Suchergebnisse

The Country Opinion Survey in El Salvador assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in El Salvador perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in El Salvador on 1) their views regarding the general environment in El Salvador; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in El Salvador; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in El Salvador; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in El Salvador.

The Country Opinion Survey in Uganda assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Uganda perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Uganda on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Uganda; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Uganda; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Uganda; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Uganda.

The Country Opinion Survey in Yemen assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Yemen perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Yemen on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Yemen; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Yemen; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Yemen; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Yemen.

The Country Opinion Survey in Côte d'Ivoire assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Côte d'Ivoire perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Côte d'Ivoire on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Côte d'Ivoire; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Côte d'Ivoire; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Côte d'Ivoire; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Côte d'Ivoire.

The Country Opinion Survey in Macedonia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Macedonia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Macedonia on: 1) their views regarding the general environment in Macedonia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Macedonia; 3) overall impressions of the WBGs effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Macedonia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBGs future role in Macedonia.

The Country Opinion Survey in OECS assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in OECS perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in OECS on 1) their views regarding the general environment in OECS; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in OECS; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in OECS; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in OECS.

In the past decade, Tanzania has experienced high economic growth and it is in the global limelight as a recent success story in Africa. A variety of factors have contributed to this success, including liberalized policies and reforms, infusion of external capital from development partners and the private sector, debt cancellation, and a strong performance by emerging sectors such as mining, tourism, and fisheries. Its social policies, largely influenced by the First President Julius Kambarage Nyerere, including a single national language and relative political stability have contributed to a strong sense of nationhood, which sets it apart from many of its neighbors and has provided an unusual degree of stability that has facilitated major economic transformation without a significant social backlash.

International audience ; The most important center for the segregation and health care of leprosy patients in West Africa is the Marchoux Institut in Bamako. It has encouraged the spontaneous development of a large neighborhood, Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). At the beginning under quarantine, the arée soon became a protected area, more suitable for the families of the sick. The many sociocultural adjustements of the leprosy system determined various phases in the movement towards improved social welfare : the appropriation of a territory and a social acceptance, the development of socioeconomic dynamism, the emergence of a sense of identity, and the taking of claims to certain rights -- all of these constitute steps in an evolving process of sociocultural adaptation. ; Le principal lieu de regroupement et de soins des malades de la lèpre en Afrique de l'ouest, l'Institut Marchoux de Bamako, a favorisé l'élaboration spontanée d'un important quartier Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). Lieu ségrégatif imposé au départ, il est rapidement devenu un lieu protégé, avantageux pour les familles des anciens malades. Les nombreux ajustements sociocuturels du "milieu lépreux" ont déterminé différentes phases dans l'évolution vers un mieux-être social: appropriation d'un territoire, d'une existence sociale, acquisition d'un dynamisme socio-économique, émergence d'un sentiment identitaire et revendications de certains droits ; ces phases constituent les paliers d'une adaptation sociale et culturelle en pleine évolution.

International audience ; The most important center for the segregation and health care of leprosy patients in West Africa is the Marchoux Institut in Bamako. It has encouraged the spontaneous development of a large neighborhood, Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). At the beginning under quarantine, the arée soon became a protected area, more suitable for the families of the sick. The many sociocultural adjustements of the leprosy system determined various phases in the movement towards improved social welfare : the appropriation of a territory and a social acceptance, the development of socioeconomic dynamism, the emergence of a sense of identity, and the taking of claims to certain rights -- all of these constitute steps in an evolving process of sociocultural adaptation. ; Le principal lieu de regroupement et de soins des malades de la lèpre en Afrique de l'ouest, l'Institut Marchoux de Bamako, a favorisé l'élaboration spontanée d'un important quartier Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). Lieu ségrégatif imposé au départ, il est rapidement devenu un lieu protégé, avantageux pour les familles des anciens malades. Les nombreux ajustements sociocuturels du "milieu lépreux" ont déterminé différentes phases dans l'évolution vers un mieux-être social: appropriation d'un territoire, d'une existence sociale, acquisition d'un dynamisme socio-économique, émergence d'un sentiment identitaire et revendications de certains droits ; ces phases constituent les paliers d'une adaptation sociale et culturelle en pleine évolution.

