Importance:Primary open-angle glaucoma presents with increased prevalence and a higher degree of clinical severity in populations of African ancestry compared with European or Asian ancestry. Despite this, individuals of African ancestry remain understudied in genomic research for blinding disorders. Objectives:To perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of African ancestry populations and evaluate potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Design, Settings, and Participants:A 2-stage GWAS with a discovery data set of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma and 2121 control individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma. The validation stage included an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals using multicenter clinic- and population-based participant recruitment approaches. Study participants were recruited from Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, Tanzania, Britain, Cameroon, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Peru, and Mali from 2003 to 2018. Individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma had open iridocorneal angles and displayed glaucomatous optic neuropathy with visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure was not included in the case definition. Control individuals had no elevated intraocular pressure and no signs of glaucoma. Exposures:Genetic variants associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Main Outcomes and Measures:Presence of primary open-angle glaucoma. Genome-wide significance was defined as P C) with primary open-angle glaucoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.20-1.46]; P = 2 × 10-8). The association was validated in an analysis of an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals (OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.21]; P < .001). Each copy of the rs59892895*C risk allele was associated with increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma when all data were included in a meta-analysis (OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.14-1.25]; P = 4 × 10-13). The rs59892895*C risk allele was present at appreciable frequency only in African ancestry populations. In contrast, the rs59892895*C risk allele had a frequency of less than 0.1% in individuals of European or Asian ancestry. Conclusions and Relevance:In this genome-wide association study, variants at the APBB2 locus demonstrated differential association with primary open-angle glaucoma by ancestry. If validated in additional populations this finding may have implications for risk assessment and therapeutic strategies.
ImportancePrimary open-angle glaucoma presents with increased prevalence and a higher degree of clinical severity in populations of African ancestry compared with European or Asian ancestry. Despite this, individuals of African ancestry remain understudied in genomic research for blinding disorders.ObjectivesTo perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of African ancestry populations and evaluate potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma.Design, settings, and participantsA 2-stage GWAS with a discovery data set of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma and 2121 control individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma. The validation stage included an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals using multicenter clinic- and population-based participant recruitment approaches. Study participants were recruited from Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, Tanzania, Britain, Cameroon, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Peru, and Mali from 2003 to 2018. Individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma had open iridocorneal angles and displayed glaucomatous optic neuropathy with visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure was not included in the case definition. Control individuals had no elevated intraocular pressure and no signs of glaucoma.ExposuresGenetic variants associated with primary open-angle glaucoma.Main outcomes and measuresPresence of primary open-angle glaucoma. Genome-wide significance was defined as P < 5 × 10-8 in the discovery stage and in the meta-analysis of combined discovery and validation data.ResultsA total of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 64.6 [56-74] years; 1055 [45.5%] women) and 2121 individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 63.4 [55-71] years; 1025 [48.3%] women) were included in the discovery GWAS. The GWAS discovery meta-analysis demonstrated association of ...
Blast mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a leading cause of sustained impairment in military service members and veterans. However, the mechanism of persistent disability is not fully understood. The present study investigated disturbances in brain functioning in mTBI participants using a source-imaging-based approach to analyze functional connectivity (FC) from resting-state magnetoencephalography (rs-MEG). Study participants included 26 active-duty service members or veterans who had blast mTBI with persistent post-concussive symptoms, and 22 healthy control active-duty service members or veterans. The source time courses from regions of interest (ROIs) were used to compute ROI to whole-brain (ROI-global) FC for different frequency bands using two different measures: 1) time-lagged cross-correlation and 2) phase-lock synchrony. Compared with the controls, blast mTBI participants showed increased ROI-global FC in beta, gamma, and low-frequency bands, but not in the alpha band. Sources of abnormally increased FC included the: 1) prefrontal cortex (right ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], right rostral anterior cingulate cortex [rACC]), and left ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; 2) medial temporal lobe (bilateral parahippocampus, hippocampus, and amygdala); and 3) right putamen and cerebellum. In contrast, the blast mTBI group also showed decreased FC of the right frontal pole. Group differences were highly consistent across the two different FC measures. FC of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex correlated with executive functioning and processing speed in mTBI participants. Altogether, our findings of increased and decreased regionalpatterns of FC suggest that disturbances in intrinsic brain connectivity may be the result of multiple mechanisms, and are associated with cognitive sequelae of the injury.
Blast mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a leading cause of sustained impairment in military service members and veterans. However, the mechanism of persistent disability is not fully understood. The present study investigated disturbances in brain functioning in mTBI participants using a source-imaging-based approach to analyze functional connectivity (FC) from resting-state magnetoencephalography (rs-MEG). Study participants included 26 active-duty service members or veterans who had blast mTBI with persistent post-concussive symptoms, and 22 healthy control active-duty service members or veterans. The source time courses from regions of interest (ROIs) were used to compute ROI to whole-brain (ROI-global) FC for different frequency bands using two different measures: 1) time-lagged cross-correlation and 2) phase-lock synchrony. Compared with the controls, blast mTBI participants showed increased ROI-global FC in beta, gamma, and low-frequency bands, but not in the alpha band. Sources of abnormally increased FC included the: 1) prefrontal cortex (right ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], right rostral anterior cingulate cortex [rACC]), and left ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; 2) medial temporal lobe (bilateral parahippocampus, hippocampus, and amygdala); and 3) right putamen and cerebellum. In contrast, the blast mTBI group also showed decreased FC of the right frontal pole. Group differences were highly consistent across the two different FC measures. FC of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex correlated with executive functioning and processing speed in mTBI participants. Altogether, our findings of increased and decreased regionalpatterns of FC suggest that disturbances in intrinsic brain connectivity may be the result of multiple mechanisms, and are associated with cognitive sequelae of the injury.
