgamento relativo à relevância dos diferentes critérios de mensuração, em especial para os diferentes níveis de determinação do justo valor. Relativamente às decisões dos investidores na estimativa de uma previsão dos resultados a partir das demonstrações financeiras obtidas com mensuração ao custo histórico vs. justo valor verifica-se um efeito de volatilidade acrescida deste ultimo critério face ao primeiro. ; N/A

Financial infrastructure is the underlying foundation of a country's financial system. It comprises all institutions, the rules, and standards of all the systems which enable financial intermediation. The quality of a country's financial infrastructure determines the efficiency of intermediation, the ability of lenders to evaluate risk and of borrowers to obtain credit, insurance, and other financial products at competitive terms. For instance, the efficient and smooth functioning of the payment, and securities settlement systems facilitates the discharge of financial obligations and the safe transfer of funds across distances and institutions; hence, it support the stability of the financial system. This technical note contains the assessment of the national payment and settlement systems (NPS) infrastructure in Montenegro. The assessment was undertaken in the context of the IMF and World Bank (WB) joint Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) mission to Montenegro during September 1-15, 2015. The assessor was Gynedi Srinivas of the World Bank's Payment Systems Development Group. The assessor will like to thank the counterparts in Montenegro for their excellent cooperation and hospitality during the mission.