Suchergebnisse

Background Most primary headaches are episodic, and most estimates of the heavy disability burden attributed to headache derive from epidemiological data focused on the episodic subtypes of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). These disorders give rise directly but intermittently to symptom burden. Nevertheless, people with these disorders may not be symptom-free between attacks. We analysed the Eurolight dataset for interictal burden. Methods Eurolight was a cross-sectional survey using modified cluster sampling from the adult population (18–65 years) in 10 countries of the European Union. We used data from nine. The questionnaire included headache-diagnostic questions based on ICHD-II and several question sets addressing impact, including interictal and cumulative burdens. Results There were 6455 participants with headache (male 2444 [37.9 %]). Interictal symptoms were reported by 26.0 % of those with migraine and 18.9 % with TTH: interictal anxiety by 10.6 % with migraine and avoidance (lifestyle compromise) by 14.8 %, both much more common than in TTH (3.1 % [OR 3.8] and 4.7 % [OR 3.5] respectively). Mean time spent in the interictal state was 317 days/year for migraine, 331 days/year for TTH. Those who were "rarely" or "never" in control of their headaches (migraine 15.2 %, TTH 9.6 %) had significantly raised odds of interictal anxiety, avoidance and other interictal symptoms. Among those with migraine, interictal anxiety increased markedly with headache intensity and frequency, avoidance less so but still significantly. Lost productive time was associated with high ORs (up to 5.3) of anxiety and avoidance. A third (32.9 %) with migraine and a quarter (26.7 %) with TTH (difference: p < 0.0001) were reluctant to tell others of their headaches. About 10 % with each disorder felt families and friends did not understand their headaches. Nearly 12 % with migraine reported their employers and colleagues did not. Regarding cumulative burden, 11.8 % reported they had done less well in education because of headache, 5.9 % reported reduced earnings and 7.4 % that their careers had suffered. Conclusions Interictal burden in those with episodic headache is common, more so in migraine than TTH. Some elements have the potential to be profoundly consequential. New methodology is needed to measure interictal burden if descriptions of headache burden are to be complete. ; publishedVersion ; © Lampl et al. 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of media exposure and political party orientation on public satisfaction with and trust in the police in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from more than 2,000 respondents in three large metropolises and two rural counties in Taiwan in 2011. Multivariate regression was used to assess the effects of media exposure and political party affiliation on public satisfaction with and trust in the police, controlling for crime experience, neighborhood conditions, background characteristics, and locality. Findings – Taiwanese who were exposed to media reports of police misconduct and believed in the authenticity of such reports were more likely to have lower levels of satisfaction with national police and trust in the police. Though it varied somewhat by whether it was satisfaction with national or local police, the Taiwanese respondents who identified themselves as supporters of the opposition party, or politically neutral, showed lower levels of satisfaction with and trust in the police than supporters for the ruling party. Respondents who shared the same political party orientation expressed higher levels of satisfaction with local police. Research limitations/implications – The measures of media influence, while classic and straightforward, were relatively simple and future research should not only quantify the links between media use and public trust, but also develop a qualitative cultural understanding of the communicative roles that the media play in shaping public perceptions of the police. In addition, while this study relied on a scientific sampling procedure, the sample cannot completely represent the general population in Taiwan. Practical implications – It is important for police departments to cultivate good relations with the news media and to adopt a balanced role between law enforcers who are capable of curbing crime and reducing fear of crime, and moral guardians who are willing to uphold community social cohesion and value structures. Originality/value – Despite a growing number of studies on public assessments in the police in Taiwan, empirical research on the impact of media and political orientation on satisfaction with and trust in the police remains very limited. This study represents one of the first attempts to assess factors related to media and political party orientation in Taiwan.

Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to provide an initial understanding of the factors influencing and emanating from Facebook boredom. Specifically, the study addresses important issues such as reasons for liking and disliking Facebook, Facebook users' boredom states with this social networking site, factors associated with Facebook boredom and impact of boredom on the success and effectiveness of social marketing activities.


