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The article outlines a position expressing the view that cyberspace opens up a new dimension of politics, in which cyber campaigns have the potential to become an important means or alternative to warfare in order to achieve strategic advantage. The consequences of cyber measures may not necessarily lead to disasters or military reprisals that disable a state's critical infrastructure at an unexpected moment but instead may affect the sources of power and its legitimacy. This fact forces one to ponder the question of the nature of the cyber conflict. Global awareness among policymakers about cyber warfare has increased significantly over the past few years, and many states are preparing to defend themselves against this threat. Cyber warfare is part of the evolution of conventional warfare, which in turn is linked to the broad changes in the social and political spheres and, above all, in the technological sphere. This paper aims to seek an answer to the question: are we facing cyber warfare? The answer to this question will be provided by analysing the events in the initial stage of the war in Ukraine in 2022.

AbstractMethodologies for strategic management encompassing various techniques and models tend to set trends and become paradigms, as they are published and presented to the business community. This paper compares management by objectives (MbO) and business process reengineering (BPR) with the technique of Hoshin Kanri, which has been described as one ofthe core aspects of Japan's management system. Planning and deployment are critical elements of Hoshin Kanri, which imply that the process of developing targets, the assessment of the means to achieve the targets and the deployment of both are fundamental to successful implementation. The authors have adapted the Hoshin Kanri technique, for application at a major UK engineering company as a tool for strategic policy deployment. The benefits werefound to include; integration of strategic objectives with tactical daily management, theapplication of the plan–do–check–act circle to business process management, parallel planning and execution methodology, companywide approach and improvements in communication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RECENT MAJOR CHANGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT WILL AFFECT FUTURE PLANNING FOR U.S. NUCLEAR FORCES AND STRATEGIC DEFENSES. AFTER REVIEWING THESE CHANGES THE ARTICLE GOES ON TO DISCUSS SOME OF THE MAJOR ISSUES FOR THE NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURE THAT THEY RAISE. IT USES A BROAD DEFINATION OF "POSTURE." WHICH INCLUDES FORCES AND THEIR DEPLOYMENTS, ACQUISITION, EMPLOYMENT, AND POLITICAL ASPECTS, INCLUDING ARMS CONTROL. FINALLY, IT SETS FORTH THE AUTHOR'S VIEWS WITH RESPECT TO THE BEST FUTURE POSTURE FOR THE UNITED STATES.

Comparative analysis revealed insufficient representation of the theories of network dynamics in comparison with the theories of network statics, with the exception of the "strategic relational theory of network dynamics" by K. Hay and D. Richards, the actor-network theory of B. Latour and the theory of stochastic processes, on the basis of which most models of network dynamics are built. In comparison with the relational and stochastic approaches, the diffusion direction describing the corresponding type of networks is less represented in the publications. The object of this study is diffusion networks, considered as a communicative element of the process of policy diffusion, that is, a channel for policy dissemination from one policy subject to another. The subject of the study is the political practices of cognitive control in diffusion networks. The methodological basis was the concept of the dynamics of diffusion networks, which allows us to describe the effects of "cognitive limitations" that arise in the Internet. In the development of this topic, it is planned to continue the research in the direction of identifying technologies of cognitive control in diffusion networks based on the manipulation of the cognitive abilities of participants in network relations. The empirical part of the study is aimed at testing the theoretical provisions of the concept of the dynamics of diffusion networks on the example of the practices of network control in the form of political cognitive censorship in the course of digital campaigns. To substantiate the conclusions, we use the big data analysis carried out by monitoring the online network space using the resources of the "Medialogia" and "YouScan" systems. The result was the conceptualization of the concept of "cognitive network control" in relation to diffusion networks, the description of the main dynamic indicator – the speed of dissemination of political information in network communities, and the identification of technologies for cognitive strategic influence in digital practices.

Abstract The study sought to present the case for strategic regulation in the Fintech Sector, specifically in digital credit, with reference to Kenya. This was based on the concern that the proposed regulation on Fintech Credit by the Kenyan Parliament and the Government of Kenya does not factor in the sustainability aspects of Fintech Credit businesses. The study is anchored on the Public Interest Theory, the Private Interest Theory, and the Economic Theory of Regulation. The study adopted desk research, which depended on the review and examination of primary data sources such as legislation, government policy documents, acts of parliament, and reports. The study sought to achieve its objectives by evaluating the current laws and regulations affecting mobile lending in Kenya. It then relied on a comparison with two jurisdictions, specifically India and USA, where one has an existing mobile lending regulatory framework, and the other has a general regulatory framework respectively. It was established that the proposed regulations have a bias toward consumer protection and do not focus on business sustainability. The study, therefore, concluded that one single regulatory framework or laws will be insufficient for a sector where the laws in place will always be one step behind innovation in Fintech credit, and observed the need for a strategic approach to the regulation of Fintech credit in Kenya. It was recommended that, Fintech credit regulation in Kenya ought to incorporate a degree of flexibility. This flexibility is envisaged by Regtech, which takes care of new product-specific regulations. Secondly, regulators in Kenya should engage in Fintech Credit promotion by creating regulatory sandboxes. Sandboxes allow innovators to test their concepts in a deregulated environment that the rest of the market does not enjoy.

Some of the politics surrounding abortion policy -- The strategic foundations for incrementalism in legislatures -- The nature of Congress and incrementalism in abortion politics : views from the inside and views from the outside -- A short legislative history of abortion -- Sponsors of abortion policies -- Playing the field : committee referrals of abortion-related proposals.

Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Introduction Part I SEA Frameworks 2. SEA in Australia 3. SEA in Canada 4. SEA in New Zealand 5. SEA in the United States 6. SEA in the Asian Region 7. SEA in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia 8. SEA in the European Union 9. SEA in Southern Africa 10. The SEA Protocol Part II SEA Application 11. SEA and Transport Planning 12. SEA and Water Management 13. Regional Sectoral Assessment and Extractive Industries 14. SEA and Coastal Zone Management Part III SEA Linkage to Other Instruments 15. Thematic Overview of Linkages Between SEA and Other Instruments 16. SEA and Environmental Planning and Management Tools 17. Landscape Planning 18. SEA as a Tool for Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity in Developing Countries 19. Using SEA to Enhance Poverty Reduction Strategies 20. SEA and Spatial Planning Part IV Cross Cutting Issues in SEA 21. Environmental Indicators in SEA 22. Some Wider Reflections on the Challenge of Public Participation in SEA 23. Addressing Health Impacts in SEA 24. Managing Cumulative Impacts: Making it Happen 25. Transboundary Issues in SEA 26. Planning in Tiers? Tiering as a Way of Linking SEA and EIA Part V SEA Process Development and Capacity Building 27. SEA Process Development and Capacity-building - a Thematic Overview 28. SEA Theory and Research: an Analysis of the Discourse 29. Professional and Institutional Capacity Building for SEA 30. Developing SEA Guidance 31. Institutional Challenges for SEA Implementation and Decision Making: Search for Appropriate Organizations 32. From Formulation to Implementation: Strengthening SEA through Follow-up 33. SEA Knowledge and its use in Information Sharing, Training and Learning Part VI: Toward Integrated, Sustainability Assessment 34. From SEA to Sustainability Assessment 35. Assessment for Sustainable Development

Rebel attacks on civilians constitute one of the gravest threats to human security in contemporary armed conflicts. But why do rebel groups kill civilians? The dissertation approaches this question from a strategic perspective, trying to understand when and why rebel groups are likely to target civilians as a conflict strategy. It combines quantitative studies using global data on rebel group violence with a case study of the civil war in Mozambique. The overall argument is that rebel groups target civilians as a way of improving their bargaining position in the war relative to the government. The dissertation consists of an introduction, which situates the study in a wider context, and four papers that all deal with different aspects of the overall research question. Paper I introduces new data on one-sided violence against civilians, presenting trends over time and comparing types of actors and conflicts. Paper II argues that democratic governments are particularly vulnerable to rebel attacks on civilians, since they are dependent on the population. Corroborating this claim, statistical evidence shows that rebels indeed kill more civilians when fighting a democratic government. Paper III argues that rebels target civilians more when losing on the battlefield, as a method of raising the costs for the government to continue fighting. A statistical analysis employing monthly data on battle outcomes and rebel violence, supports this argument. Paper IV takes a closer look at the case of Mozambique, arguing that the rebel group Renamo used large-scale violence in areas dominated by government constituents as a means for hurting the government. Taken together, these findings suggest that violence against civilians should be understood as a strategy, rather than a consequence, of war.

With the beginning of military conformation against China in early 1930s, Japan began to consider its North-Eastern territories as part of the so-called "anti-Communist belt", but in terms of economy as a market for the eхport of capital, exclusive sale of goods and a source of natural resources such as coal, minerals and animal products, which is an important strategic military resources. Therefore, the aim of this article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the main legal acts regulating economic policy Mengjiang during the Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Central part of Inner Mongolia, known later under the name of Mengjiang, was a matter of special interest, which is manifested in the creation in the mid-1930s the independent Mongol state. The region had an extensive pastures and rich sources of livestock production, so Japan, feeling an acute need for strategic military resources, by using local authorities and the system of state regulation as a tool, has pursued a policy of control of the economy, trying to implement its strategy of "War feeds war". In addition, Menssen was a strategically important territory and was considered by the Japanese armed forces as a springboard for attacks on the Soviet Union. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p131

"This book is a detailed discussion of the internal problems and weaknesses of the global jihad movement led by Al-Qaeda"--

FOCUSING ON GERMANY AND THE USSR AS TOTALITARIAN STATES, AND BRITAIN, U.S., AND FRANCE AS DEMOCRATIC STATES, AND RELYING LARGELY ON BIOGRAPHICAL AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES, SEVERAL DEMOCRATIC-TOTALITARIAN CONTRASTS ARE ADDRESSED; DEMOCRATIC STATES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY GENERALLY MORE STRUCTURED, LEGAL-RATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AT THE TOP LEVELS OF POLITICAL-MILITARY HIERARCHIES WITH MUCH GREATER RELIANCE ON COMMITTEE AND OTHER VOLUNTARY COORDINATING MECHANISMS OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS; MORE INVOLVEMENT BY MILITARY IN STRATEGIC ISSUES; MORE DIFFUSE AND OFTEN POLITICALLY SIGNIFICANT STATUS AS WELL AS GREATER PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY FOR THE MILITARY; MUCH LESS DRASTIC MILITARY ACCOUNTABILITY FOR FAILURE, BUT ALSO MUCH MORE PUBLIC-LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY BY MILITARY PROFESSIONALS. THE IMPACT OF THESE DIFFERENCES ON THE BATTLEFIELD APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN MIXED WITH SOME SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES ACCURING TO THE TOTALITARIAN STATES.

The geopolitical landscape of Central Europe has undergone considerable transformation in the last two decades. While the pre-Global Financial Crisis period saw a focus on strengthening ties with Western Europe and the USA, the post-crisis period has seen reorientation towards Asia, in particular China. This book charts these changes in geopolitical dominance in the region, covering the economic influence of China, the increasingly assertive diplomatic involvement of Russia and increased US interest in the region under the Biden administration. The book also seeks to explain why the countries of Central Europe are realigning their geopolitical alliances towards the great powers as confidence in the European project and its economic benefits has waned, and what opportunities this realignment could hold