International audience ; The most important center for the segregation and health care of leprosy patients in West Africa is the Marchoux Institut in Bamako. It has encouraged the spontaneous development of a large neighborhood, Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). At the beginning under quarantine, the arée soon became a protected area, more suitable for the families of the sick. The many sociocultural adjustements of the leprosy system determined various phases in the movement towards improved social welfare : the appropriation of a territory and a social acceptance, the development of socioeconomic dynamism, the emergence of a sense of identity, and the taking of claims to certain rights -- all of these constitute steps in an evolving process of sociocultural adaptation. ; Le principal lieu de regroupement et de soins des malades de la lèpre en Afrique de l'ouest, l'Institut Marchoux de Bamako, a favorisé l'élaboration spontanée d'un important quartier Jikòrònin (Djikoroni). Lieu ségrégatif imposé au départ, il est rapidement devenu un lieu protégé, avantageux pour les familles des anciens malades. Les nombreux ajustements sociocuturels du "milieu lépreux" ont déterminé différentes phases dans l'évolution vers un mieux-être social: appropriation d'un territoire, d'une existence sociale, acquisition d'un dynamisme socio-économique, émergence d'un sentiment identitaire et revendications de certains droits ; ces phases constituent les paliers d'une adaptation sociale et culturelle en pleine évolution.

