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This article evaluates the propaganda legacy of the eight-year presidency of Vladimir Putin. Drawing on NGO reports, public opinion surveys, and the scholarly literature, the article describes the organization, channels, and chief messages of the vertical propaganda machine put into motion in Russia as well as this system's visible and invisible workings. The propagandistic treatment of the Second Chechen War and the campaign against terrorism are examined. The counter-propaganda of the Kremlin's "real" opposition during these years, as well as its communication channels and the mobilization campaigns aimed at national and international civil society, are also analyzed. Adapted from the source document.

Propaganda is persuasive COMM, as are advertising, educ, & pol'al campaigning. Propaganda differs from the latter in source, purpose, & target. Most of the internat'l activity that goes by the name of propaganda, however, is not persuasive COMM but is what the author refers to as facilitative COMM. The latter is effective if & when it opens up channels of COMM with a potential audience. Persuasive COMM, which comprises a minute part of the activity of modern propaganda agencies, is effective only to the extent that it achieves an articulate objective. To accomplish this, the propagandist must not only have control of the propaganda vehicle but must be able to predict the outcome of his activities. Unfortunately, although a great deal of res has been done on the effects of COMM & a fair amount of theory has been developed, the propagandist is still shooting in the dark. HA.

Ziegert, Dirk: Jugendfernsehen auf dem Weg vom Infotainment zum Infomercial. Die Magazine "Elf 99" und "Saturday" zwischen Wende und Wiedervereinigung. - Wiesbaden: Universitäts-Verl., 1997. - 318 S