Suchergebnisse

Symbolic interactionism, applied in the context of Muslim clerics, suggests that society is constructed based on lived experiences and shared symbolic meanings where people see themselves and the social environment through the eyes of others. For this study, data collected from in-depth interviews were examined to investigate the viewpoints and occupational pathways of American born imams. Thus, this study explored the responsibilities assigned to imams and their communal objectives. Overall, this study found several challenges that imams experienced, professional and organizational. Utilizing symbolic interactionism, these issues were explicated, and the following overarching themes were generated: imams received inadequate training as religious leaders in their communities, relationships between the mosque board and an imam can directly reinforce or mitigate a challenging work environment, and it is most advantageous for American communities to hire American-born imams over foreign-born imams. The findings indicate that organizational support extended to imams from mosque boards leads to not only an amicable relationship but more productive community engagement.

Relational values have recently emerged as a novel conceptfor research on human-environment relationships, seekingto understand ethical principles that may fosterenvironmental stewardship, coupled with a recognition ofnature's contributions to people. At present, most empiricalresearch on relational values uses qualitative methods.Here we review some of the reasons that may havecontributed to the lack of quantitative research, besidesnoting that a lot of existing quantitative empirical researchon human-environment relationships already deals withrelational values, even if it does not use that terminology.We suggest that incorporating quantitative approaches intothe methodological toolkit of relational values research hasa number of benefits: First, it contributes to the empiricalevidence base testing hypotheses and assumptionsemerging from qualitative and conceptual work. Second, itmay help identifying core relational values shared acrosscultures, and this way improve communication andcooperation across different cultures. Third, it may improvethe political legitimacy of environmental decision-makingvia statistically representative measurements of publicviews. Complementing qualitative with quantitativeapproaches for relational values research is also in the spiritof integrated valuation and value pluralism.

This is a conference paper. ; A sustained and sufficient school water, sanitation, and hygiene (sWASH) environment consisting of strong WASH facilities, services, and practice is very important for student health and to reduce absenteeism. A strong sWASH environment may be associated with various contextual, institutional, and psychosocial factors internal to school governance, management, and decision-making. To address a knowledge gap and to inform future design and implementation of sWASH programs in Cambodia, an innovative and comprehensive cross-sectional study of 24 rural primary schools was completed to understand the roles of key players in sWASH in Cambodia, while also examining the decision-making processes and priorities at leadership levels. Our findings suggest the sWASH context in Cambodia is diverse and complex. Satisfaction with current sWASH services is low, even in cases of recent government or non-government organization intervention. School directors have ideas to improve WASH facilities and services and have identified these as priorities. Funding is scarce, and roles and responsibilities are shared among key stakeholders.

Based on an inductive analysis of qualitative in-depth interviews, extensive field observation, and document material, we introduce the concept of reproductive improvisation, an improvisation form that emphasizes reproducing something valued that is lost. We address how an organization might choose sameness in turbulent and ambiguous environments, and how it achieves that goal. Using the reestablishment of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) following its destruction during the September 1l, 2001 World Trade Center disaster in New York City, we discuss how factors such as system stability, pressures to maintain the status quo, substitution accessibility, and retaining a preexisting mental map that develops into a shared vision all facilitate reproductive improvisation. This research differs from most other work on improvisation (e.g., Weick, 1998) that focuses on improvising to generate something new. Here we focus on improvising to generate something that is, as much as possible, the same as a previous model. We therefore add a new perspective on the usual thinking of improvisation and organizations responding to changing environments.

AbstractThe attempt to provide insight into the interactions between the economy and the environment has been an on‐going struggle for many decades. The rise of Ecological Economics can be seen as a positive step towards integrating social and natural science understanding by a movement that aims to go beyond the confines of mainstream economics towards a progressive political economy of the environment. However, this vision has not been shared by all those who have associated themselves with Ecological Economics and there has been conflict. An historical analysis is presented that shows the role of mainstream theory in delimiting the field of environmental research. The argument is put forward that rather than employing a purely mechanistic objective empirical methodology there is a need for an integrating interdisciplinarity heterodox economic approach. In order to distinguish this approach—from the more mainstream multidisciplinary linking of unreconstituted ecological and economic models—the name Social Ecological Economics is put forward as expressing the essential socio‐economic character of the needed work ahead.

I examine the business-state relationship in occupational safety on Britain's railways between approximately 1900 and 1939. Before 1914, I argue, occupational safety attracted significant state interest. Railway companies neutralized threatened government "interference" by constructing clearly defined roles for each party. Companies did not simply oppose state action, but used a combination of stalling, apparent cooperation, and a subtle discrediting of state "knowledge" to minimize the impact of state intervention upon managerial autonomy. The 1913 "Safety First" campaign was a preemptory response to threatened legislation and a clear instance of the influence of the regulatory environment over the decision-making process within enterprise. I explain the lack of government intervention in safety issues after 1914 in terms of wider political and economic developments in the British railway industry. Continuities across the period, and the companies' and the state's shared similar understandings of safety, predisposed the state acceptance of companies' claims that they could regulate employee safety without state involvement. I demonstrate the importance of state-business interaction in responses to dangerous work environments.