Design/methodology/approach
– A paper and pencil questionnaire was administered to undergraduate students at two local universities in exchange for course credit. Survey questions were adapted from previously validated scales, and measurement adaptations were minimal and only related to the context of questions to assure their relevance with the context of our study. Bootstrapping technique, Sobel test, ANOVA and regression techniques were used to test the hypotheses and address research questions.


Findings
– The results indicate that both genders are experiencing Facebook boredom and spend less time on Facebook. Moreover, Facebook boredom negatively impacts users' attitudes toward this social networking site, which in turn impact attitudes towards ads on Facebook. This observation reveals an important point regarding the necessity of studying the phenomenon of Facebook boredom for marketers. Also, the findings indicate that age is an important factor impacting users' level of boredom with Facebook, as younger users report significantly higher levels of Facebook boredom as compared to older users.


Research limitations/implications
– To capture the opinion of Facebook users, this study used a sample of college students at two universities which may not be representative of the entire population of Facebook users. Much of the existing research on Facebook, however, has focused on undergraduate college students and is primarily based on studies utilizing the undergraduate population.


Originality/value
– This is the first study to empirically examine the phenomenon of Facebook boredom by linking major theories of boredom with uses and gratification theory. The results add to the extant literature by identifying the underlying mechanism through which boredom with social media impacts effectiveness of social media marketing activities. The results shed more light on the consequences of Facebook boredom for digital marketers and reveal that age is an important factor in Facebook boredom.

Purpose
– This paper aims to propose an energy efficiency plan (with technical and behavioural improvement measures) for a Portuguese higher education building – the Teaching Building of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Coimbra (FEUC).


Design/methodology/approach
– The study was developed in the context of both the "Green Campus – Challenge for Energy Efficiency in Higher Education" and the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. An energy audit was conducted based on the analysis of the energy consumption profiles. A monitoring campaign was carried out to measure and disaggregate the electricity consumption. The consumption of natural gas and water were also assessed. The building envelope and the heating and lighting systems were also evaluated. Some patterns of energy-environmental behaviours of the academic community were investigated through a Web-based survey.


Findings
– The energy efficiency plan contemplates short-term tangible/intangible actions. It also considers the investment and payback period of the tangible measures. The implementation of three improvement measures in the lighting system would lead to a consumption reduction of about 26,123 kWh/year, avoiding the emission of 3,704 KgCO2/year, for an initial cost of 9,920 (payback period of 3.7 years).


Research limitations/implications
– Results are restricted to the case study and there are limitations in their generalisation outside of their context. However, they show some broadly implications and trends that have relevance for the higher education sector. This paper highlights the importance of engaging students, faculty and technical staff for working together on the assessment of the energy efficiency of the buildings where they study and work.


Social implications
– The higher education sector holds important functions in educating the next generation of professionals for a sustainable culture. The categories of activities described in this paper are good examples of what can be done within the academic community for acting towards sustainability. The results also pointed out that making users aware of their energy consumption is a priority towards the energy efficiency in higher education buildings.


Originality/value
– Reductions on energy consumption are expected if the energy efficiency plan would be implemented. The results of the behavioural study were presented to the FEUC's board of directors to be integrated in the "Good Practices Manual on Water and Energy Management".