ENIGMA-CNV working group. ; Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers—the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function. ; 1000BRAINS: The 1000BRAINS study was funded by the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Germany. We thank the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany) for the generous support of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study on which 1000BRAINS is based. We also thank the scientists and the study staff of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study and 1000BRAINS. Funding was also granted by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Caspers) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3; Amunts, Caspers, Cichon). Brainscale: The Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret I. Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Dorret I. Boomsma and Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret I. Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC-230374) (Dorret I. Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol) and NWO Brain and Cognition 433-09-220 (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol). Betula: The Betula study was funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) foundation (Nyberg). The Freesurfer segmentations on the Betula sample were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at HPC2N (in Umeå, Sweden), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG): This work makes use of the BIG database, first established in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics (www.cognomics.nl), a joint initiative by researchers from the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud University Medical Centre and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Cognomics Initiative has received support from the participating departments and centres and from external grants, that is, the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The research leading to these results also receives funding from the NWO Gravitation grant 'Language in Interaction', the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nos. 602450 (IMAGEMEND), 278948 (TACTICS) and 602805 (Aggressotype), as well as from the European Community's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement no. 643051 (MiND) and from ERC-2010-AdG 268800-NEUROSCHEMA. In addition, the work was supported by a grant for the ENIGMA Consortium (grant number U54 EB020403) from the BD2K Initiative of a cross-NIH partnership. deCODE genetics: deCODE genetics acknowledges support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement nos. 115008 (NEWMEDS) and 115300 (EUAIMS), of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007-2013), EU-FP7-funded grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) and EU-funded FP7-People-2011-IAPP grant agreement no. 286213 (PsychDPC). Dublin: This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI grant 12/IP/1359 to Gary Donohoe and grant SFI08/IN.1/B1916-Corvin to Aidan C. Corvin). ECHO-DEFINE: The ECHO study acknowledges funding from a Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre Grant to Michael J. Owen (G0801418), the Wellcome Trust (Institutional Strategic Support Fund (ISSF) to van den Bree and Clinical Research Training Fellowship to Joanne L. Doherty), the Waterloo Foundation (WF 918-1234 to van den Bree), the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund (2315/1 to van den Bree), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 5UO1MH101724 to van den Bree and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-2 study (funded by the MRC (MR/T033045/1) to van den Bree, Jeremy Hall and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-ID study (funded by MRC (MR/N022572/1) to Jeremy Hall, van den Bree and Owen). The DEFINE study was supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (100202/Z/12/Z) to Michael J. Owen. ENIGMA: ENIGMA is supported in part by NIH grants U54 EB20403, R01MH116147 and R56AG058854. NIA T32AG058507; NIH/NIMH 5T32MH073526. EPIGEN-Dublin: The EPIGEN-Dublin cohort was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland Research Frontiers Programme award (08/RFP/GEN1538). EPIGEN-UK (Sisodiya): The work was partly undertaken at UCLH/UCL, which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society for supporting the Epilepsy Society MRI scanner. GAP: This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. GOBS: The GOBS study data collection was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: R01 MH078143, R01 MH078111 and R01 MH083824, with work conducted in part in facilities constructed under the support of NIH grant C06 RR020547. GSP: Data were in part provided by the Brain Genomics Superstruct Project (GSP) of Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (Principal Investigators: Randy Buckner, Jordan Smoller and Joshua Roffman), with support from the Center for Brain Science Neuroinformatics Research Group, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Center for Genomic Medicine and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. Twenty individual investigators at Harvard and MGH generously contributed data to the overall project. We would like to thank Randy Buckner for insightful comments and feedback on this work. HUBIN: The HUBIN study was financed by the Swedish Research Council (K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3, 521-2014-3487 K2015-62X-15077-12-3, 2017-00949), the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet. HUNT: The HUNT study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT-MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. IMAGEN: This work received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant 'STRATIFY' (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907),the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND(602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EUAIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA' (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152, 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/2), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01—WM2NA, ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Eranet Neuron (ANR-18-NEUR00002-01), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), USA (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1) and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. Lifespan: The study is funded by the Research Council of Norway (230345, 288083 and 223273). NCNG: NCNG sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the Research Council of Norway, to le Hellard, Steen and Espeseth. The Bergen group was supported by grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant 911593 to Arvid Lundervold, Grant 911397 and 911687 to Astri Johansen Lundervold). NTR: The NTR cohort was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) grants 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 912-10-020, 904-61-193, 480-04-004,463-06-001, 451-04-034, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, 016-115-035, 481-08-011, 056-32-010, Middelgroot-911-09-032, OCW_NWO Gravity programme—024.001.003, NWO-Groot 480-15-001/674, Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007 and 184.033.111); Spinozapremie (NWO-56-464-14192), KNAW Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635) and University Research Fellow grant (URF) to Dorret I. Boomsma; Amsterdam Public Health research institute (former EMGO+), Neuroscience Amsterdam research institute (former NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7- HEALTH-F4-2007-2013, grant 01413: ENGAGE and grant 602768: ACTION); the European Research Council (ERC Starting 284167, ERC Consolidator 771057, ERC Advanced 230374), Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the National Institutes of Health (NIH, R01D0042157-01A1, R01MH58799-03, MH081802, DA018673, R01 DK092127-04, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Computing was supported by NWO through grant 2018/EW/00408559, BiG Grid, the Dutch e-Science Grid and SURFSARA. OATS: The OATS study has been funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Programme (ID No. 401162) and NHMRC Project Grants (ID Nos. 1045325 and 1085606). This research was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by an NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID No.: 1079102). We thank the participants for their time and generosity in contributing to this research. We acknowledge the contribution of the OATS research team (https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study) to this study. OATS genotyping was partly funded by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. Osaka: Osaka study was supported by the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS: Grant Number JP18dm0207006), Brain/MINDS& beyond studies (Grant Number JP20dm0307002) and Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Comprehensive Research on Persons with Disabilities (Grant Number JP20dk0307081) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; Grant Numbers JP25293250 and JP16H05375). Some computations were performed at the Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. PAFIP: The PAFIP study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499, PI060507, PI10/00183, the SENY Fundació Research Grant CI2005-0308007 and the FundaciónMarqués de Valdecilla API07/011. Biological samples from our cohort were stored at the Valdecilla Biobank and genotyping services were conducted at the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). MCIC/COBRE: The study is funded by the National Institutes of Health studies R01EB006841, P20GM103472 and P30GM122734 and Department of Energy DE-FG02-99ER62764. PING: Data collection and sharing for the Paediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) Study (National Institutes of Health Grant RC2DA029475) were funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. A full list of PING investigators is at http://pingstudy.ucsd.edu/investigators.html. QTIM: The QTIM study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050735) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC 486682, 1009064), Australia. Genotyping was supported by NHMRC (389875). Medland is supported in part by an NHMRC fellowship (APP1103623). SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism typing in SHIP and MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. StrokeMRI: StrokeMRI was supported by the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation(2015/FO5146), the Research Council of Norway (249795, 262372), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2014097, 2015044, 2015073) and the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo. Sydney MAS: The Sydney Memory and Aging Study (Sydney MAS) is funded by National and HealthMedical Research Council (NHMRC) Programme and Project Grants (ID350833, ID568969 and ID109308). We also thank the Sydney MAS participants and the Research Team. SYS: The SYS Study is supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research. TOP: Centre of Excellence: RCN #23273 and RCN #226971. Part of this work was performed on the TSD (Tjeneste for Sensitive Data) facilities, owned by the University of Oslo, operated and developed by the TSD service group at the University of Oslo, IT-Department (USIT) (tsd-drift@usit.uio.no). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-COFUND) under grant agreement no. 609020—Scientia Fellows; the Research Council of Norway (RCN) #276082—A lifespan perspective on mental illness: toward precision medicine using multimodal brain imaging and genetics. Ida E. Sønderby and Rune Bøen are supported by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (#2020060). Ida E. Sønderby and Ole A. Andreassen have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant agreement no. 847776 (CoMorMent project) and the KG Jebsen Foundation (SKGJ-MED-021). UCLA_UMCU: The UCLA_UMCU cohort comprises of six studies which were supported by National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD) (20244 to Prof. Hillegers), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (908-02-123 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol), and Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO 9120818 and NWO-VIDI 917-46-370 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol). The GROUP study was funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (ZonMw, grant number 10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Janssen Cilag) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical Centre, GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia Psycho-medical Center, The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent van Gogh, voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenzeriagg, Zuyderland GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-JozefKortenberg, CAPRI University of Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt, OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions: Altrecht, GGZ Centraal and Delta.). UK Biobank: This work made use of data sharing from UK Biobank (under project code 27412). Others: Work by Pierre Vanderhaeghen was funded by Grants of the European Research Council (ERC Adv Grant GENDEVOCORTEX), the EOS Programme, the Belgian FWO, the AXA Research Fund and the Belgian Queen Elizabeth Foundation. Ikuo K. Suzuki was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the FRS/FNRS. ; Peer reviewed
List of ContributorsGeneral Introduction Nick Heather, Matt Field, Antony Moss and Sally SatelSection I: For the Brain Disease Model of AddictionIntroduction to Section IMatt Field, Antony Moss, Sally Satel and Nick HeatherAddiction is a Brain Disease, and it MattersAlan I. Leshner - Reprinted from: Science, 278, 45-47, 1997Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of AddictionNora D. Volkow, George F. Koob, and A. Thomas McLellan - Reprinted from New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 363-371, 2016Time to Connect: Bringing Social Context into Addiction NeuroscienceMarkus Heilig, David H. Epstein, Michael A. Nader and Yavin Shaham - Reprinted from Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17, 592-599, 2016.Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years on Barry J. Everitt and Trevor W. Robbins , B. - Reprinted from Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 23-50, 2016. Is Addiction a Brain Disease? The Incentive-Sensitization ViewKent BerridgeAddiction is a Brain Disease (But Does it Matter?)Gabriel SegalSection II: Against the Brain Disease Model of AddictionIntroduction to Section IISally Satel, Nick Heather, Antony Moss and Matt FieldGiving the Neurobiology of Addiction No More Than its DueWayne Hall, Adrian Carter & Cynthia ForliniThe Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is it Supported by the Evidence and has it Delivered on its Promises? Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter and Cynthia Forlini - Reprinted from Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 105-110, 2015.Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Why is it so Controversial? Nora D. Volkow and George Koob - Reprinted from Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 677-679, 2015.Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Misplaced Priorities? Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter & Cynthia Forlini - Reprinted from Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 867, 2015.Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy Sally Satel and Scott O. Lilienfeld - Reprinted from Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 141, 2014. Recovery is Possible: Overcoming 'Addiction' and its Rescue HypothesesDerek Heim and Rebecca L. MonkSuperpower Rivalry, the American Grand Narrative, and the BDMABruce K. Alexander My Brain Disease Made Me Do It: Bioethical Implications of the Brain Disease Model of AddictionFrederick RotgersAddiction is a Human Problem but Brain Disease Models Divert Attention and Resources Away from Human Level SolutionsRichard HammersleyBefore "Rock Bottom"? Problem Framing Effects on Stigma and Change Amongst Harmful DrinkersJames Morris Brain Change in Addiction: Disease or Learning? Implications for Science, Policy, and CareMarc LewisBrains or Persons? Is it Coherent to Ascribe Psychological Powers to Brains?Tim LeightonThe Persistence of Addiction is Better Explained by Socioeconomic Deprivation Related Factors Powerfully Motivating Goal-Directed Drug Choice Than by Automaticity, Habit or Compulsion Theories Favoured by the Brain Disease Model Lee HogarthAddiction and Criminal Responsibility: The Law's Rejection of the Disease Model Stephen J. MorseOne Cheer for the Brain Disease Interpretation of AddictionGene HeymanSection III: Unsure About the Brain Disease Model of AddictionIntroduction to Section IIINick Heather, Sally Satel, Matt Field and Antony MossIn Search of Addiction in the Brains of Laboratory AnimalsSerge H. AhmedAddiction Treatment Providers' Engagements with the Brain Disease Model of AddictionAnthony Barnett, Michael Savic, Martyn Pickersgill, Kerry O'Brien, Dan I. Lubman and Adrian Carter Balancing the Ethical and Methodological Pros and Cons of the BDMA.Susanne Uusitalo, and Jaakko KuorikoskiThe Making of the Epistemic Project of Addiction in the BrainMatilda Hellman and Michael EgererAddiction and the Meaning of DiseaseHanna PickardThe Pitfalls of Recycling Substance Use Disorder Criteria to Diagnose Behavioral Addictions Maèva Flayelle, Adriano Schimmenti, Vladan Starcevic and Joël BillieuxSection IV: Alternatives to the Brain Disease Model of AddictionIntroduction to Section IVAntony Moss, Matt Field, Sally Satel and Nick HeatherAddiction is Socially Engineered Exploitation of Natural Biological VulnerabilityDon Ross - Reprinted from: Behavioural Brain Research 386 (2020) 112598 Online.Toward an Ecological Understanding of AddictionDarin WeinbergAddiction Biases Choice in the Mind, Brain and Behavior System: Beyond the Brain Disease ModelPaul F. M. J. Verschure and Reinout W. WiersMultiple Enactments of the Brain Disease Model: Which Model, When, for Whom and at What Cost?Helen Keane, David Moore, and Suzanne FraserThe Social Perspective and the BDMA's Entry into the Non-Medical Stronghold in Sweden and Other Nordic CountriesJessica Storbjörk, Lena Eriksson and Katarina WinterBeyond the Medical Model: Addiction as a Response to Trauma and StressGabor Maté, Psychotherapeutic Strategies to Enhance Motivation and Cognitive Control Frank RyanAddiction is Not (Only) in the Brain: Molar Behavioral Economic Models of Etiology and Cessation of Harmful Substance UseSamuel F. Acuff, Jalie A. Tucker, Rudy E. Vuchinich, and and James MurphyUnderstanding Substance Use Disorders Among Veterans: Virtues of the Multitudinous Self Model Serife Tekin, Alicia A. Swan, Willie J. Hale, and Mary Jo PughHow an Addiction Ontology can Unify Competing Conceptualizations of AddictionRobert Kelly, Janna Hastings, and Robert WestLooping Processes in the Development of and Desistance from Addictive BehavioursAnja Koski-JännesRecovery and Identity: A Socially-Focussed Challenge to Brain Disease ModelsBeth Collinson and David BestReplacing the BDMA: A Paradigm Shift in the Field of AddictionBruce K. AlexanderConcluding CommentsNick Heather, Antony Moss, Matt Field, and Sally Satel