A report on women & men performing operational combat support functions alongside each other in a field-deployed military unit, focusing on the gender integration process. Several major issues are addressed: (1) What feelings does one experience in a field environment under simulated combat conditions & are these feelings gender-specific? (2) What about feminine hygiene concerns & availability of personal care facilities for women in the field? (3) Are women capable of surviving & working effectively under these kinds of conditions? (4) How does incorporating women into a unit affect its combat readiness? After surveying the current literature on these issues, findings of a participant observer in this combat exercise are reported, including an explanation of the awareness & salience of gender in this environment (the "gender consciousness" phenomenon) & the "commonality of experience" hypothesis, which suggests that bonding & cohesion are based on commonality of experience, shared risk, & mutual experiences of hardship, not on gender distinctions. Questions & suggestions for future research are also presented. HA

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Tanzania covering FY18-FY22 comes at a time when Tanzania must both consolidate the gains of the last decade and address the continuing gaps in its development outcomes—including sharp spatial (rural-urban) and gender disparities in income and assets, continued challenges with respect to human capital and delivery of public services, and unsustainable use of critical natural resources. To address this, Tanzania has set out an ambitious agenda of nurturing industrialization for economic transformation, and human development. The CPF supports this agenda which is laid out in Tanzania's Second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) and Zanzibar's Third Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP III). The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Tanzania identifies three pathways to leverage the country's advantages to achieve the national development goals: (i) structural transformation to leverage Tanzania's natural assets and capture latent comparative advantage to create more jobs; (ii) spatial transformation to build on Tanzania's geographic advantages and maximize benefits from spatial integration and agglomeration; and (iii) upgrading public institutions and organizations, underpinned by expanding human capital, gender equity, and macroeconomic stability. Following a decade of strong growth and poverty reduction, the CPF addresses the challenges of carving a growth path that is more inclusive and sustainable.The CPF recognizes the close nexus between climate change and poverty reduction in Tanzania and places a strong emphasis on addressing the effects of climate change. The CPF will call upon the full range of World Bank Group (WBG) instruments and financial products to respond to Tanzania's needs. The CPF will address International Development Association (IDA) special themes and seek to be agile in preparing operations and analytical products. The CPF program has three areas of strategic focus. The Focus Area 1, enhance productivity and accelerate equitable and sustainable growth—is closely aligned with the FYDP II's emphasis on industrialization, and with the SCD structural and spatial transformation pathways for development. The SCD's first foundation, macroeconomic stability, is necessary for creating a conducive environment for private investment and growth. Focus Area 2, boost human capital and social inclusion—is aligned with the human development pillar of the FYDP II and the SCD's second foundation, human development and gender equity. Focus Area 3, modernize and improve efficiency of public institutions—is aligned with the SCD's emphasis on institutional transformation and the Tanzanian Government's priority on public sector accountability, private sector support and regulation, and capacity to deliver services. The three CPF focus areas are not mutually exclusive and can be leveraged to achieve substantial progress on overlapping goals. For example, if workers acquire job-relevant skills (Focus Area 2), that will contribute to the job creation goal (Focus Area 1); and improving accountability and PFM is fundamental to reaching service delivery objectives for health and education (Focus Area 3). Similarly, expanding social inclusion requires action in all focus areas.

Do people make friends with those who are culturally and socially different to themselves? 'Friendship and Diversity' explores the social relationships of adults and children living in highly diverse localities in London. The authors examine how social class and ethnic difference affects the friendships of children in primary schools and their parents. The book draws on original and in-depth conversations 8 and 9 year olds about their classroom relationships, with parents about their own and their children?s friendships, and with teachers about supporting children?s friendships at school. Through detailed discussions of friendships, everyday multiculture, and attitudes towards shared social space, cultural difference and social class, the authors reveal what these friendships tell us about the nature and extent of social mixing and social divisions in cities with diverse populations

Participatory Media in Environmental Communication brings together stories of communities in the Pacific islands – a region that is severely affected by the impacts of climate change. Despite living on the margins of the digital revolution, these island communities have used media and communication to create awareness of and find solutions to environmental challenges. By telling their stories in their own way, ordinary people are able to communicate compelling accounts of how different, but interrelated, environmental, political, and economic issues converge and impact at a local level. This book fills a significant gap in our understanding of how participatory media is used as a dialogic tool to raise awareness and facilitate discussion of environmental issues that are now critical. It includes a section on pedagogy and practice – the undergirding principles, the tools, the methods. The book offers a framework for Participatory Environmental Communication that weaves three widely used concepts, diversity, network and agency, into a cohesive underlying system to bring scholars, practitioners and diverse communities together in a dialogue about pressing environmental issues. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students in communication and media studies, environmental communication, cultural studies, and environmental sciences, as well as practitioners, policy makers and environmental activists.