One hundred per cent of the natural units of analysis will continue to be negatively affected, with a concomitant decrease in natures contributions to people, given current trends (business as usual), though the magnitude and exact mechanism of the individual drivers will vary by driver and unit of analysis (established but incomplete){5.4}. For example, tropical moist and dry forest and coastal mangroves will continue to exhibit a decline due to land use change regardless of the scenarios considered, but different local factors (agriculturalization and urbanization, respectively) will be involved (well established) {5.4.1, 5.4.11}. Additionally, some drivers will affect units of analysis differently. Empirical evidence indicates differential effects of climate change: boreal forest is extending northward {5.4.2}, while tundra is diminishing in land area (established but incomplete) {5.4.3}. Thus, some drivers, and their relative roles, will need to be further refined on a local scale and with respect to their proximate factors.2. Multiple drivers will act in synergy and further produce biodiversity loss and impact nature?s contributions to people in most of the units of analysis for the Americas (established but incomplete){5.4}. Climate change, combined with other drivers, is predicted to account for an increasingly larger proportion of biodiversity loss in the future, in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems {5.3}. Forest fragmentation, climate change and industrial development increase risk of biodiversity and nature?s contributions to people loss i.e. dry forest unit of analysis {5.4.1.2}. Predictions on invasive species and climate change indicates an increase in habitable areas and their potential impacts on different units of analysis {5.3}.3. Changes in temperature, precipitation regime and extreme climate events are predicted to impact all units of analysis in the Americas (well established) {5.4}. Climate change and the potential impacts on tropical dry forests by changing the frequency of wildfires; change in forest structure and functional composition in the Amazon tropical moist forest; extreme drought events changing nature?s contributions to people in the Amazon region; insect outbreaks and changes in albedo are predicted to significantly impact temperate, boreal and tundra units of analysis, affecting society and indigenous communities and well-being {5.4}.4. Thresholds, or tipping points (conditions resulting in rapid and potentially irreversible changes) may have already been exceeded for some ecosystems and are likely for others (established but incomplete). For instance, it is considered more likely than not that such a threshold has already been passed in the cryosphere with respect to summer sea ice (established but incomplete) {5.4.12}. Model simulations indicate changes in forest structure and species distribution in the Amazon forest in response to global warming and change in precipitation patterns (forest die-back) (established but incomplete) {5.4.1}. So too, a 4oC increase in global temperatures is predicted to likely cause widespread die off of boreal forest due to greater susceptibility to disease {5.4.2} and global temperature increases may have already started persistent thawing of the permafrost {5.4.3}. Under 4°C warming, widespread coral reef mortality is expected with significant impacts on coral reef ecosystems {5.4.11}. Sea surface water temperature increase will cause a reduction of sea grass climatic niche: those populations under seawater surface temperature thresholds higher than the temperature ranges required by the species could become extinct by 2100 with concomitant loss of ecosystem services.IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.15415. Changes in nature and nature?s contributions to people in most units of analysis are increasingly driven by causal interactions between distant places (i.e. telecouplings) (well established) {5.6.3}, thus scenarios and models that incorporate telecouplings will better inform future policy decisions. Nature and nature?s contributions to people in telecoupled systems can be affected negatively or positively by distant causal interactions. Provision of food and medicine from wild organisms in temperate and tropical grasslands, savannas and forests of South America is being dramatically reduced due to land-use changes driven by the demand of agricultural commodities (e.g. soybeans) mainly from Europe and China. Conservation of insectivorous migratory bats in Mexico benefits pest control in agroecosystems of North America, resulting in increased yields and reduced pesticide costs. Trade policies and international agreements will thus have an increasingly strong effect on environmental outcomes in telecoupled systems.6. Policy interventions have resulted in significant land use changes at the local and regional scales and will continue to do so through 2050. These policies have affected nature?s contributions to people both positively and negatively, and provide an opportunity to manage trade-offs among nature?s contributions to people (well established) {5.4}. Land use changes are now mainly driven by high crop demand, big hydropower plans, rapid urban growth and result in a continued loss of grasslands {5.4.4, 5.4.5}. However, strategies for establishing conservation units have helped in reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the period of 2004 to 2011 (well established) {5.4.1}. Similarly, wetland protection policies and regulation have helped reduce the conversion of wetlands in North America {5.4.7}. Policies based on command and control measures may be limited in providing effective reduction in ecosystem loss and should be complemented with policies acknowledging multiple values {5.6.3}.7. Policy interventions at vastly differing scales (from national to local) lead to successful outcomes in mitigating impacts to biodiversity (established but incomplete){5.4}. For instance, long-established governmental protections of wetlands in North America have significantly slowed and may have stopped wetland loss based on acreage {5.4.7}. In South America, where mangrove loss continues at a rate of one to two per cent, different stakeholders such as local communities and/or governments have been successful in protecting mangroves based on empowerment and shared interests in their preservation {5.4.11}.8. Pressures to nature are projected to increase by 2050, negatively affecting biodiversity as indicated by a potential reduction of the mean species abundance index. However, the magnitude of the pressures by 2050 are expected to be less under transition pathways to sustainability in comparison to the business as usual scenario (established but incomplete), {5.5}. The Global Biodiversity model projected that under the business as usual scenario mean species abundance had decreased in the Americas by approximately 30 per cent by 2010 compared to its values prior to European settlement of the New World, with historical losses primarily attributed to land transformation to agricultural uses. Using the Global Biodiversity model, there is an additional projected loss of 9.6 per cent by 2050, primarily attributed to some additional land use changes , and especially to climate change, which will steadily increase relative to other drivers considered in the model. However, under the transition pathways to sustainability of global technologies, decentralised solutions, and consumption change pathways, the projected losses are 6 per cent, 5 per cent, and 5 per cent, respectively,IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.1542achieving a relative improvement of approximately 30 per cent to 50 per cent compared to the business as usual scenario. Under these pathways, climate change mitigation, the expansion of protected areas and the recovery of abandoned lands would significantly contribute to reducing biodiversity loss.9. Participative scenarios have proven to be a successful tool for envisioning potential futures and pathways and to embrace and integrate multiple and sometime conflicting values and their role in promoting bottom-up decision making in the face of futures uncertainties (well established) {5.3}. The use of participative approaches to develop scenarios has increased during recent years in the Americas. The inclusion of different stakeholders and their knowledges in the process of constructing potential futures has promoted a better understanding of the complexity of the social-ecological systems in which they are embedded. This has enhanced co-learning processes between all actors involved, even those normally under-represented in decision-making activities. As a result, several participative scenario exercises have motivated community-based solutions and local governance initiatives all pointing towards the development of adaptive management strategies {5.3}.10. Pathways that consider changes in societal options will lead to less pressure to nature (established but incomplete) {5.6.3}. An example is the indirect impact that shifts in urban dietary preferences have on agricultural production and expansion, and food options that are expected to continue growing into the future. Therefore, not only is there a strong connection between urbanization and economic growth, but also between affluence (and urban preferences) and the global displacement of land use particularly from high-income to low-income countries.11. Available local studies informing regional futures of nature and natures benefit to people do not allow scalability as of yet (well established) {5.3}. The challenge in expanding the findings from local studies resides in the fact that a number of comparable local studies are still not available. Information is scattered throughout the region by the use of different units, methods and scales, which prevents a local-to-regional generalization. The list of nature indicators used in studies at local scales is large and heterogeneous (well established). Even for the same indicator (e.g. biodiversity), different metrics are used (e.g. species-area curve, mean species abundance) {5.5}. In other cases, multiple indicators are used to describe different aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this latter case, synergies and trade-offs are explicitly mentioned with a clear pattern in which increasing the provision of some indicators result in the detriment of others {5.3}. For example, agriculture expansion leading to loss in biodiversity illustrates a common trend from local studies expected to continue into the future.12. There is a significant research gap in the development of models and scenarios that integrate drivers, nature, natures contributions to people and good quality of life (well established){5.3}. Models and scenarios can be powerful tools to integrate and synthesize the complex dynamics of coupled human and nature systems, and to project their plausible behaviors into the future. Most existing models and scenarios focus on the link between drivers and its impacts on nature. Few cases exist in which models or scenarios integrate the relationships between changes in nature and changes in natures contributions to people and good quality of life {5.3}. Inter-and trans-disciplinary modeling efforts will be required to address this research gap {5.3}. ; Fil: Klatt, Brian. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute For Space Research; Brasil ; Fil: García Marquez, Jaime. Universität zu Berlin; Alemania ; Fil: Baptiste, María Piedad. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; Colombia ; Fil: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. Independent Consultant; Canadá ; Fil: Acebey, Sandra Verónica. No especifíca; ; Fil: Guezala, María Claudia. Inter-american Institute For Global Change Research; Perú ; Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Pengue, Walter Alberto. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina ; Fil: Blanco, Mariela Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina ; Fil: Gadda, Tatiana. Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná; Brasil ; Fil: Ramírez, Wilson. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; Colombia ; Fil: Agard, John. University Of West Indies; Trinidad y Tobago ; Fil: Valle, Mireia. Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí; Ecuador