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В июле 2013 г. в Издательстве НТЛ вышла книга «Принципы практического менеджмента: от Конфуция до наших дней». В ней систематизирован материал в области управленческой мысли в хронологическом порядке на русском и английском языках, начиная с Древнего мира и кончая нашим временем. Мудрые мысли ученых, мыслителей прошлого и настоящего, общественных и политических деятелей это принципы практического менеджмента и правила поведения сегодня. Они не должны забываться и к ним необходимо периодически обращаться и прислушиваться. Книга является результатом плодотворного сотрудничества трех структурных подразделений Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета. ; In modern society, management is a subject which both scientists and practitioners pay close attention to, and this is not by accident. After all, management allows us to understand how to effectively control the actions of personnel, increase production efficiency, and successfully complete socio-economic tasks. In literature management is examined from two basic aspects: firstly, it is the science of managing people in specific organisational systems, and secondly, it is the art of administration, which includes a set of principles, methods, techniques and means of administration, in which a professional manager or entrepreneur has become proficient. O.S. Vikhansky and A.I. Naumov, leading specialists in management, affirm that there cannot be a singular definition of management, as it is multifaceted, but, undoubtedly, it is a specific type of action which supports the vital functioning of an organisation. In management, the worker occupies the central position; it is he who brings innovation to a company and makes it attractive for investment. That is why a market economy specifies strict requirements for the personnel's professional knowledge, skills, abilities, and business activity. The term "management" in scientific literature appeared relatively recently at the turn of the 20th century, and was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915). The father of "scientific management", he was the first to use the terms "management" and "manager" in their modern-day meaning. The birth of management theory is connected with both Henri Fayol (1841-1925), who was the head of a large mining and smelting company in France for 40 years, and Walther Rathenau (1867-1992) in Germany, who, for the first time, addressed labour organisation and organisational structure in business. Further research showed that organisational structure is not an end in itself, but a tool to increase joint labour productivity. Each organisational structure is necessary in order to complete particular tasks under specified conditions and in a specified amount time. Thus, management is focused on the organisation of any form of ownership that achieves the planned results, which appear only in an external environment. The greatest and the most unique achievement of management in the 20 th century was higher labour productivity in manufacturing. The most valuable parts of any organisation in the 21 st century are its intellectual capital, knowledge workers, and their productivity, which is measured by the quality of their results. The term "knowledge worker" was introduced by Peter Drucker in the late 1960s. International experience in management is indisputable, but at the same time we should remember the important contribution made by Russian scientists and experts to the scientific organization of labour and production management. The period of 1920-1930 was the most productive for Russian administrative ideas. Even the simple enumeration of names shows the invaluable contribution to the advancement of science in organisation (A.A. Bogdanov), social engineering (A.K. Gastev), scientific organisation of labour and administration (O.A. Yermansky), management activity (P.M. Kerzhent-sev), social and labour concepts of production management (N.A. Vitke), and the theory of administrative capacity (F.R. Dunayevsky). In this work an attempt was made to examine the positions stated by scientists, philosophers, political figures, economists, writers, and businessmen in various epochs and time periods. As a matter of fact, these wise thoughts are the principles of practical management today. They should not be forgotten and it is necessary for us to consider and refer to them periodically. Considering that administrative thought has a long history, the material is arranged in chronological order alphabetically, from antiquity until the present day. There are no comments; the right to think is reserved for the reader. Our goal has predetermined the work's structure. It is composed of an introduction, nine sections, an afterword, tasks for evaluation and discussion, and a list of references. The foreword and tasks have been written by E.V. Nekhoda, a professor in the Department of Economics at Tomsk State University. This work is an illustrative example of the productive cooperation by the Department of Economics, the Biological Institute, and the Department of Foreign Languages at Tomsk State University. It is presented in both Russian and English. This anthology is dedicated to students, graduate students, lecturers, and everyone who is interested in the problems of effective management.
Экология это историко-эволюционная наука, которая исследует природные системы во времени. Объединения людей и семья как система центральный предмет социальной экологии как науки. Экологический подход это общенаучный подход, ориентирующийся на исследование и отражение отношений и взаимодействий организмов и популяций и, в частном случае, человека и общества с окружающей средой. Семья представляет собой социальное явление, в котором тесно переплетаются социальное и природное, не теряя своей особенности в процессе взаимодействия, поэтому социальная экология пытается показать, что благополучие человека основано как на биологических, так и на устоявшихся социальных факторах. В историко-эволюционных изменениях жизнедеятельности человеческих общностей важнейшую роль играют трансформации социально-экономического статуса и качества жизни семьи. В процессе развития социума эти трансформации наиболее значимо проявляются в возникновении и разрешении противоречий между растущими потребностями семейных групп и возможностями ихудовлетворения в условиях существующей окружающей среды. Многие жизненные потребности индивида могут быть удовлетворены естественным образом лишь при выполнении определённых ролевых функций в составе семьи как первичной базовой социальной ячейки общества. Требуется четкое понимание того, какие факторы окружающей среды и каким образом ведут к укреплению семьи, повышению её стрессоустойчивости, а какие, напротив, приводят к возникновению всевозможных дисфункций, снижению уровня благополучия, а в дальнейшем к деградации и даже распаду. Учитывая зависимость жизнедеятельности семьи от осуществления потребностей, следует планировать адекватные меры социальной политики, направленные на преодоление кризиса семьи, повышение качества жизни. Разработка таких мер на основе экологического подхода может обеспечить формирование новой семейной политики, направленной на сохранение и развитие гармоничной семьи. В настоящее время в России есть предпосылки для реализации экологической семейной парадигмы как основы общества, потому что в России как преимущественно традиционном обществе семья подверглась меньшей эрозии, чем на Западе. Поэтому семья, оказавшаяся в результате цивилизационного кризиса в эпицентре всех негативных кризисных процессов, должна стать центром внимания ученых, общественных и политических деятелей, законодательной и исполнительной власти. Стратегическую цель государственной социальной политики необходимо видеть, прежде всего, в создании материально благополучной, духовно и интеллектуально обеспеченной семьи, ради которой должны разрабатываться соответствующие экономические, политические и социальные стратегии развития государства. ; Ecology is the historical and evolutionary science that explores the nature of the system over time. Bringing people together and the family as a system is the central subject of social ecology as a science. An ecological approach is a general scientific approach that is driven by research and reflection relations and interactions of organisms and populations and in the special case of human society and the environment. The family is a social phenomenon, which is closely intertwined social and natural without losing its characteristics in the process of interaction, so the social ecology tries to show that well-being is based both on biological and social factors on well. In the historical and evolutionary changes of life of human communities transformation of the socio-economic status and quality of life of the family play a vital role. In the process of social development this transformations are the most significantly manifested in the emergence and resolution of conflicts between the growing needs of family groups and their capabilities to meet the conditions of the existing environment. Many of the vital needs of the individual can be met naturally only under specific roles and functions in the family as the primary basic social unit of society. A clear understanding of what environmental factors are and how to strengthen the family and to increase its resistance to stress, which, on the contrary, give rise to all sorts of dysfunction, reduced levels of well-being, and in the future, the degradation and even disintegration is required. Taking into account the dependence of family life on the implementation it is necessary to plan adequate social policies aimed at overcoming the crisis of the family, improving the quality of life. The development of such measures on the basis of an environmental approach can ensure the formation of a new family policy aimed at the preservation and development of a harmonious family. Currently in Russia there are prerequisites for the implementation of environmental paradigm of family as the foundation of society, because in Russia as a predominantly traditional society, the family suffered less erosion than in the West. Therefore, the family, which has appeared as a result of the crisis of civilization in the midst of all the negative, crisis processes, should be the center of attention of scientists, public figures and politicians, legislative and executive branches. The strategic goal of the state social policy must be seen above all in creating a prosperous financially, spiritually and intellectually well-off family, which should be developed for the sake of the relevant economic, political and social development strategy of the state.