A persistent and seemingly intractable problem is the systemic failure to successfully scale evidence-informed social services to a level that achieves population-level improvements in well-being. There is a growing call for governments to enter the scaling environment as primary coordinators, trainers, and funders. Prior scholarship has identified four strategies governments may employ to enact these roles: convene and support high-level leadership teams, assess organizational readiness, provide technical assistance, and align funding. But it is unclear whether use of any or all of these government scaling strategies is sufficient to achieve desired outcomes. Moreover, prior scholarship largely focused on state and federal government roles, largely ignoring how these factors might operate in local government environments. Yet counties may hold the greatest scaling leverage because they often have well-established relationships with service providers through shared clients, contracts, and advocacy. The current study, thus, aimed to provide much needed insight into the relationship between these strategies and scaling outcomes in a local governmental context. Drawing data from a single county with a stated goal of scaling evidence-informed practices across human service organizations, it used public government records and crowd-sourced and computational data-extraction methods to create measures of these four alternative strategies. It assessed the relative effects of these strategies on scaling progress using time-to-event analysis. It found that county governments are well positioned to implement scaling strategies and that the proportion of social service providers adopting evidence-informed services can increase, as can the proportion of county funding directed to these organizations. It also found some empirical support for a link between three of the strategies and scaled evidence-informed services—convening a leadership team, assessing readiness, and aligning funding. Moreover, it identified a new and potentially desirable county strategy—establishing a shared local measure of evidence-informed service. This study design is highly replicable and as such provides a general model to apply to other local environments to identify common county levers that effectively promote the scaling of evidence-informed social services.

Chapter 1. Introduction : Sport, development and environmental sustainability : issues and controversies / With Rob Millington, Simon C. Darnell -- Chapter 2. Add sport and stir? : The SDGs and sport-environment-development / With Larry A. Swatuk -- Chapter 3. Golf, the environment, and development : Past, present, and future / With Brad Millington, Brian Wilson -- Chapter 4. Approaching sport and the environment through immersive education technologies / With Kyle Bunds -- Chapter 5. Postcolonialism, pristine natures, and producing the village green : Pastoral Englishness in Indian cricket-themed gated communities / With Devra Waldman, Gavin Weedon -- Chapter 6. From the IOC Sport and Environment Commission to Sustainability and Legacy Commission : The prospects for the environmental sustainability legacy of Olympic Games host nations under Agenda 2020 / With John Karamichas -- Chapter 7. Ecological modernization in 2018 PyeongChang Winter Games : The elitist and unjust environmental performance / With Kyoung-yim Kim -- Chapter 8. Of mosquitoes and mega-events : Urban political ecologies of the more-than-human city / With Carolyn Prouse -- Chapter 9. Neoliberalism and competitive nationalism : What the 2010 Commonwealth Games and 1982 Asian Games reveal about India's development trajectory / With Mitu Sengupta -- Chapter 10. Examining outdoor recreation as an approach to promote youth engagement in environmental activism / With Tanya Halsall, Tanya Forneris -- Chapter 11. Indigenous peoples, sport and sustainability / With Dan Henhawk, Richard Norman -- Chapter 12. Co-transforming through shared understandings of land-based practices in Sport for Development and Peace / With Victoria Paraschak, Michael Heine.

While higher education becomes increasingly reliant upon technology to deliver instruction, technological failures profoundly affect faculty members and students. We used duoethnography to explore the student-instructor dynamic during persistent technological failures within a synchronous online course, which occurred during a semester-long, qualitative research methods course. Duoethnography allowed us to first explore our own experiences and then engage in a continuous dialogue to interrogate the same event without privileging one voice over the other. We provide a series of dialogues of our shared understandings and different perspectives, taken from discussions and reflections on the experience. We then provide deeply personal insight into how faculty members and students may be affected by technological failures in distance education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has hit Europe in late winter/early spring 2020. Government restrictions and voluntary individual changes in consumer and mobility behavior led to a sharp decline of nonessential activities. For 2020, European Union Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expected to decrease by about 8 %. Therefore, unprecedented recovery measures have been taken to support the economy, i.e., EU member states will conjointly borrow money to finance a one-off recovery instrument ('Next Generation EU'). Until recently, it remained however unclear whether the additional money will be used to return to the pre-COVID-19 status quo or to support future-oriented transition processes and shape long-term structural change towards more sustainable economies and societies, supporting the transformation process to a 'Green Economy'. This paper looks into the diversity of territorial impacts of the pandemic and drivers behind this diversity. Furthermore, recovery measures relevant for the Alpine region are presented as well as insights from the four pilot regions involved in the current project "Alpine Convention: Sectoral development of Green Economy in the Alpine Region" are shared. As outlook, possible future developments and sector-specific access points for action are provided. Thereby, the mentioned access points are neither fundamentally new nor exhaustive. The pandemic intensifies the challenges deriving from unsustainable developments. The crisis increases their visibility and actual impact. As consequence, the increasing awareness among citizens as well as decision makers might trigger new momentum for change towards more sustainable developments in the Alps.