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to understand the contextual conditions under which mobile forms of work are chosen by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the most relevant tensions that these firms should be able to face in order to be successful in the adoption of these forms of work.Design/methodology/approach– A survey analysis on 304 SMEs and an analysis of a collection of case studies were conducted to answer to the following research questions: what is the role of contextual conditions in shaping the way firms develop and use their mobile forms of work? Which tensions do SMEs need to manage when adopt a particular mobile form of work?Findings– In this paper, the authors found that SMEs choose different mobile forms of work according to the conditions under which they operate. For example, SMEs that adopt mobile forms of work for operational reasons are more capable of using IT to improve their external orientation. Moreover, the analysis of the configurations of mobile forms of work led to classify in a systematic way the managerial and organizational tensions, and to identify which tensions need to be managed in each mobile work configuration. For example, firms that adopt mobile work given individual employee requests need to manage human resource management tensions.Research limitations/implications– Future research should analyse in depth the jobs that are frequently engaged in mobility and the operational and strategic reasons of their mobility. Moreover, future research should analyse more in-depth companies' capability of managing tensions discussed in this paper.Practical implications– Managers should understand that mobile work is an essential element in the organizational strategy of SMEs, since it is a way to manage more effectively externally oriented business processes. Also policy makers should provide financial support for programmes aimed at promoting the importance of mobile forms of work, since they allow achieving different objectives and saving. Further, demand-oriented policies and experiences about mobile work adoption should be shared.Originality/value– The authors found scant empirical evidence on understanding the contextual conditions under which SMEs choose different mobile forms of work, and the most relevant tensions that SMEs should deal with when they decide for the adoption of a particular mobile work configuration. The value of this paper consists in filling this research gap.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate women-owned businesses from a life cycle perspective and with a qualitative growth approach. Building on previous research that has identified qualitative growth platforms, this paper takes into account the time aspect and investigates perceived barriers and support needs inside different qualitative growth platforms.Design/methodology/approach– The study took place in Sweden and is based on 191 women entrepreneurs in a first survey and 101 women entrepreneurs in a follow-up questionnaire three years later. To answer the research questions, descriptive frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques have been used.Findings– The motivation of growth changes throughout the life cycle, and women entrepreneurs move between different qualitative growth platforms when required building blocks of previous platforms have been established and secured. In this transfer of growth ambition, a significant correlation between business age and intrinsic growth aspiration was identified. Initially, growth is extrinsically motivated and later on in the life cycle, it is intrinsically motivated. In the late life cycle, the motivation is extrinsically motivated again. The results discern barriers to growth that hinder movement from extrinsic to intrinsic business platforms, and the author argues that the transfer of growth ambition from one growing platform to another requires different types of advice and support from the surrounding community.Research limitations/implications– By broadening the view of growth to include both a quantitative and qualitative approach, it is possible to identify a widespread growth ambition in women-owned businesses which experience various barriers and supportive needs. Business programs that encourage exchange of experience among entrepreneurs in various growth platforms might be a way to overcome the perceived barriers. As women's businesses only receive a low proportion of the government funding, they are prevented from developing their growth ambitions. To ensure that all forms of growth are stimulated, different measures are required depending on which stage in their life cycle the women-owned businesses belong to.Originality/value– By considering business growth from a qualitative perspective, barriers and needs that the traditional approach may overlook can be highlighted. For example, growth aspiration in terms of more employees will not be considered until the previously, qualitative growth platforms are established and secured. The support system, however, is designed to only favor growth in terms of employment, which results in difficulties to qualify for financial support.