Us political scientists found ourselves another
teaching tool courtesy of northwest Louisiana election results this past weekend
that, despite this being the runoff balloting, still haven't been decided for one
contest.

Caddo and Bossier Parishes mostly had these for
state and local elections settled last month, if not a couple of months earlier
during qualification, Still, a half-dozen relevant contests remained to be decided.
Almost all of them were.

The one race confined to Bossier saw Democrat
Julius Daby, for many years a fixture on the parish School Board, edge out political
neophyte Democrat Mary Giles to succeed his brother on the Police Jury. Only
415 people voted, under 10 percent of the district electorate, a proportion
only somewhat lower than the 17 percent parish-wide who participated. Clearly without
compelling top-level races at either the state or parish levels Bossier turnout
suffered, and the District 10 runoff drew even fewer because parish governance
seems less important to residents in an urban district within Bossier City.

Yet this outcome proved interesting, for when any
of the Darby clan run for office – four have been elected to posts on the Bossier
City Council, Police Jury, and School Board starting 40 years ago – not only have
they won, but also almost always without a runoff, much less battling to a close
finish. This outcome might signal the beginning of the end of the Darby dynasty
– almost no black elected officials in Bossier City, the parish, or school district
in history has been anything but a Darby – that has dominated black electoral
politics in the parish.

Bossier also had a slice of the Senate District 39
race, which proved almost anti-climactic. Despite his almost three decades in
elective office, including a stint as mayor of Shreveport, the mostly-Caddo
district saw the end of Democrat state Rep. Cedric Glover's
career, going out with a whimper. Perhaps not surprisingly Democrat state Rep. Sam Jenkins triumphed
as during the campaign, and especially in the runoff that Jenkins led into but into
which Glover barely squeaked by a Republican, it had become clear that party
activists were coalescing into Jenkins' corner. More unexpected was the thumping
of nearly 2:1 that Jenkins delivered.

