Many policy makers suggest that rail is the solution for the development of the periphery, often conceived as a space suffering from under-development and lack of accessibility to the core. However, this policy, promoted around the world, does not consider core-periphery reliance as one of the rail investments' impacts. This study will examine the question: to what extent does the peripheral city, connected to the rail service, has a larger reliance on the core city? This study is a cross-sectional study that focuses on the passenger rail of an existing line to the periphery and of a planned line. The research reveals that rail does not necessarily induce the local development of the periphery but it induces larger reliance on the core.
We document a two-year transdisciplinary project on the transition management processes of regional clusters in textile, timber, and dairy industries in the Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. This canton is a rural prealpine area, which has been historically shaped by traditional industries and which lies in the vicinity of St Gallen in the Greater Zürich Area. Scientists and regional stakeholders collaboratively planned, assessed, and discussed how to realize cooperative business strategies in order to sustain a continued presence in their selected industry. 101 stakeholders participated in a project, which made use of the area development negotiations method. This systematic and analytical method involved (a) the construction of different regional business strategies and clustering variants through formative scenario analysis, (b) a multicriteria evaluation of these variants, and (c) a multi-stakeholder consensus process on different forms of horizontal and vertical cooperation. As a result, a regional learning process with the ultimate goal of moving towards a sustainable development form was initiated between industries, public authorities, and research institutions.
Die Raumordnungspolitik der Bayerischen Staatsregierung begegnet den ungleichen Lebensverhältnissen im Freistaat gegenwärtig schwerpunktmäßig anhand von Förderprojekten für strukturschwache Regionen. Dem liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, dass Kommunen durch die Schaffung wirtschaftlichen Wachstums höhere Steuereinnahmen erzielen und so öffentliche Leistungen im Rahmen der Daseinsvorsorge besser finanzieren können. Unter Rückgriff auf den noch recht jungen Ansatz der sogenannten Fundamentalökonomie (Foundational Economy, auch als "Ökonomie des Alltagslebens" übersetzt) möchte der vorliegende Beitrag einen alternativen Blick auf den Zusammenhang von regionaler Wirtschaftskraft und öffentlichen Leistungen eröffnen. Insbesondere wird aufgezeigt, dass die ökonomischen Voraussetzungen des Alltagslebens, also die Basisleistungen unserer Gesellschaft, wie sie im Ansatz der Fundamentalökonomie zusammengefasst werden, nicht nur mit einer Versorgungsfunktion verbunden sind, sondern darüber hinaus auch erhebliche weitere Wirkungen entfalten, allen voran auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Betrachtung wird dafür plädiert, auch raumordnungspolitische Instrumente wie insbesondere den kommunalen Finanzausgleich verstärkt zur Sicherung der Fundamentalökonomie einzusetzen.
Physical geography and urban characteristics influence the urban climate conditions. Built-up areas, green urban parks, forest reserves, streets and terrain constitute the climatic interactions within urban areas. These have led to the variation of the urban climate condition throughout the world. Thus, in studying urban climate, the impacts of these factors are crucial to be examined. This study aims to examine the effects of six important factors, namely built-up areas, green covers, terrain elevation, building volume, surface roughness and land use type, which contribute to the variation of the urban climate condition within the Kuala Lumpur City. In this study, the effects of the six factors (urban parameters) towards the air surface temperature variation were statistically tested. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the remote sensing technique, the data needed for the analyses were extracted. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed as the analysis platform during the study. Based on the Spearman's rho and Mann-Whitney U tests, it was identified that the six urban parameters and the air surface temperature variation are correlated. The further investigation conducted using the Kruskall-Wallis test has identified that only five of the urban parameters showed significant effects toward the air surface temperature variation, which are built-up areas, green covers, terrain elevation, building volume and surface roughness while the land use type was excluded. The findings of this study are very crucial as a pioneer research to integrate the urban climatic information in the urban planning decision making in tropical cities like Kuala Lumpur.
In the context of increased interest in literary methods for spatial design, this article argues for a reconsideration of narrative methods for urban planning. It holds that when narrative is taken not as a reified object but as an active mode, in which a strategy for organizing the phenomenal world allows for form to be created from and within the profusion of signs, the importance of heterogeneous non-narrative elements comes into full force, in particular around figurative or metaphorical language, even or especially within the narrative frame. Drawing on work from Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò on and around the "porous city" figure and the Greater Paris international consultations, the article makes a case for a narrative of poetic practices. By identifying the polysemic agency of the poetic function, the territorial figure becomes not a comparison between two terms, but a complex linking of similarities in multiple dissimilar states, creating an effect of rapprochement with new possible futures.
