Suchergebnisse

Smoke-free legislation reduced second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in public places, and indirectly promoted private smoke-free settings. Nevertheless, a large proportion of adults is still exposed to SHS at home. The aim of this paper is to quantify the burden of disease due to home SHS exposure among adults in the 28-European Union (EU) countries for year 2017. The burdens by gender from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), breast cancer, ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, asthma, and diabetes were estimated in an original research analysis using the comparative risk assessment method. Relative risks of death/diseases by gender for adults exposed to SHS at home compared to not exposed ones were estimated updating existing meta-analyses. Prevalence of home SHS exposure by gender was estimated using a multiple imputation procedure based on Eurobarometer surveys. Data on mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. In 2017, 526,000 DALYs (0.36% of total DALYs) and 24,000 deaths (0.46% of total deaths) were attributable to home SHS exposure in the 28-EU countries, mainly from COPD and IHD. South-Eastern EU countries showed the highest burden, with proportion of DALYs/deaths attributable to SHS exposure on total higher than 0.50%/0.70%, whereas northern EU-countries showed the lowest burden, with proportions of DALYs/deaths lower than 0.25%/0.34%. The burden from SHS exposure is still significant in EU countries. More could be done to raise awareness of the health risks associated with SHS exposure at home. ; Additional co-authors: TackSHS Project Investigators

"This book examines and investigates the legitimacy of the European Union by acknowledging the importance of variation across actors, institutions, audiences, and context. Case studies reveal how different actors have contributed to the politics of (re)legitimating the European Union in response to multiple recent problems in European integration. The case studies look specifically at stakeholder interests, social groups, officials, judges, the media and other actors external to the Union. With this, the book develops a better understanding of how the politics of legitimating the Union are actor-dependent, context-dependent and problem-dependent. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European integration, as well as those interested in legitimacy and democracy beyond the state from a point of view of political science, political sociology and the social sciences more broadly"--

The issue of ?reverse discrimination? is a topical subject, particularly in the field of family reunification. Reverse discrimination occurs when a European Union (EU) citizen in a ?purely internal situation? is treated less favourably than an EU citizen of another nationality whose situation is largely governed by EU law. ?Reverse Discrimination in the European Union? offers an up-to-date standard reference work on reverse discrimination

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Global Imbalances: Theoretical Framework -- 1.1. Theoretical Underpinnings of Global Imbalances -- 1.2. Theoretical Underpinnings of External Imbalances: Literature Review -- 1.2.1. The Savings-Investment Gap Model -- 1.2.2. The Global Savings Glut Hypothesis -- 1.3. The Intertemporal Model of the Current Account Balance -- 1.3.1. Determinants of External Imbalances -- 1.4. The Phenomenon of Twin Deficits in the EU -- 1.4.1. Data and Empirical Specifications -- 1.4.2. Empirical Specifications -- 1.4.3. Panel Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) -- Lag Structure and Impulse Response Function -- 1.5. Results -- Chapter 2 -- Paradigm Shifts in Global Imbalances -- 2.1. The First Phase of Global Imbalances: The 1980s -- 2.2. The Second Phase of Global Imbalances: The 1990s -- 2.3. The Third Phase of Global Imbalances: The New Millennium -- 2.3.1. A Synchronized World in Both Good and Bad Times -- Chapter 3 -- Capital Flight and External Imbalances -- 3.1. Concept of Capital Flight -- 3.2. The Causes of Capital Flight -- 3.3. From Capital Flight to External Debt and Back Again -- 3.4. Measurement of Capital Flight -- 3.4.1. Narrow Measures of Capital Flight (Hot Money Method) -- 3.4.2. Broader Measures of Capital Flight -- 3.4.3. Sources of Funds and Uses of Funds Method -- 3.4.4. Errors and Omissions as a Proxy for the EU's Illicit Capital Flows -- Chapter 4 -- The Theory and Empirics of Economic Growth and Convergence -- 4.1. Harrod-Domar Model -- 4.1.1. Calibration of the Model (Predicting the Growth Rate) -- 4.2. The Neoclassical Model of Economic Growth -- 4.2.1. Controversies in Empirical Findings -- 4.2.2. Global Divergence but Club Convergence: New Empirical Evidence -- 4.2.2.1. Would New EU Members Have Grown That Fast without the Incentive to Join the EU?

The present paper deals with the issue of food waste in selected European countries, in which we have tried to analyze the socioeconomic rations. The main aim of our research was to analyze food waste quantity and compare the amount of wasted food in European Union countries (except Cyprus due to the unavailability of food waste data). The analysis was based on a dataset provided through the Food Waste Index Report 2021 by the UN environment program and complemented by socioeconomic variables obtained from EUROSTAT. For a deeper analyses of the obtained results, we formulated three assumptions, which have been tested with the use of several statistical methods—Pearson's correlation coefficient, linear regression, the distance from a fictitious object method, and hierarchical clustering. Our results show that the amount of food wasted in different sectors (retail, food, households) is not correlated, and any of the analyzed socioeconomic variables do not influence the ranking of countries by the crucial variable.

This book explores the relations between the EU and the BRICS in the areas of politics, economic development, trade and security. The contributions cover topics such as the position of the EU and BRICS in the global order and the EU as a ""normative power,"" as well as the evolution, characteristics and institutionalization of BRICS and the roles of its member countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. The book will appeal to researchers and scholars interested in the rise of BRICS and the resulting challenges and opportunities for the European Union and Global Governance

The European Union countries are diversified in terms of the standard of living of the population. The reduction of disparities in the standard of living, along with the elimination of the negative phenomena related to social exclusion form an EU policy priority. In this context, the aim of this article is to compare the standard of living in the various European Union countries and to determine Poland's position in the ranking. In the study, countries with a similar standard of living of their populations were grouped as well.The analysis was based on 10 variables describing the standard of living in the EU-28 countries and was conducted with the use of the development pattern method proposed by Z. Hellwig. According to the results of the research, the standard of living is the highest in Austria, Finland, Germany and Sweden, whereas it is the lowest in Spain, Malta, Croatia and Romania. Poland ranks relatively low among the European Union countries (20th place).

Largely because of the European Union's two-phase expansion in 2004 and 2007, labor migration across the continent has changed significantly in recent years. Notably, the EU's policy of open borders has enabled a growing stream of workers to leave new member states in search of higher wages. As a result, the nature, scale, and direction of migration flows have changed dramatically. Making Migration Work explores how policy can-and should-address these changes. In the process, this timely volume considers the future trajectory of a phenomenon that has become an increasingly sensitive political issue in many European nations.