In retrospect, Glover perhaps should have stayed
put, as he could have served another term before limits kicked in. Instead, his
seat now will be held by Democrat Joy
Walters, who in a close three-way contest in the general election first knocked
out a Caddo Parish commissioner, then in the runoff narrowly bested a Caddo Paish
School Board member. This victory was significant in that Walters relied less
on a traditional strategy of shoe leather and making the endorsement rounds
while utilizing more aggressively social and electronic media strategies.

There was no predicted or actual closeness to the
Board of Elementary and Secondary Education District 4 race. Republican Stacey Melerine, aided by the campaigning
nexus of GOP state Rep. (soon to take a state Senate seat) Alan Seabaugh,
handily defeated her Democrat opponent.

The two topline Caddo races were a different
story. Despite leading into the runoff with 46 percent of the vote and the
expectation that enough of the 19 percent of the third place-finishing white
Democrat would push him to victory in the runoff, Republican former Assessor
employee Brett Frazier, who is white, finished 233 votes behind Democrat
college professor Regina Webb, who is black, out of over 40,000 cast and turnout
10 points higher than in Bossier. Remarkably, she spent through the general
election plus a couple of weeks only a few thousand dollars with little in the
way of advertising other than push cards and yard signs, devoting most effort
to canvassing and phone banks, while Frazier spent much more.

Voter
demographics in the parish, that revealed whites with a bare plurality over
blacks, but with a history that whites were twice as likely to cross over to
voter for a black candidate over a white than blacks were to vote for a white
candidate against a black may have helped her pull it out. Yet what probably
helped her more was the high-profile sheriff's race between white Republican
lawyer John Nickelson and black
Democrat former Shreveport police chief and chief administrative officer Henry
Whitehorn.

It generated a lot of heat, sending turnout five
points better than statewide for statewide contests. Nickleson, endorsed by
outgoing GOP Sheriff Steve Prator, grabbed 45 percent of the vote in the general
election while other Republicans picked up 11 percent more. This suggested that
he could hold off Whitehorn in the runoff, who had 35 percent, especially if
the pattern
of blacks disproportionately not turning out in the general election replicated
in the runoff.

Which didn't appear to happen as dramatically in
the runoff. For now, with the results unofficial, Nickelson appears to have
lost out of 43,231 cast by one vote. More in-depth analysis can follow after
results become official on Nov. 27, but a surface look shows that, even as
about 3,000 fewer people voted in the runoff or a drop of 2.4 percent, among
the precincts with at least 70 percent black Democrats registered, turnout
increased around 1.5 percent – voters highly likely to vote for Whitehorn by the
general election trend.

If things stand as is, or if Nickelson flips a
couple of votes, then political scientists can be taken seriously by their
students when they cover material discussing the incentives for people to vote
when they say that a single person's vote could make the difference even in a
large constituency.

Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is in a unique position internationally. This Central Government organisation houses New Zealand's national mapping agency, hydrographic authority and geodetic survey office all under one roof. This gives the organisation the opportunity to think broadly about future directions and leverage a combined centre of expertise and skills, across the three disciplines, nationwide. In 2007, LINZ launched the Geospatial Strategy to improve coordination, sharing and use of geospatial data across New Zealand's government entities. The Strategy had four goals – good governance across the system; creating and maintaining key geospatial datasets; accessible and useable Government geospatial data; and interoperability. Since then, LINZ has begun a 10-year programme of work – Mapping New Zealand 2025 – to deliver the mapping, data and expertise needed to address some of the most significant challenges facing the country, now and in the future – firstly resilience and climate change, secondly urban growth and thirdly water. These three challenges prioritise LINZ's work under its 2017 Outcomes Framework. The vision is seamless land and sea mapping, from the top of Aoraki/Mount Cook to the edge of the continental shelf. Mapping New Zealand 2025 brings together initiatives, leadership and investment, and builds on core LINZ expertise in mapping and charting, data partnerships with other organisations and new technologies to deliver this programme. This paper will give an outline and update on the five major components that make up the Mapping New Zealand 2025 work programme. Improving New Zealand's Bathymetry Data – Decision-makers around the world are increasing their use of marine information to tackle issues such as the sustainability of ocean resources. LINZ is working with national and international organisations on projects to drive improvements in New Zealand's depths information and to map the world's ocean floors. Coupled with international projects, LINZ is also focusing on local initiatives such as building relationships and partnerships to ensure valuable New Zealand marine data is collected efficiently, is more accessible and reusable. The organisation is also now coordinating retrieval of data, samples and reports from international vessels undertaking marine science research in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone, Territorial Sea and Continental Shelf. National Elevation and Imagery Partnerships – Aerial imagery and elevation (LiDAR) are foundational data infrastructure for New Zealand, with many critical applications. LINZ operates a successful partnership model for procuring and publishing aerial imagery across New Zealand, an initiative begun after the Canterbury earthquakes, when imagery over Christchurch was in great demand, but not accessible. The initiative has made aerial imagery of the entire country available to all, under a creative commons licence. LINZ has also recently established national coordination of elevation (LiDAR) data to maximise its value to New Zealand. Coordinating procurement partnerships and publishing data for open reuse are the focus of this ambitious initiative. Mapping the coastal zone – New Zealand's coastal zone is of great economic, social and environmental importance, and it is where climate change processes will impact the most. Fit-for-purpose coastal mapping is essential to modelling and decision-making that help us adapt and mitigate risks to our communities, individual property and infrastructure. LINZ is undertaking a one-year pilot as an initial step towards determining the needs for, and benefits of, improved coastal mapping. The pilot is stocktaking existing datasets that map parts of the coast (or intertidal or littoral zone) and identifying a fit-for-purpose reference frame for analysing data. The work will then move on to investigate the products needed to improve coastal mapping and decision-making and develop a prototype tool for mapping and visualisation. Joining land and sea data – Currently in New Zealand, elevation and depths datasets are captured to a range of reference surfaces and datums, limiting our ability to merge them together. The largest challenges are across the coastal zone, where LINZ is working with the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to develop a tool for 'seamless' linking of land and sea data. This project is being run in tandem with improving coastal mapping mentioned above, as the definition of tidal surfaces (such as mean high-water springs) are limited by the accuracy of digital terrain models and the ability to connect tidal surfaces to the coast. This project will also deliver an improved national tidal model. New Zealand's current model was developed between 1996 and 2000 and is built on a now obsolete platform. The updated model will be recreated on a new platform and be able to use 20 additional years of data and improvements in global modelling technologies. Maximising the benefits of Earth observation data – 2018 saw a greatly increased awareness of the potential applications of Earth observation data and technologies in government, industries and research in New Zealand. LINZ is joining with major stakeholders such as the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment's Space Agency, Venture Southland and the Centre for Space Science Technology to develop a national strategy for maximising the benefits of Earth observation. Aside from this national focus, LINZ will work on how best to utilise Earth observation in our own activities, in areas such as using remote sensing to map our built environments and understanding potential applications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), which uses radar images of Earth's surface collected by satellites to map ground deformation. Each of these five projects are at different stages of maturity. The presentation will cover off what each project has accomplished to date. We will present what the future holds for the programme and how Mapping New Zealand 2025 will allow LINZ, and the wider New Zealand community, to think and work differently.

Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is in a unique position internationally. This Central Government organisation houses New Zealand's national mapping agency, hydrographic authority and geodetic survey office all under one roof. This gives the organisation the opportunity to think broadly about future directions and leverage a combined centre of expertise and skills, across the three disciplines, nationwide. In 2007, LINZ launched the Geospatial Strategy to improve coordination, sharing and use of geospatial data across New Zealand's government entities. The Strategy had four goals – good governance across the system; creating and maintaining key geospatial datasets; accessible and useable Government geospatial data; and interoperability. Since then, LINZ has begun a 10-year programme of work – Mapping New Zealand 2025 – to deliver the mapping, data and expertise needed to address some of the most significant challenges facing the country, now and in the future – firstly resilience and climate change, secondly urban growth and thirdly water. These three challenges prioritise LINZ's work under its 2017 Outcomes Framework. The vision is seamless land and sea mapping, from the top of Aoraki/Mount Cook to the edge of the continental shelf. Mapping New Zealand 2025 brings together initiatives, leadership and investment, and builds on core LINZ expertise in mapping and charting, data partnerships with other organisations and new technologies to deliver this programme. This paper will give an outline and update on the five major components that make up the Mapping New Zealand 2025 work programme. Improving New Zealand's Bathymetry Data – Decision-makers around the world are increasing their use of marine information to tackle issues such as the sustainability of ocean resources. LINZ is working with national and international organisations on projects to drive improvements in New Zealand's depths information and to map the world's ocean floors. Coupled with international projects, LINZ is also focusing on local initiatives such as building relationships and partnerships to ensure valuable New Zealand marine data is collected efficiently, is more accessible and reusable. The organisation is also now coordinating retrieval of data, samples and reports from international vessels undertaking marine science research in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone, Territorial Sea and Continental Shelf. National Elevation and Imagery Partnerships – Aerial imagery and elevation (LiDAR) are foundational data infrastructure for New Zealand, with many critical applications. LINZ operates a successful partnership model for procuring and publishing aerial imagery across New Zealand, an initiative begun after the Canterbury earthquakes, when imagery over Christchurch was in great demand, but not accessible. The initiative has made aerial imagery of the entire country available to all, under a creative commons licence. LINZ has also recently established national coordination of elevation (LiDAR) data to maximise its value to New Zealand. Coordinating procurement partnerships and publishing data for open reuse are the focus of this ambitious initiative. Mapping the coastal zone – New Zealand's coastal zone is of great economic, social and environmental importance, and it is where climate change processes will impact the most. Fit-for-purpose coastal mapping is essential to modelling and decision-making that help us adapt and mitigate risks to our communities, individual property and infrastructure. LINZ is undertaking a one-year pilot as an initial step towards determining the needs for, and benefits of, improved coastal mapping. The pilot is stocktaking existing datasets that map parts of the coast (or intertidal or littoral zone) and identifying a fit-for-purpose reference frame for analysing data. The work will then move on to investigate the products needed to improve coastal mapping and decision-making and develop a prototype tool for mapping and visualisation. Joining land and sea data – Currently in New Zealand, elevation and depths datasets are captured to a range of reference surfaces and datums, limiting our ability to merge them together. The largest challenges are across the coastal zone, where LINZ is working with the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to develop a tool for 'seamless' linking of land and sea data. This project is being run in tandem with improving coastal mapping mentioned above, as the definition of tidal surfaces (such as mean high-water springs) are limited by the accuracy of digital terrain models and the ability to connect tidal surfaces to the coast. This project will also deliver an improved national tidal model. New Zealand's current model was developed between 1996 and 2000 and is built on a now obsolete platform. The updated model will be recreated on a new platform and be able to use 20 additional years of data and improvements in global modelling technologies. Maximising the benefits of Earth observation data – 2018 saw a greatly increased awareness of the potential applications of Earth observation data and technologies in government, industries and research in New Zealand. LINZ is joining with major stakeholders such as the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment's Space Agency, Venture Southland and the Centre for Space Science Technology to develop a national strategy for maximising the benefits of Earth observation. Aside from this national focus, LINZ will work on how best to utilise Earth observation in our own activities, in areas such as using remote sensing to map our built environments and understanding potential applications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), which uses radar images of Earth's surface collected by satellites to map ground deformation. Each of these five projects are at different stages of maturity. The presentation will cover off what each project has accomplished to date. We will present what the future holds for the programme and how Mapping New Zealand 2025 will allow LINZ, and the wider New Zealand community, to think and work differently.