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate business managers' assessment of stakeholders' influence on corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. The key stakeholders included "employees" and "unions" as internal and "public", the "media" and the "government" as external stakeholders. The purpose was to estimate the influence of stakeholders that managers perceive as important. Moreover, the study sought to identify association between the CSR construct and corporate reputation and in turn whether this influences business performance.Design/methodology/approach– This study uses a mail survey with a random sampling of senior managers sourced from Dun & Bradstreet's Australian business database, focusing on large organizations (i.e. minimum $10 million p.a. reported sales and minimum 100 employees) as the selection criteria. A conceptual model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling.Findings– The results identified that "employees" and the "public" are perceived to be the influential stakeholder groups in CSR decision-making. There was evidence of a positive relationship between the CSR construct and reputation, which in turn influenced market share, but not profitability.Research limitations/implications– This study examined a cross-section of organizations using Dun & Bradstreet's database of Australian businesses and may not fully represent the Australian business mix. The effective response rate of 7.2 per cent appears to be low, even though it is comparable with other research in the CSR area. There may have been some self-selection by the respondents, although there were no statistically significant differences identified in the corporate characteristics of those invited to participate and those responding with usable questionnaires.Practical implications– Managers can adopt a stakeholder-influenced CSR strategy to generate strong corporate reputation to improve business performance. It is important to ensure that the interests of "employees" and "public" stakeholders are addressed within organizational strategy. Respondents were less concerned about government stakeholders and thus government involvement in organizational CSR may need to be revisited.Social implications– The major concern that emerges from these findings is the absence of the perceived importance of regulatory stakeholders on firms' CSR activities. Regulatory controls of CSR messages could reduce or eliminate inaccurate and misleading information to the public.Originality/value– The analysis explains the perceived relative influence of stakeholders on CSR decisions. It also provides an understanding of the link between organizational CSR reputation and organization's performance.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a study carried out to determine the effect of governing boards on the performance of Ugandan secondary schools. Specifically, the study investigated whether governing boards (board role performance, finance committee role performance, board size, frequency of board meetings and board finance expertise) have an effect on the perceived performance of the schools.Design/methodology/approach– This study is cross-sectional and correlational. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 271 schools out of which 200 responded. The data were analysed through ordinary least squares regression using Statistical Package for Social Scientists.Findings– The results suggest that board role performance, finance committee role performance, frequency of meetings and finance expertise of governing boards have a significant effect on the schools' performance.Research limitations/implications– The authors measure some of the variables qualitatively and perceptively contrary to, for instance, the commonly used quantitative measures of performance, but process factors which are inherently qualitative in nature can better explain variances in secondary schools' performance. Thus, in this study, the authors do not claim highly refined measurement concepts. More research is therefore needed to better refine qualitative concepts used in this study. The results too suggest that board and finance committee role performance and finance expertise of the board are more important for performance of a school than board size, and frequency of meetings which academics have been focusing on. These findings call for more research to validate the posited relationships.Practical implications– The results are important for governing board policy development; for example, in terms of prescribing the qualifications for schools' governing board members and also finance committee board members.Originality/value– This study shows that one way to capture the influence of all governing boards' roles including service role is to adopt a perception-based approach which asks respondents to what extent they think governing boards fulfil all their roles. Unlike previous studies which used proxies for board role performance such as proportion of non-executive directors and board size for monitoring and control and resource provision, the study incorporates proxies as well as perception-based measures of board role performance to determine if governing boards have a significant influence on the performance of Uganda secondary schools.

National audience ; This contribution will share some results of the collective survey SPEL (Sociologie Politique des Elections). This qualitative inquiry was undertaken from 2011 to 2013. During this period, seventy voters from divers social groups were repeatedly interviewed. A total of one hundred and eighty in depth-interview were completed. Interview schedule was constructed to compare low and high-intensity electoral context. Thus, respondents were contacted during 2012 presidential and legislative elections, but also months before and after it. This contribution will question in-depth interviews' help to understand politicization and political participation. Indeed, such a methodology leads to a more accurate apprehension of social grounds, which are not reduced to few items, but biographically considered. Above all, repeated interviews during electoral campaign offer to embrace the complexity of such a moving context. It makes possible some general conclusions regarding the processual dimension of interest toward politics, mobilization, and political preferences. ; Cette contribution vise à présenter quelques résultats de l'enquête menée par le collectif SPEL (Pour une sociologie politique des élections) entre 2011 et 2013. En suivant près de 70 électeurs interrogés à plusieurs reprises (pour un total de près de 180 entretiens panélisés et approfondis) dans des contextes de différente intensité électorale (plusieurs mois avant, pendant la campagne des élections présidentielles puis législatives, et plus d'un an après l'élection),cette enquête éclaire la conjugaison des temps politiques ordinaires et des temps électoraux, entre poids des dispositions ordinaires à l'égard du politique et dimensions contextuelles de l'intéressement et de l'attention à la politique. Cette communication discutera en particulier des questions de méthode et notamment des apports d'une telle approche qualitative à la compréhension des mécanismes de la politisation et de la participation politique. Les entretiens répétés et approfondis permettent en effet de ne pas réduire les ancrages sociaux à quelques indicateurs simples, mais de les affiner et de les restituer dans leur dimension biographique. De la même manière la répétition des entretiens durant la campagne offre d'appréhender la complexité des contextes, mouvants, dans lesquels les préférences sont formées et exprimées. Ce faisant ce dispositif méthodologique permet de penser la construction des rapports au politique et les logiques des choix électoraux dans une perspective processuelle et, ce faisant, de mieux comprendre leurs ancrages sociaux.

