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Smith addresses the reasons for & implementation of increased foreign & security policy making in the European Union (EU). History of the EU's stance in the post-Cold War era includes the proposal to create a European Defense Community, deference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the significance of the Maastricht Treaty, & proposals considered at the Nov 1999 meeting in Tampere, Finland. Evolving interpretations of foreign & security policy are reviewed, & the issue of containment is contemplated. Detailing of the Single European Act of 1985, the Maastricht Treaty, & the Treaty of Amsterdam accompanies examination of changes to the Common Foreign & Security Policy. Recent momentum of the Amsterdam provisions is evidenced by decisions made at the June 1999 Cologne Summit & the Dec 1999 Helsinki European Council. The new framework of foreign & security policy is illustrated by a figure showing the distinctive & overlapping jurisdictions & roles of bodies, including NATO & Partnership for Peace. The drive for maintenance of European security & resulting EU actions are considered with relation to recent events in Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, & Kosovo. 3 Figures, 21 References. M. C. Leary

This paper uses the work of Jock YOUNG (2002 , 2003 ) on the emergence of vindictiveness in late modern society to examine two recent developments – the withdrawal, in certain circumstances, of Housing Benefit from those people evicted for 'anti-social' behaviour and the proposed introduction of a Treatment Allowance for 'problem drug users' – in social security policy. The paper argues that while since the development of collective responses to poverty there has been concern with the behaviour of individuals in relation to paid work, we are entering a new period of social security policy where it is the general behaviour of individuals that increasingly defines access to social security benefits, rather than their financial needs.

SECURITY ISSUES IN EUROPE ARE IN A PHASE OF TOTAL REDEFINITION, WHILE THE OUTLINES OF THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL LANDSCAPE ARE IN GENERAL BLURRED. AT THE PRESENT TIME, EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DO NOT HAVE THE CAPACITY TO INFLUENCE THE DEFINITION OF EUROPE'S SECURITY STRUCTURES IN A POSITIVE FASHION. AT BEST THEY CAN JOIN A NEW SECURITY ARCHITECTURE WITHIN PARAMETERS DEFINED BY THE VICTORS OF THE COLD WARD. AT WORST THEY CAN INFLUENCE THE PROCESS THROUGH THEIR OWN INTERNAL STRIFE THAT SPREADS TO THEIR NEIGHBORS. FRANCE EXPECTS EUROPE'S FUTURE SECURITY ARCHITECTURE TO DEVELOP HARMONIOUSLY AROUND "INTERLOCKING INSTITUTIONS." IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN HOW HARMONIOUSLY OLD INSTITUTIONS AND CONCEPTS CAN COEXIST WITH THE NEW.

This article is based on the assumption that behind the more specific phenomena and forces relating to the security policy process there is a pattern, which the author has tried to outline. The vantage point is unilateral, i.e. it concerns a single collective actor. After defining and relating the central concepts, using the decision making approach, an analysis is made of the long-term security policy process. The actors tend to be activated by an unsatisfactory achievement of results; they try to adapt doctrine, strategy, and tactics to changing conditions according to a fairly defined sequence and set of rules. The adjustment of goals affects support, making it difficult for the central decision-makers to control the process, which is thus inevitably characterized by a shifting equilibrium, dynamism, and change.

Ensuring water security holds a crucial position in the strategic planning of nations worldwide. The guaranteed access to water resources and their rational utilization are deemed priorities in the development of strategies within this domain. In the specific context of Kazakhstan, effective water resource management stands out as a key factor in shaping a robust model of national security on a global scale. This research aims to identify the characteristics and features of Kazakhstan's water security policy by analyzing elements and components at both the national and regional levels. To achieve this, a systemic analysis method was employed to assess the water security situation and identify positions within regional and international organizations. The study delves into the key elements and structural components of Central Asia's water security policy, shedding light on the peculiarities of national strategies adopted by individual countries in the region. The paper provides an overview of both negative and positive aspects of Kazakhstan's activities in planning access to river resources, summarizing the main outcomes of such efforts. Additionally, the study analyzes the uniqueness and specificity involved in forming a security strategy to ensure rational access to river sources in Kazakhstan. The results of this research serve as a foundational basis for further scientific exploration. They can be utilized for the development and implementation of innovative tools and methods in security policy within the national strategies of water management.

Intro -- GERMAN FOREIGNAND SECURITY POLICY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- GERMAN FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY:TRENDS AND TRANSATLANTIC IMPLICATIONS* -- Germany in the EU -- Summary -- Introduction -- Current Domestic Context -- Foundations of German Foreign Policy -- Multilateralism As National Interest -- Germany in the EU and NATO - The "Middle Path -- Germany in the United Nations -- Evolving Domestic Debate -- EU Enlargement -- Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Relations with Russia -- European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) -- European Leadership and Franco-German Relations -- Evolving Security and Defense Policy -- Germany in NATO -- Force Transformation and Bundeswehr Reform -- Transatlantic Implications -- Appendix 1. Selected Issues in U.S.-GermanRelations - Current Status -- Economic Ties -- Counterterrorism Cooperation -- The Middle East60 -- The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and Lebanon -- Iraq -- Untitled -- Afghanistan -- GERMANY AND EUROPE:NEW DEAL OR DÉJÀ VU?+ -- Notre Europe -- Preliminary Remarks and Acknowledgments -- I. Germany and Europe: Structure of a Relationship -- 1.1. Germany's Europe Policy: What It Was and What It Is -- 1.2. The Germans and Europe: Felt Impressions -- 1.2.1. The Population -- 1.2.2. The Parties -- THE CDU/CSU -- The SPD -- The Green Party, The FDP -- The Others: The Left (die Linke, PDS) the DVU, the NPD -- II. Objectives of the German EU Presidency -- 2.1. The Spring Summit -- 2.2. The Special Summit for the 50th Anniversary of the Treaty of Rome -- 2.3. The June Summit -- 2.4. The Neighbourhood Policy's Objectives -- 2.5. A "New Ostpolitik" for the EU -- III. The German-French Duo: A (Quick) Look back and forward -- 3.1. From Europe's Engine to Locomotive without Carriages -- 3.2. France, Seen by Germany -- 3.3. Keys to Re-launching the European Project -- Previously Published Studies.

Apunen, O. Finland's Treaties on Security Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 249-261. In this analysis of Finland's treaties from the 1920s to the 1970s concerning security issues, the author proceeds from a dichotomy: treaty elements regulating the political activity of the state and, on the other hand, actual international obligations pertaining to arms control. Treaty instruments of a predominantly political character fall under three categories: non-use of force, obligation to use force under specific circumstances, and obligation to pursue peace-strengthening foreign policy. In this connection the author deals with such questions as the inviolability of frontiers, neutrality, non-alignment and interna tional security guarantees in Finland's bilateral and multilateral treaties. Agreements on disarmament and arms control fall under the concepts of zoning, and quantitative and qualitative limitation of arms. The author concludes that the Finnish agreements reveal 'vogues'. During the interwar period (1920-1939) the aim of Finnish arms control policy was to seek a general European system of mutual regulations through treaties prohibiting the use and threat of force and providing methods for peaceful settlement of disputes. After World War II Finland's bilateral treaty obligations became more specific but, at the same time and especially during the détente period since the 1960s, Finland has been engaged in a process of negotiation based on concepts of positive peace and active interaction.

Belkin, P.: German foreign and security policy : trends and transatlantic implications. - S. 1-26 Guérot, U.: Germany and Europe : new deal or déja vu? - S. 27-54 Coalition agreement. - S. 55169