During my recent visit to Sydney (Australia), I was fascinated by the range of choices people have when it comes to using public open space. Not only are large green spaces readily available such as parks and golf courses, as well as pedestrianised and landscaped urban streets, but an entire hierarchy of space continues down to the provision of individual benches in small vest-pocket parks across the city, even at all bus stops. The sheer variety of activities catered for is immense. For example, if we take a cross section through the main road which encompasses Centennial Park, we have designated areas for pets, a cycle and skateboarding track, a unidirectional traffic system, a wide pedestrian pathway used for walking and running, a horse-riding track and then wide expanses of open space. In these areas other activities are then catered for – football, rugby, tennis, seating for conversation, picnic areas beside indigenous plants and trees, and bodies of water where wildlife such as fish and a great variety of bird life can be studied. In addition, barbecue stands and seating areas are provided with appropriate collection of all waste, an activity that chimes with Australia's multicultural population. Everything is properly regulated, laws are enforced, fines are allocated for infringements, and provision made for recycling all waste. The public is informed of the rule system at all gates into the park, and provision is made for a limited but adequate number of food outlets, coffee stalls, and one first class restaurant. Clean toilets are provided close to all entrances and these are respected by everyone. Of note is that no trash can be seen anywhere, despite the park being used by thousands of people on a daily basis. All of this of course begins with five necessary features. First the consciousness of a public realm ensured by the state with access for all citizens. Second, a willingness by government to accommodate and maintain the scale and complexity of recreational activity, both active and passive, as a right, for the whole population – children, young and old people, individuals with disability and others. Third, a planning system whose primary function is to cater for these needs as a priority which overrides private sector encroachment into the public realm. Fourth, a public that insists on its rights to a public realm, and is prepared to enforce such rights by its own correct attitudes and behaviour. Finally there must be a guaranteed enforcement of public policy across the entire extent of spatial practices. While someone sleeping in a park beside a lake full of wild life in Sydney might seem meaningless, this is indeed not the case. It actually reflects an entire history of open space tradition-public parks. The big question of course is why such a public space awareness and provision rarely occur in developing nations. Instead it often occurs when existing open space is converted to development, rather than being preserved or even improved both in scale and quality. One argument here is that the concept of a public realm has been weakly developed in countries that do not have a fully-fledged democratic history, i.e. most Asian Countries. The history of most developed countries e.g. the United States, Canada, Australia and the whole of Europe has been in majority driven by people's will and engagement. Thus the existence of "public space, i.e the polis in Greek" where ideas are generated; revolutionary actions are proposed; and necessary forms of future accomplishment are evolved, becomes ubiquitous. In the case of Asian states however, existing public open space is often associated with past governance, i.e monarchy and dynasty. For example, Chinese garden associated with the emperor private use and then later to be granted public access as today. The remaining historical, social and cultural importance of such spatial forms often becomes a symbolic attribute easily disregarded by government in power in order to achieve economic goals either for personal gain, or in theory, for the good of the common people. The current edition of Journal Ruang - Space presents 7 articles. The first article is authored by I Wayan Yudiartana, whose research aims at determining corporate environmental (CER) responsibilities along Kuta Beach (Bali) in relation to future forms of development, specifically the disposal of waste. The second article is written by Desak Made Sukma Widiyani and based on a study of problems pertaining to infrastructure in three different slums areas in the West Denpasar Regency. Still discusses slums settlements of Denpasar City, the third article is by Ayu Wadhanti. It focuses on typhlology of sites/areas that have a tendency to develop into informal settlements. The fourth article is authored by Anak Agung Gede Raka Gunawarman. Taking a case study of a rock-cut Candi Gunung Kawi, it examines the proportion of a ''candi'' which is considered a sacred structure of Hindu-Budha's legacy in Indonesia. Next, the fifth article is authored by Nyoman Gema Endra Persada. It analyses a winning outcome of the revitalization of the Badung River in Denpasar. The development has indeed successfully created a public waterfront widely used for numerous recreational activities. The sixth article is by Kadek Wisnawa. It investigates the development of tanah pelaba pura, a form of communal land in Indonesia, for financial goals, a practice that is not in line with symbolic value such land holds. The last article of this edition is by I Gede Surya Darmawan. Taking a case study of Serangan, a reclaimed Island, the paper discusses the pattern of land use changes and underlining factors have caused it, before and after reclamation carried out by Bali Turtle Island Development (BTID).