If regional development agencies assume the cluster concept to be an adequate framework to promote regional growth and competitiveness, it is necessary to identify industrial clusters in a comprehensive manner. Previous studies used a diversity of methods starting with specific regional case studies, input-output methods and different concentration measures. This article presents a new instrument in empirical cluster research — the Qualitative Input-Output Analysis-, which offers the possibility to identify industrial cluster in conjunction with concentration measures. Especially, this method allows the combination of an identified critical mass of regional firms with the necessity of interaction of these firms within an input-output framework. Applying this method to Germany's "Arbeitsmarktregionen" we find that 103 "Arbeitsmarkregionen" show first signs of horizontal industrial clusters, while only 28 regions are able to attract vertical industrial clusters. 139 "Arbeitsmarkt-regionen" did not show signs of industrial clusters according to the research design.
The existence of Awi people as one ethnic group with its own culture and language has made it necessary for the existence of Awi- Nationality Administrative Zone as self- governing entity with three organs of government- elected council, administrative council (executive) and its judiciaries at zonal level. Theoretically Awi Nationality Administrative Zone is expected to play unique status due to its existence as the 3 rd separate tire of government from the federal five levels structure and 2nd tire of government from the regional government structure. The effort made by this study with the objective to assess the implementations of this unique status of Awi nationality administrative zone with respect to devolution of political and administrative power/authority, its fiscal autonomy as separate tire of government and its good governance practice through the use of descriptive research is noteworthy. The existence of Awi- Nationality Administrative Zone has its inception from article 39 of federal constitution and article 73 of the regional constitution with the objective of protecting, preserving and promoting Awi people's culture and language through self- governance and self determination. However, this study found that the implementation of such constitutional right were going on at low pace than expected due to low commitment of administrators, financial dependence of zone administration from the regional government, weak application of good governance principles, regional interference on zonal affairs and less decentralized power/ authority of legal nature. Lustily it is recommended to enhance zonal autonomy, decreasing financial dependence, increasing administrator's commitment, starting Awgni language for administrative use, encouraging public participation in planning and managing projects, enhancing transparency and clarity in financial administration or block grant
Forest-energy plantations have been recognized as a possible source of renewable energy throughout the world, but the regional consequences of extensive plantation development have not been considered. In an effort to understand better the trade-offs that exist between economic, environmental, and energy concerns associated with regional development projects, a goal-programming model of forest-energy plantation development in Eastern Ontario, Canada has been developed. The results indicate not only the potential for energy plantations, but the utility in using goal-programming as a resource-assessment tool as well. The method is particularly useful in identifying potential conflicts among regional development goals, and can also address uncertainties with respect to decision priorities and production relationships.
Este trabajo evalúa las políticas de reducción del riesgo de inundaciones en España en las últimas cuatro décadas, desde la aprobación de la Ley de Aguas de 1985 hasta la actualidad. Se aporta una compilación y estudio de los principales hitos en las normativas y planes aprobados por las diferentes administraciones (estatal, regional y local) en este periodo, tanto para la legislación en materia de aguas como para las del suelo y ordenación del territorio. Se distinguen diferentes fases en razón del enfoque subyacente a la normativa en cada momento histórico, que se suceden desde la gestión de la inundación a través del control de la peligrosidad mediante la obra hidráulica, hacia la progresiva concepción del problema como un hecho territorial, dependiente del modelo de ocupación del suelo. Desde esta perspectiva de conjunto, se analizan con detalle las posibles consecuencias de la última aportación normativa sobre la materia, el Real Decreto 636/2016 de modificación del Dominio Público Hidráulico. Como reflexión final, se aborda, con sentido crítico, un balance de logros y fracasos en la gestión de inundaciones, y se señalan las cuestiones aún por resolver para mejorar la eficacia en la resolución del problema. ; This paper evaluates the policies for reducing the risk of floods in Spain in the last four decades, since the approval of the 1985 Water Law to the present. It includes a compilation and study of the main milestones of the regulations and plans approved during this period by the different administrations (state, regional and local), both for water legislation and for land and urban planning laws. Different phases are distinguished by the underlying approach to regulation at each historical moment, from flood management through the control of hydraulic works hazards, to the progressive conception of this problem as a territorial fact, dependent on land use models. From this perspective, we analyze in detail the possible consequences of the last regulatory provision, the Royal Decree 636/2016 to modify the Public Hydraulic Domain. As a final reflection, the balance of achievements and failures in flood management is tackled, and the issues still to be solved in order to improve the efficiency in the resolution of these problems are addressed.