Ecology is the historical and evolutionary science that explores the nature of the system over time. Bringing people together and the family as a system is the central subject of social ecology as a science. An ecological approach is a general scientific approach that is driven by research and reflection relations and interactions of organisms and populations and in the special case of human society and the environment. The family is a social phenomenon, which is closely intertwined social and natural without losing its characteristics in the process of interaction, so the social ecology tries to show that well-being is based both on biological and social factors on well. In the historical and evolutionary changes of life of human communities transformation of the socio-economic status and quality of life of the family play a vital role. In the process of social development this transformations are the most significantly manifested in the emergence and resolution of conflicts between the growing needs of family groups and their capabilities to meet the conditions of the existing environment. Many of the vital needs of the individual can be met naturally only under specific roles and functions in the family as the primary basic social unit of society. A clear understanding of what environmental factors are and how to strengthen the family and to increase its resistance to stress, which, on the contrary, give rise to all sorts of dysfunction, reduced levels of well-being, and in the future, the degradation and even disintegration is required. Taking into account the dependence of family life on the implementation it is necessary to plan adequate social policies aimed at overcoming the crisis of the family, improving the quality of life. The development of such measures on the basis of an environmental approach can ensure the formation of a new family policy aimed at the preservation and development of a harmonious family. Currently in Russia there are prerequisites for the implementation of environmental paradigm of family as the foundation of society, because in Russia as a predominantly traditional society, the family suffered less erosion than in the West. Therefore, the family, which has appeared as a result of the crisis of civilization in the midst of all the negative, crisis processes, should be the center of attention of scientists, public figures and politicians, legislative and executive branches. The strategic goal of the state social policy must be seen above all in creating a prosperous financially, spiritually and intellectually well-off family, which should be developed for the sake of the relevant economic, political and social development strategy of the state. ; Экология - это историко-эволюционная наука, которая исследует природные системы во времени. Объединения людей и семья как система - центральный предмет социальной экологии как науки. Экологический подход - это общенаучный подход, ориентирующийся на исследование и отражение отношений и взаимодействий организмов и популяций и, в частном случае, человека и общества с окружающей средой. Семья представляет собой социальное явление, в котором тесно переплетаются социальное и природное, не теряя своей особенности в процессе взаимодействия, поэтому социальная экология пытается показать, что благополучие человека основано как на биологических, так и на устоявшихся социальных факторах. В историко-эволюционных изменениях жизнедеятельности человеческих общностей важнейшую роль играют трансформации социально-экономического статуса и качества жизни семьи. В процессе развития социума эти трансформации наиболее значимо проявляются в возникновении и разрешении противоречий между растущими потребностями семейных групп и возможностями ихудовлетворения в условиях существующей окружающей среды. Многие жизненные потребности индивида могут быть удовлетворены естественным образом лишь при выполнении определённых ролевых функций в составе семьи как первичной базовой социальной ячейки общества. Требуется четкое понимание того, какие факторы окружающей среды и каким образом ведут к укреплению семьи, повышению её стрессоустойчивости, а какие, напротив, приводят к возникновению всевозможных дисфункций, снижению уровня благополучия, а в дальнейшем к деградации и даже распаду. Учитывая зависимость жизнедеятельности семьи от осуществления потребностей, следует планировать адекватные меры социальной политики, направленные на преодоление кризиса семьи, повышение качества жизни. Разработка таких мер на основе экологического подхода может обеспечить формирование новой семейной политики, направленной на сохранение и развитие гармоничной семьи. В настоящее время в России есть предпосылки для реализации экологической семейной парадигмы как основы общества, потому что в России как преимущественно традиционном обществе семья подверглась меньшей эрозии, чем на Западе. Поэтому семья, оказавшаяся в результате цивилизационного кризиса в эпицентре всех негативных кризисных процессов, должна стать центром внимания ученых, общественных и политических деятелей, законодательной и исполнительной власти. Стратегическую цель государственной социальной политики необходимо видеть, прежде всего, в создании материально благополучной, духовно и интеллектуально обеспеченной семьи, ради которой должны разрабатываться соответствующие экономические, политические и социальные стратегии развития государства.
In the beginning was the Big Bang, Genesis, The Beginning, the main stress of being - not being, and emerged the first protein molecule to the gene and with the passing of time was emerging principles that govern life, the first for distinguished from the inhospitable environment of Autonomy, then to preserve the constancy of the internal environment the principle of homeostasis, then the whole effort of evolution to the emergence of consciousness in humans and its principle of humanity. These are the three principles that govern biological Physiology and enabling you to apply to society to discuss social Physiology, and corresponds with the binomial emponderante education, health, financial and enterprise security, respectively, which are respectively pathophysiological distorting Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Poverty. With the human being emerged from the thinking and personal development in mythical-religious, philosophical and scientific. Collective thinking no deviation in the two great currents visible with its origin in eastern India and western Greece, and a current term as invisible perennis philosophy called synthesis. The three schools with the passage of time formed to lead the three major global institutions of mankind: The Science, The Democratic Capitalist State and Religion, which correlates with the three fundamental principles of life, autonomy, homeostasis and Humanity. Scientific Thinking, developed and consolidated into three major scientific paradigms: the paradigm of scientific logic and simplicity, the cognitive paradigm and philosophy of mind, and the paradigm of complex systems. In the cognitive development of science was evident the need for ontological epistemological foundations for understanding the complex phenomena of ecological oxidative psychosocial stress (Stress PSOE) and Macro Stress individual or social chaos or Macro Stress, wear governing organizations and the human corporeality and the institutions of society. The epistemological ontological principles are: concience (Awareness), Interior; Spirituality; autonomic (Autonomy); Homeonimicidad (Homeostasis); heteronomous (Humanity), Mind, Energy (energy) relational complexity Dialogue (dilemma-paradoxical) Buclicidad ( Cyclicity); recursion or recursive causality, begin (emergence). The mode of interaction between the principles is loop tetralógico with its elements of chaos, order, organization, network and relationships or emergency meetings or undertaken resulting in an evolutionary process of continuous improvement of the quality of being. ; En el principio fue el Big Bang, El Génesis, El Inicio, el estrés primordial del ser - no ser, y surgió la primera molécula proteica hasta el GEN y con el devenir del tiempo fue emergiendo los principios que rigen la vida, el primero para diferenciarse del medio ambiente inhóspito el de Autonomía, después para preservar la constancia del medio interno el principio de Homeostasis, a continuación todo el afán de la evolución para la emergencia de la conciencia en el ser Humano y su principio de Humanidad. Estos son los tres principios que rigen la Fisiología biológica y lo que permite aplicar a la sociedad para hablar de Fisiología social y que se corresponde con los binomios educación emponderante, salud financiera y seguridad emprendimiento, respectivamente, cuyos distorsionantes fisiopatológicos son respectivamente Corrupción, Narcotráfico y Pobreza. Con el ser humano emergió el pensamiento y su evolución personal en mítico-religioso, filosófico y científico. El pensamiento colectivo transcurrió en dos grandes corrientes visibles la oriental con su origen en la India, y la occidental en Grecia, y una corriente intermedia invisible llamada filosofía perennis como síntesis. Las tres corrientes con el transcurrir del tiempo confluyeron para dar origen las tres grandes instituciones globales de la humanidad: La Ciencia, El Estado Capitalista Democrático y La Religión, que se correlaciona con los tres principios vitales fundamentales, la Autonomía, Homeostasis y La Humanidad. El Pensamiento Científico, evolucionó y se consolidó en tres grandes Paradigmas Científicos: El Paradigma de la Simplicidad y la Lógica Científica, el paradigma cognitivo y la filosofía de la mente, y el paradigma del sistemismo de la complejidad. En la evolución cognitiva de la ciencia se hizo patente la necesidad de contar los fundamentos ontológico epistemológicos para comprender los fenómenos complejos del estrés psicosocial oxidativo ecológico (Estrés PSOE) individual o Macroestrés y del caos social o Macroestrés, que rigen y desgastan las organizaciones de la corporeidad humana así como las instituciones de la sociedad. Los principios ontológicos epistemológicos son: Conciencidad (Conciencia); Interioridad; Espiritualidad; Autonomicidad (Autonomía); Homeonimicidad (Homeostasis); Heteronomicidad (Humanidad); Mentalidad; Energeticidad (energía); Relacionalidad o complejidad; Dialogicidad (dilemicidad- paradojicidad); Buclicidad (Ciclicidad); Recursividad o Causalidad recursiva; Emprendidad (emergencidad). El modo de interrelación entre los principios es el bucle tetralógico con sus elementos de caos, orden, organización, red relaciones o encuentros y emergencia o emprendidad que se traduce en un proceso evolutivo de mejoramiento continuo de la calidad del ser.