National audience ; This contribution will share some results of the collective survey SPEL (Sociologie Politique des Elections). This qualitative inquiry was undertaken from 2011 to 2013. During this period, seventy voters from divers social groups were repeatedly interviewed. A total of one hundred and eighty in depth-interview were completed. Interview schedule was constructed to compare low and high-intensity electoral context. Thus, respondents were contacted during 2012 presidential and legislative elections, but also months before and after it. This contribution will question in-depth interviews' help to understand politicization and political participation. Indeed, such a methodology leads to a more accurate apprehension of social grounds, which are not reduced to few items, but biographically considered. Above all, repeated interviews during electoral campaign offer to embrace the complexity of such a moving context. It makes possible some general conclusions regarding the processual dimension of interest toward politics, mobilization, and political preferences. ; Cette contribution vise à présenter quelques résultats de l'enquête menée par le collectif SPEL (Pour une sociologie politique des élections) entre 2011 et 2013. En suivant près de 70 électeurs interrogés à plusieurs reprises (pour un total de près de 180 entretiens panélisés et approfondis) dans des contextes de différente intensité électorale (plusieurs mois avant, pendant la campagne des élections présidentielles puis législatives, et plus d'un an après l'élection),cette enquête éclaire la conjugaison des temps politiques ordinaires et des temps électoraux, entre poids des dispositions ordinaires à l'égard du politique et dimensions contextuelles de l'intéressement et de l'attention à la politique. Cette communication discutera en particulier des questions de méthode et notamment des apports d'une telle approche qualitative à la compréhension des mécanismes de la politisation et de la participation politique. Les entretiens répétés et approfondis permettent en effet de ne pas réduire les ancrages sociaux à quelques indicateurs simples, mais de les affiner et de les restituer dans leur dimension biographique. De la même manière la répétition des entretiens durant la campagne offre d'appréhender la complexité des contextes, mouvants, dans lesquels les préférences sont formées et exprimées. Ce faisant ce dispositif méthodologique permet de penser la construction des rapports au politique et les logiques des choix électoraux dans une perspective processuelle et, ce faisant, de mieux comprendre leurs ancrages sociaux.

National audience ; This contribution will share some results of the collective survey SPEL (Sociologie Politique des Elections). This qualitative inquiry was undertaken from 2011 to 2013. During this period, seventy voters from divers social groups were repeatedly interviewed. A total of one hundred and eighty in depth-interview were completed. Interview schedule was constructed to compare low and high-intensity electoral context. Thus, respondents were contacted during 2012 presidential and legislative elections, but also months before and after it. This contribution will question in-depth interviews' help to understand politicization and political participation. Indeed, such a methodology leads to a more accurate apprehension of social grounds, which are not reduced to few items, but biographically considered. Above all, repeated interviews during electoral campaign offer to embrace the complexity of such a moving context. It makes possible some general conclusions regarding the processual dimension of interest toward politics, mobilization, and political preferences. ; Cette contribution vise à présenter quelques résultats de l'enquête menée par le collectif SPEL (Pour une sociologie politique des élections) entre 2011 et 2013. En suivant près de 70 électeurs interrogés à plusieurs reprises (pour un total de près de 180 entretiens panélisés et approfondis) dans des contextes de différente intensité électorale (plusieurs mois avant, pendant la campagne des élections présidentielles puis législatives, et plus d'un an après l'élection),cette enquête éclaire la conjugaison des temps politiques ordinaires et des temps électoraux, entre poids des dispositions ordinaires à l'égard du politique et dimensions contextuelles de l'intéressement et de l'attention à la politique. Cette communication discutera en particulier des questions de méthode et notamment des apports d'une telle approche qualitative à la compréhension des mécanismes de la politisation et de la participation politique. Les entretiens répétés et approfondis permettent en effet de ne pas réduire les ancrages sociaux à quelques indicateurs simples, mais de les affiner et de les restituer dans leur dimension biographique. De la même manière la répétition des entretiens durant la campagne offre d'appréhender la complexité des contextes, mouvants, dans lesquels les préférences sont formées et exprimées. Ce faisant ce dispositif méthodologique permet de penser la construction des rapports au politique et les logiques des choix électoraux dans une perspective processuelle et, ce faisant, de mieux comprendre leurs ancrages sociaux.

©Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of nutritional information on menu choices in a higher educational setting using a menu designed by the students themselves. Design/methodology/approach - Based on USDA healthy eating standards, a menu comprising seven healthy and seven unhealthy meal options were presented, once unlabeled as control (n = 214) and once labeled with healthy and non-healthy nutrient icons as an intervention test menu (n = 212). Findings - Findings demonstrate that despite a positive observed trend, there were no significant differences between healthy selection of labeled and unlabeled dishes (p = 0.16).Practical implications - Providing nutritional information in student cafeterias may be challenging but helpful. However, more strategies need to be developed with student input to provide nutrition data on menus in an informative, comprehensive, yet friendly way that encourages healthy eating in campus foodservices. The authors would like to thank Sodexho at Montclair State University for their full cooperation with this project. Competing interests: the author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions: authorship is based on substantive contributions to each of the following: conception and design of the study; generation and collection of data, analysis and/or interpretation; and drafting or revision of the manuscript and approval of the final version. Ethical approval: the Independent Ethical Review Board of Montclair State University gave full approval for this study. An information sheet and consent form was distributed to all respondents and signed and where informed consent implied through participation and completion of the questionnaire. Respondents were informed of their right to withdraw from the survey and that their identity would be protected. Data were stored safely for the duration of the study, for administrative purposes, after which handling of data sets will adhere to guidelines of the Data Protection Act 1998.Social implications – No labeling system or legislation can control choices made by individuals, so the responsibility for a healthy selection must always remain personal. However, consumers should have input on menus as they have a stake in the outcome of the products. Originality/value – This novel study tested a student-designed menu to assess whether user input can influence food choice.

National audience ; This contribution will share some results of the collective survey SPEL (Sociologie Politique des Elections). This qualitative inquiry was undertaken from 2011 to 2013. During this period, seventy voters from divers social groups were repeatedly interviewed. A total of one hundred and eighty in depth-interview were completed. Interview schedule was constructed to compare low and high-intensity electoral context. Thus, respondents were contacted during 2012 presidential and legislative elections, but also months before and after it. This contribution will question in-depth interviews' help to understand politicization and political participation. Indeed, such a methodology leads to a more accurate apprehension of social grounds, which are not reduced to few items, but biographically considered. Above all, repeated interviews during electoral campaign offer to embrace the complexity of such a moving context. It makes possible some general conclusions regarding the processual dimension of interest toward politics, mobilization, and political preferences. ; Cette contribution vise à présenter quelques résultats de l'enquête menée par le collectif SPEL (Pour une sociologie politique des élections) entre 2011 et 2013. En suivant près de 70 électeurs interrogés à plusieurs reprises (pour un total de près de 180 entretiens panélisés et approfondis) dans des contextes de différente intensité électorale (plusieurs mois avant, pendant la campagne des élections présidentielles puis législatives, et plus d'un an après l'élection),cette enquête éclaire la conjugaison des temps politiques ordinaires et des temps électoraux, entre poids des dispositions ordinaires à l'égard du politique et dimensions contextuelles de l'intéressement et de l'attention à la politique. Cette communication discutera en particulier des questions de méthode et notamment des apports d'une telle approche qualitative à la compréhension des mécanismes de la politisation et de la participation politique. Les entretiens répétés et approfondis permettent en effet de ne pas réduire les ancrages sociaux à quelques indicateurs simples, mais de les affiner et de les restituer dans leur dimension biographique. De la même manière la répétition des entretiens durant la campagne offre d'appréhender la complexité des contextes, mouvants, dans lesquels les préférences sont formées et exprimées. Ce faisant ce dispositif méthodologique permet de penser la construction des rapports au politique et les logiques des choix électoraux dans une perspective processuelle et, ce faisant, de mieux comprendre leurs ancrages sociaux.