Although the economic disparities between East and West Pakistan were continually widening since 1947, they were not explicitly recognized in economic planning until the Third Five Yar Plan (1965/66—1969/70) and the long term Perspective Plan (1965/66—1984/85). An analysis of the Third and Fourth Plan reveals that the planned regional allocations of investment were entirely inadequate to achieve the stated objective of reducing and ultimately eliminating regional disparities. In recent years economists suggested three different strategies for a long-term elimination of East-West per capita income disparities: The first strategy, proposed by Mac Ewan, consists in allocating to East Pakistan the share of total development expenditure suggested by the Perspective Plan. Mac Ewan's multisectoral bi-regional planning model leads to the conclusion that higher growth rates for East Pakistan can be achieved without any major changes in both the total amount and the distribution of internal and external resources and that they are compatible with the objective of maximizing long-term overall growth. It may be doubted whether the basic assumption of a lower capital-output ratio for East Pakistan is realistic. The second strategy, deduced by Stern from his bi-sectoral bi-regional model, suggests to give up the objective of equal per capita incomes from the region's own resources since it is in conflict with the long-term growth objective, and to achieve parity of regional per capita incomes by permanent transfers of real income from West to East Pakistan. The conflict between regional parity and overall growth results from East Pakistan's limited "absorptive capacity". It is highly questionable whether the necessary West-East transfers would have been feasible politically. The third strategy, suggested by East Pakistan economists as an alternative to the Fourth Plan, requires larger transfers of foreign resources to East Pakistan. It is based on the assumption of equal capital-output ratios and savings rates and on the ...
Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition is a series of articles discussing the issues facing this region. In order to explore and elevate Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Lowy Institute in April 2016 convened nearly two dozen Southeast Asian scholars and policymakers from around the region to discuss their perspectives and those of their governments at a conference in Singapore. The discussion at the conference focused on five areas: the role of the United States and China in Southeast Asia; the regional trade and investment architecture; regional maritime issues; transnational issues in the region; and the future of ASEAN.
Vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher Postmodernisierungsprozesse muss auch die Praxis der Einrichtung und Entwicklung von Großschutzgebieten reflektiert werden. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt aktueller gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen ist die Akzeptanz, sogar die Erwünschtheit, von Hybridbildungen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen (so von Stadt und Land oder auch Natur und Kultur). Während Naturparke mit ihrer eher kommunikativen Ausrichtung konzeptionell postmodernen gesellschaftlichen Bedürfnissen deutlicher entsprechen, sind Nationalparke stark von einer modernistischen Logik der exklusivistischen Durchsetzung der stark auf die 'Reinheit' von Natur beruhenden Logik ausgerichtet. Biosphärenreservate ordnen sich zwischen diesen beiden Polen ein.
Задача повышения конкурентоспособности регионов, обеспечения достойного уровня жизни населения является ключевой для России. При этом наличие значительных диспропорций в развитии экономики субъектов РФ требует поиска подходов к их устранению. В этом контексте имеющийся у развитых стран опыт регионального планирования заслуживает особого внимания. В частности, тщательного осмысления требуют меры, реализованные Великобританией, Германией, Японией и Италией в 1990-х годах. В целях перенесения акцентов с функции государственного регулирования на механизмы стимулирования потенциала регионов и частного предпринимательства, была сделана попытка формирования кластерных структур, ориентированных на раскрытие возможностей территориальных образований. ; The problem of increasing regional competitiveness, provide a decent standard of living is the key to Russia. At the same time there are significant disparities in the economic development of the RF subjects requires finding approaches to address them. In this context, available in developed countries, regional planning experience deserves special attention. In particular, careful consideration requires the measures undertaken by the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and Italy in the 1990s. In order to shift the emphasis from the functions of government regulation on the mechanisms of stimulation potential of the regions and private enterprise, it was an attempt to form cluster structures, oriented to the disclosure of the territorial educational opportunities.