Lauge Koch, renowned leader of 24 Danish government expeditions to Greenland spanning almost half a century, was born July 5, 1892 and died June 5, 1964 in Copenhagen. He gained his Mag. Scient. (cartography) in 1920 from the University of Copenhagen and his Ph.D. in geology in 1929. Dr. Koch's unique series of explorations began in 1913 in West Greenland. During 1916 and 1917 he accompanied Knud Rasmussen on the Second Thule Expedition to Northwest Greenland. From 1920 to 1923 Lauge Koch was leader of the remarkable Bicentenary Jubilee Expedition (to commemorate Hans Egede's arrival in Greenland) when he performed, together with three Eskimos, the strenuous 200-day sledge journey along the north coast of Greenland, which resulted in the Atlas of North Greenland (24 maps at the scale 1: 300,000). The systematic geological investigation of North and East Greenland conducted by Dr. Koch between 1926 and 1958 has been lauded as "one of the most concentrated efforts towards co-ordinated regional geology of a significant segment of the earth's surface which the geological science has experienced, and one made in the face of exceptionally unfavourable geographic and climatic conditions" (G. O. Raasch, 1961, p. 147, Foreword to the "Proceedings" of the First international Symposium on Arctic Geology). In that period of 32 years 1291 persons from many countries, mainly Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Britain, took part in his expeditions, the largest parties consisting of more than 100 men. A total of 1208 "man-summers" and 126 "man-winters" were spent under Dr. Koch's supervision in Northeast Greenland - that harsh but beautiful stretch of land between the Inland Ice and the pack ice, in the latitude 70°N. to 83°N. Although Dr. Koch himself was primarily interested in geology, he encouraged work in a variety of other fields: an almost complete coverage of medium-scale topographical maps was produced, many geographical and biological investigations were carried out, and studies were made in glaciology, hydrology, meteorology and archaeology. "Such continuity of leadership . is without parallel in the history of polar expeditions" (J. W. Cowie, 1959, Polar Record, Vol. 9, p. 547). In the early days when travelling was by dog-team, Lauge Koch was master of this art and gained the admiration of his Eskimo companions whose language he thoroughly understood and spoke. He kept abreast of the time however, and became a pioneer of arctic aviation when, as early as 1932 and 1933, he equipped his two expedition ships with sea planes. Then in 1938 he successfully completed an air reconnaissance of Northeast Greenland on two daring flights with a Dornier aircraft operating from Spitzbergen. His post-war expeditions were characterized by the extensive use of Norseman, Catalina, and DC-4 aircraft and later, in 1955 and 1956, of helicopters. In 1953 I was one of a two-man party which he landed in North Greenland, to make the first geological traverse of the mountains of northern Peary Land starting from Friggs Fiord and reaching Kap Morris Jesup, 83° 39'N., the northernmost point of land in the world. Here we found the cairn Lauge Koch had erected in 1923 and from it retrieved his report. In the Catalina, which came to collect us, he read his own historic document as we flew over the desolate plains of southern Peary Land where Mylius-Erichsen and his companions had perished, and where he himself, 30 years previously, was forced to eat his exhausted dogs. This big, quiet man who spoke so slowly and made every so often a bear-like noise, had, with his indomitable will, been a great leader through two eras of polar history. Like the polar bears he did not bother about his enemies, he would just weave amusing stories about them. The results from Koch's expeditions published by the participants in the Meddelelser om Grønland are an invaluable collection of some 240 papers totalling 22,000 pages. His own observations and investigations, mainly on the geology and the ice conditions of Northeast Greenland are the substance of some 14 major publications. For his leadership and his scientific merits Lauge Koch was awarded numerous honours. He received 12 medals from various countries, the last one being the highly regarded Danish Rink Medal, and many other distinctions including being made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1960 the University of Basle (Switzerland) honoured Lauge Koch with a Dr. h.c. and in 1963 McGill University (Canada) awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Science. With the death of Lauge Koch the Arctic has lost one of its most colourful personalities. Those who had the good fortune to work with him and to listen to his stories will never forget the towering strength, the stimulation and the refreshing humour of this great man, who had already during his own lifetime become a legendary figure.
