Suchergebnisse

Introduces a bargaining model to explore the process by which ethnic groups are mobilized & then demobilized, such that the extremity of their demands shifts over time. Two arguments are presented: (1) A group's structural characteristics (including its size & compactness) define the upper limits of goals that groups are capable of pursuing against the center. (2) The extremity of these claims is a joint function of (A) the group's expected political or economic benefits of exercising its 'exit option' (the independent variable) & (B) the bargaining power & activities of a group's lobby state or organization (the intervening variable). Discussion focuses on how & why an ethnic group's demands can shift from extreme goals, such as broad territorial autonomy, to very moderate goals, such as affirmative action policies, & vice versa. How international organizations may intervene to ameliorate the intensity of ethnic conflict is considered in conclusion.

Abstract
The historical dimension of pit-and-mound topography has been studied at the Mt Rogowa Kopa locality, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. This site represents one of the best developed regional examples of hummocky forest floor relief due to widespread tree uprooting and subsequent degradation of root plates. Through map analysis and dendrochronology the disturbance history was traced to at least the 1930s and, most likely, a strong wind episode from 1933 was the reason for the forest calamity that resulted in the nearly total destruction of the original stand. However, the affected forest was a planted Norway spruce monoculture, introduced and managed until at least the beginning of the 20th century, and not a natural forest. The windthrow niche was then used by beech, whose individuals preferentially chose mounds to grow, conserving the hummocky microtopography. Changes in soil evolutionary pathways brought about by wind-driven disturbance include both haploidisation (rejuvenation) and horizonation (differentiation). Evidence of soil rejuvenation includes a decrease in organic carbon content and an increase in pH in the upper parts of soils developed on mounds relative to the pH of undisturbed references soils. Soil texture was relatively homogenised in pits and mounds. Dating of the pit-and-mound microrelief by means of soil properties (organic carbon content, iron forms) was only partly successful. Although the young age of pits and mounds is evident, the actual age inferred from soil properties was underestimated by a few tens of years. Evaluation of factors potentially controlling the propensity to widespread treethrow suggests that the type of forest is a far more important variable than local abiotic factors of bedrock geology, regolith characteristics, and slope inclination.

Národnostní problém nebyl nikdy na mezinárodní úrovni tak naléhavým problémem jako v prvních poválečných letech, zejména v oblastech střední a jihovýchodní Evropy. Na základě poválečných jednání se zrodila myšlenka mezinárodní ochrany národnostních menšin, která úzce souvisela se systémem mírových smluv uzavíraných s poraženými státy. Předkládaná studie využívá nepublikované prameny československé (Národní archiv v Praze, Archiv Ministerstva zahraničních věcí v Praze) a britské (national Archives v Kew) provenience, publikované prameny a odborné publikace k posouzení stížností národnostních menšin ke Společnosti národů během 30. let 20. století; konkrétně se zaměřuje na petici Sudetoněmecké strany v Československu v roce 1936, která se týkala pokynu Ministerstva národní obrany podnikům, které se hodlaly ucházet o státní zakázky a musely dokládat národnostní složení svých zaměstnanců. Na tomto příkladu studie demonstruje instrumentální povahu politiky Sudetoněmecké strany a ukazuje, že nešlo o skutečný pokus o zlepšení životních podmínek německé menšiny v první Československé republice, nýbrž o záměrnou snahu o zviditelnění politického subjektu a o internacionalizaci problematiku soužití Čechů a Němců v meziválečném Československu. Studie také ukazuje, že dalším cílem Sudetoněmecké strany bylo přitáhnout pozornost Velké Británie, která se vyhýbala výraznějšímu angažmá ve střední Evropě. ; The ethnic problem had never before been such a pressing issue at the international level as it was in the initial post-war years, in particular, in the areas of Central and Southeast Europe. Based on post-war negotiations, the idea of international protection of national minorities was born, which was closely connected with the system of peace treaties concluded with defeated states. The submitted study uses unpublished sources of Czechoslovak (National Archives in Prague, Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague) and British (National Archives in Kew) provenance, published sources and specialist publications to ...

The Turner movement, founded in the beginning of the 19th century by Friedrich L. Jahn, played an important role in organizing leisure time activities of the Sudeten German population during the first half of the 20th century. After splitting from the Austrian Turners, the Sudeten German Turners took over not only the methodology of practice, but also incorporated some of their ideological standpoints. At the beginning, Sudeten German Turner clubs considered themselves apolitical; the main goal of the Sudeten German Turners was physical and moral education of youth. Notwithstanding this original purpose, over time they became a political tool for Sudeten German political representation and executors of various forms of sedition towards the Czechoslovakia. Not even strong ideological contradictions within the Turner movement stopped it from becoming isolated from other Czechoslovak sport organizations and from disseminating pan-German goals and ideas in Czechoslovakia. The Turners provided Sudeten German youth not only with physical education; the organization became an influential tool of socialization as well. This paper reveals the political goals of Sudeten German Turner clubs in the terms of its historical development and provides an overview of the most important Sudeten German Turner club DTV (Deutscher Turnverband). It also clarifies how, the originally physical education-orientated DTV contributed to the breaking-up of Czechoslovakia.