This exploratory, qualitative case study describes how a centralized training organization (LandWarNet School) was improved by introducing decentralization (Army Learning Model) toward "the best competitive position" or "sweet spot," defined by Brafman and Beckstrom (2006) as "enough decentralization for creativity, but sufficient structure and controls to ensure consistency" (pp. 189, 191). Any presence of the six chaordic elements of a decentralized organization, as described by Hock (1999), was also considered. LandWarNet School (LWNS) trains approximately 6000 US Army Soldiers annually and is centrally organized. The new Army Learning Model (ALM) is a vision for a more decentralized training approach where soldiers are in charge of their learning, training is facilitated rather than presented, and technology is integrated for engaging experiences. Thirty-two Face-to-face Appreciative Inquiry (AI) interviews were conducted to solicit success-based narratives in reference to the current and the aspired ALM implementations from all willing LWNS stakeholders (employees, soldiers, customers, Army contacts). Consistent with AI methodology, only positive questions were asked and only affirmative responses were recorded (Whitney & Trosten-Bloom, 2010). Confidentiality was provided for those who specifically requested it. Also, 7,329 responses to the end of module survey question, "What did you like best in this module?" previously collected from LWNS students were reviewed for ALM elements and controls as well as chaordic elements as triangulation. All data collected were posted to the LeaderMeeter|Meter blog for review by participants. One summative, facilitated group meeting was held for stakeholder confirmation. The data collected were compared to the three categories of ALM elements (32) in TRADOC PAM 525-8-2 to describe the status of the LWNS's ALM implementation. All but three of the ALM elements were reported as present or aspired. More learner-centric elements were aspired than present. Three common controls for consistency were noted within the top five of both present and aspired ALM elements: content needs to be self-driven, easily accessible, and realistic. Of the six chaordic elements, one was noted as currently present and five were aspired. Since the AI questions solicited only success stories, it was assumed that the reported ALM elements (decentralization) improved the LWNS (centralized organization).

Nowadays in Lithuania the quality of child care and de-institutionalization issues are hightly actualized. However, the latter remains just in discussion form, because there is a critical shortage of de-institutionalization promoting actions based on reasons and research. The final master research analyzes the needs of de-institutionalization of children in care in order to reveal how the adult's constructed guardianship system and decisions affects the children without parental care. The aim of thesis is to reveal the de-institutionalization interferences and opportunities. In order to get a good quality results in empirical studies the qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interview method was selected. Informants were selected through a selection criteria. Survey participants were selected from children, who live and lived in child care, and child care professionals. The total sample is 18 informants. The aim of the research - to investigate the transition to the child care system deinstucionalization problems and impact on children's social reality. Children's satisfaction with care (child care institutions, foster families, household foster care families) in the study is discussed. Child care highest valued is in foster families , household foster families, the lowest - in institutions. The results also had shown the need for high care system de-institutionalization systems. However, to reform this system is quite difficult for certain interference, such as a lack of political will, which encourages a lack of social services, poor and unequal distribution of resources between forms of care. The participants of the thesis refers to a myriad of recommendations , which could have modified the system - but it also shows, that the care system expectations and needs aren't heard of \"government \" because these expectations and the laws generally do not match. In the study analysis also revealed that children are poorly involved in the care process which affects them , not fully allowed in to needs of the child - adult guardianship system is designed not fully meet the expectations of children , particularly it can be said about child care institutions which children values very negatively. Institutional child care designed by adults has a negative impact in children social reality, leaving the unwanted consequences for further their lives. Turning to deinstucionalizuotos child care system , special attention should be given to children 's participation and foster care.