This dissertation analyzes the charismatic voice in the context of political leadership. It is shown that the speaker-leader uses his/her voice based on two functions. The primary function is biological and consists of manipulating changes in fundamental frequency in order to be recognized as the leader of the group. The secondary function is learned and dependent upon the language spoken and the culture that one belongs to, and consists of changing voice quality in order to convey different traits and types of charisma. These functions are employed in order to persuade an audience and achieve certain goals. The phenomenon of charisma is first addressed through social-cognitive theory that distinguishes charisma of the mind (the leader's thought, actions, and vision expressed through written and spoken language) from charisma of the body (all non-verbal behaviors used for expressing one's message, affects, and emotions. Certain adjectives were established through empirical research to describe positive and negative traits in French, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese speech. The tool MASCharP (Multi-dimensional Adjective-based Scale of Charisma Perception) was then developed in order to evaluate the charismatic traits of an individual's perceptible behavior. The study then establishes an acoustic and perceptual description of the charismatic voice. Speech range profiles are created for French, Italian, and Brazilian male leaders in order to represent the leaders' vocal extension in different communication contexts (formal vs. informal). The voice profiles demonstrate how the leaders adopt a particular vocal strategy related to the communication context as well as the leaders' persuasive strategy. These results show cross-language and cross-cultural similarities in leaders' vocal behavior. The following experimental phase demonstrates the influence of voice quality on the perception of different types and attributes of charismatic leadership. The speaker-leader uses his vocal production to be recognized as the leader of a group. This is true for all formal communication contexts wherein the leader must express his leadership and has a persuasive goal to achieve. If he wants to submit group members and hopes to appear as a dominant or threatening leader, the leader uses a low fundamental frequency associated with phonatory types such as creaky voice. If he wants to be perceived as a sincere, calm, and reassuring, he uses a higher fundamental frequency associated with his modal voice, avoiding phonatory types such as harsh voice. This is the primary function of the charismatic voice. Lastly, this study shows that, in political discourse, the traits of a charismatic leader are filtered by the language and cultural context of the interaction. The secondary function of the charismatic voice is therefore addressed: the use of one's voice for conveying different types of charisma, as characterized by varying attributes, is filtered through the language and culture that favor certain charismatic vocal behaviors which serve as prototypes that correspond to the audience's inherent expectations. ; Cette thèse porte sur la voix charismatique dans le cadre du leadership politique. L'hypothèse générale est que le locuteur-leader utilise sa voix selon deux fonctions. Une fonction primaire, biologique, qui est d'utiliser les modulations de fréquence fondamentale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Une fonction secondaire, apprise et dépendante de la langue parlée et de la culture d'appartenance, qui est de modifier la qualité de la voix pour véhiculer différents traits et types de charisme dans le but de persuader l'auditoire et atteindre certains buts. La première étape a été de décrire le phénomène du charisme avec une théorie socio-cognitive qui distingue le charisme de l'esprit (la pensée, les actions et le visionnarisme du leader exprimés à travers le langage écrit et verbal) du charisme du corps (tout comportement non verbal utilisé pour exprimer son message ainsi que ses affects et émotions). De plus, des recherches empiriques ont permit de récolter des adjectifs décrivant les traits positifs et négatifs du charisme propres au français, à l'italien et au portugais brésilien. Enfin, un outil appelé MASCharP a été développé pour évaluer les traits du charisme d'un individu à partir de tout comportement perceptible. La deuxième étape d'étude concerne la description acoustique et perceptive de la voix charismatique. Une première phase a consisté à créer des profils vocaux des leaders masculins français, italiens et portugais brésiliens, dans le but de représenter l'extension vocale du leader lors de différents contextes de communication (formels vs. informels). Les profils vocaux montrent l'adoption, par les leaders, d'une stratégie vocale liée au contexte de communication et à leur stratégie persuasive. Ces résultats montrent des similarités inter-langagières et culturelles du comportement vocal entre leaders. La deuxième phase expérimentale sur la voix charismatique démontre l'influence de la qualité de voix des phrases sur la perception de différents types et attributs du leadership charismatique. Le locuteur-leader utilise sa production vocale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Ceci est valable dans tous les contextes de communication formels où le leader doit exprimer son leadership et a un but persuasif à atteindre. S'il veut soumettre les membres du groupe et souhaite apparaître comme un leader dominant ou menaçant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale basse associée à des types phonatoires comme le creaky. S'il veut être perçu comme un leader sincère, calme et rassurant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale plus haute associée à sa voix modale, évitant des types de phonation comme le harsh. Cela est la fonction primaire de la voix charismatique. Enfin, ces travaux de recherche montrent que les traits du leader charismatique, dans le discours politique, sont filtrés par le contexte langagier et culturel d'interaction partagé entre leader et partisans. L'utilisation de la voix pour véhiculer différents types de charisme, caractérises par des attributs différents, est filtrée par la langue et la culture qui favorisent l'émergence de comportements vocaux charismatiques, prototypiques et qui correspondent à l'attente inhérente de l'auditoire. Cela est la fonction secondaire de la voix charismatique.
Introduction -- Chapter 1. GMOs, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes Part I: GM CROPS AND THEIR IMPACTS -- Chapter 2. Impact of GM crops on farmland biodiversity -- Chapter 3. GM crops: Resistance development and impact on biodiversity -- Chapter 4. Impact of Genetically Modified Crops on the Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi -- Chapter 5. GMOs – Impact on Non-Target Arthropods -- Chapter 6. Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on the Soil Microbiome, Biological Processes and Ecosystem Services -- Chapter 7. Environmental analytical and ecotoxicological aspects of Bt maize in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region of the European Union. Part II: GM INSECTS -- Chapter 8. GM Insect biodiversity and ecological interactions -- Chapter 9. Invasive Species Control and Resolution of Wildlife Damage Conflicts: a Framework for Chemical and Genetically-based Management Methods -- Chapter 10. Risk assessment of transgenic silkworms -- Part III: GM VERTEBRATES -- Chapter 11. Genetically Engineered Fish: potential impacts on aquaculture, biodiversity, and the environment -- Chapter 12. GM Farm Animals: Potential Impact on Biodiversity Including Ethical Concerns -- Chapter 13. GM Animals: Biodiversity and Bioethical Concerns and Analysis -- Part IV: RISK ASSESSMENT -- Chapter 14. Hypothesis-led ecological risk assessment of GM crops to support decision-making about product use -- Chapter 15. Risk assessment of insect-resistant genetically modified crops on non-target arthropods and benefits to associated biodiversity of agro-ecosystems -- Chapter 16. Ecological Risk Assessment for soil invertebrate biodiversity and ecosystem services -- Part V: GENE DRIVE APPROACHES -- Chapter 17. Engineered Gene Drives: Ecological, environmental, and societal concerns -- Chapter 18. Engineered Gene Drives and their Value in the Control of Vector Borne Diseases, Weeds, Pests and Invasive Species -- Chapter 19. Evaluating Gene Drive Approaches for Public Benefit -- Part VI: GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION -- Chapter 20. Governance of Emerging Technologies/Applications in the Bio/Life Sciences: Genome Editing and Synthetic Biology -- Part VII: ANNEX A -- National legal perspectives. Africa. Chapter 21. Botswana - Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and Synthetic biology: Their potential applications and the legal perspectives -- Chapter 22. Democratic Republic of the Congo - GMOs/synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective -- Chapter 23. Kenya - A Review of Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Case Study of Kenya. Chapter 24. South Africa - Synthetic Biology Regulatory Considerations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective for South Africa -- Chapter 25. Tunisia - The Use of Modern Biotechnology in Tunisia: Regulatory Framework -- Chapter 26. Zimbabwe - The status of Biosafety in Zimbabwe: A legal perspective. Americas -- Chapter 27. Argentina - Regulatory Framework for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -- Chapter 28. Colombia - GMOs/innovative biotechnology regulations -- Chapter 29. Ecuador - Modern biotechnology in Ecuador: development and legal framework -- Chapter 30. Honduras - GMOs/synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective from Honduras -- Chapter 31. Venezuela - GMOs/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective in Venezuela -- Asia -- Chapter 32. India - GMOs/Synthetic Biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective from India -- Chapter 33. Malaysia - Genetic modifications and synthetic biology regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective for Malaysia -- Chapter 34. Pakistan - Synthetic Biology: challenges and opportunities from a biodiversity perspective in Pakistan -- Chapter 35. Thailand - GMOs and synthetic biology regulations: Thailand perspective -- Australasia -- Chapter 36. Australia - Biodiversity Considerations as Part of the Regulation of GMOs, Including Synthetic Organisms -- Chapter 37. New Zealand - GMO Rules and Regulations in New Zealand -- Europe -- Chapter 38. Czech Republic - GMO Regulations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective -- Chapter 39. Hungary - Hungary's GMO-free policy and its legal background -- Chapter 40. Italy - GMOs and synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: the legal perspective of Italy -- Chapter 41. Norway - The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Protection of Biodiversity -- Chapter 42. Slovenia - GMOs and synthetic biology regulations and biodiversity: A Slovenian legal perspective.
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?How can people master their own thoughts, feelings, and actions? This question is central to the scientific study of self-regulation. The behavioral side of self-regulation has been extensively investigated over the last decades, but the biological machinery that allows people to self-regulate has mostly remained vague and unspecified. Handbook of Biobehavioral Approaches to Self-Regulation corrects this imbalance. Moving beyond traditional mind-body dualities, the various contributions in the book examine how self-regulation becomes established in cardiovascular, hormonal, and central nervous systems. Particular attention is given to the dynamic interplay between affect and cognition in self-regulation. The book also addresses the psychobiology of effort, the impact of depression on self-regulation, the development of self-regulation, and the question what causes self-regulation to succeed or fail. These novel perspectives provide readers with a new, biologically informed understanding of self-awareness and self-agency. Among the topics being covered are:Self-regulation in an evolutionary perspective.The muscle metaphor in self-regulation in the light of current theorizing on muscle physiology.From distraction to mindfulness: psychological and neural mechanisms of attention strategies in self-regulation.Self-regulation in social decision-making: a neurobiological perspective.Mental effort: brain and autonomic correlates in health and disease.A basic and applied model of the body-mind system.Handbook of Biobehavioral Approaches to Self-Regulation provides a wealth of theoretical insights into self-regulation, with great potential for future applications for improving self-regulation in everyday life settings, including education, work, health, and interpersonal relationships. The book highlights a host of exciting new ideas and directions and is sure to provoke a great deal of thought and discussion among researchers, practitioners, and graduate-level students in psychology, education, neuroscience, medicine, and behavioral economics. Guido H.E. Gendolla is Professor of Psychology at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, where he holds the chair for motivation psychology and directs the Geneva Motivation Lab. He earned his diploma in psychology (corresponding to MA) and his PhD at the University of Bielefeld, Germany, and his habilitation in psychology at the University of Erlangen, Germany. Gendolla's research focuses on human motivation and explicit and implicit affect and is mainly concerned with involved psychophysiological processes. Most of his recent research activity was centered on implicit influences in the self-regulation of effort. He has authored numerous publications and his research has been supported by various grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Swiss National Funds.Mattie Tops is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the VU University Amsterdam. He earned his diploma in psychology (corresponding to MA) at the Radboud University Nijmegen and his PhD at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He has published numerous articles and book chapters on the topics motivation and stress coping. Tops' research focuses on stress (coping) hormones and brain mechanisms of self-regulation. His research has been supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO).Sander L. Koole is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the VU University Amsterdam. He has published many articles and book chapters on the topics emotion regulation and self-regulation. He has co-edited the Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology and special issues in Social Cognition and Cognition and Emotion. His research has been supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) and the Templeton Foundation. He has been a residential fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. Koole's research was recognized in 2011 by a Consolidator Grant of the European Research Council, a grant that is awarded to researchers with the proven potential to become leaders in their field.
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Selections from Psychopathia Sexualis with special reference to contrary sexual instinct: a medico-legal study / Richard von Krafft-Ebing -- Selections from The Transvestites: the erotic drive to cross-dress / Magnus Hirschfeld -- Psychopathia Transexualis / David O Cauldwell -- Transsexualism and transvestism as psycho-somatic and somato-psychic syndromes / Harry Benjamin -- Selection from Biological Substrates of Sexual Behavior / Robert Stoller -- Passing and the managed achievement of sex status in an "intersexed" person / Harold Garfinkel -- Selection from The Role of Gender and the Imperative of Sex / Charles Shepherdson -- A cyborg manifesto: science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century / Donna Haraway -- Selection from Mother Camp / Esther Newton -- Sappho by surgery: the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist / Janice G Raymond -- Divided sisterhood: a critical review of Janice Raymond's The Transsexual Empire / Carol Riddell -- A transvestite answers a feminist / Lou Sullivan -- Toward a theory of gender / Suzanne J. Kessler and Wendy McKenna -- Doing justice to someone: sex reassignment and allegories of transsexuality / Judith Butler -- Where did we go wrong?: feminism and trans theory-two teams on the same side? / Stephen Whittle -- Transgender liberation: a movement whose time has come / Leslie Feinberg -- The empire strikes back: a posttranssexual manifesto / Sandy Stone -- Gender terror, gender rage / Kate Bornstein -- My words to Victor Frankenstein above the village of Chamounix: performing transgender rage / Susan Stryker -- Judith Butler: queer feminism, transgender, and the transubstantiation of sex / Jay Prosser -- Are lesbians women? / Jacob Hale -- Hermaphrodites with attitude: mapping the emergence of intersex political activism / Cheryl Chase -- Mutilating gender / Dean Spade -- Body, technology, and gender in transsexual autobiographies / Bernice L. Hausman -- A "fierce and demanding" drive / Joanne Meyerowitz -- ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: the uneasy collaboration of gay and trans activism, 1964-2003 / Aaron H. Devor and Nicholas Matte -- "I went to bed with my own kind once": the erasure of desire in the name of identity / David Valentine -- Bodies in motion: lesbian and transsexual histories / Nan Alamilla Boyd -- Manliness / Patrick Califia -- Selection from Lesbians Talk Transgender / Zachary I. Nataf -- Gender without genitals: Hedwig's six inches / Jordy Jones -- Of catamites and kings: reflections on butch, gender, and boundaries / Gayle Rubin -- The logic of treatment / Henry Rubin -- Look! No, don't!: the visibility dilemma for transsexual men / Jamison Green -- Queering the binaries: transsituated identities, bodies, and sexualities / Jason Cromwell -- Selections from "Spoiled Identity": Stephen Gordon's loneliness and the difficulties of queer history / Heather K. Love -- Transsexuals in the military: flight into hypermasculinity / George R. Brown -- What does it cost to tell the truth? / Riki Anne Wilchins -- Transmogrification: (un)becoming other(s) / Nikki Sullivan -- Fin de siècle, fin du sexe: transsexuality, postmodernism, and the death of history / Rita Felski -- Skinflick: posthuman gender in Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs / Judith Halberstam -- Genderbashing: sexuality, gender, and the regulation of public space / Viviane K. Namaste -- From the medical gaze to Sublime Mutations: the ethics of (re)viewing non-normative body images / T. Benjamin Singer -- From functionality to aesthetics: the architecture of transgender jurisprudence / Andrew Sharpe -- Selections from The Chic of Araby: transvestism and the erotics of cultural appropriation / Marjorie Garber -- Transgender theory and embodiment: the risk of racial marginalization / Katrina Roen -- Romancing the transgender native: rethinking the use of the "third gender" concept / Evan B. Towle and Lynn M. Morgan -- Unsung heroes: reading transgender subjectivities in Hong Kong action cinema / Helen Hok-Sze Leung -- Whose feminism is it anyway? The unspoken racism of the trans inclusion debate / Emi Koyama -- Transgendering the politics of recognition / Richard Juang.
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