Suchergebnisse

Background: Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet epidemiologic data are not available for many countries, particularly low- to middle-income countries. In this paper, we present data on the prevalence, impairment and demographic correlates of depression from 18 high and low- to middle-income countries in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Methods: Major depressive episodes (MDE) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DMS-IV) were evaluated in face-to-face interviews using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Data from 18 countries were analyzed in this report (n = 89,037). All countries surveyed representative, population-based samples of adults. Results: The average lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV MDE were 14.6% and 5.5% in the ten high-income and 11.1% and 5.9% in the eight low- to middle-income countries. The average age of onset ascertained retrospectively was 25.7 in the high-income and 24.0 in low- to middle-income countries. Functional impairment was associated with recency of MDE. The female: male ratio was about 2:1. In high-income countries, younger age was associated with higher 12-month prevalence; by contrast, in several low- to middle-income countries, older age was associated with greater likelihood of MDE. The strongest demographic correlate in high-income countries was being separated from a partner, and in low- to middle-income countries, was being divorced or widowed. Conclusions: MDE is a significant public-health concern across all regions of the world and is strongly linked to social conditions. Future research is needed to investigate the combination of demographic risk factors that are most strongly associated with MDE in the specific countries included in the WMH. ; The Brazil Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of Brazil Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project Grant 03/00204-3. The Chinese World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (Contracts QLG5-1999-01042; SANCO 2004123), the Piedmont Region (Italy), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP) and other local agencies, and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. The Epidemiological Study on Mental Disorders in India was funded jointly by Government of India and WHO. The Israel National Health Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health with support from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research and the National Insurance Institute of Israel. The World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) Survey is supported by the Grant for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health (H13-Shogai-023, H14-Tokubetsu-026, H16-Kokoro-013) from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (LEBANON) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), Fogarty International, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from Janssen Cilag, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche and Novartis. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (M-NCS) is supported by The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT-G30544-H), with supplemental support from the PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO). Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey (NZMHS) is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, Alcohol Advisory Council and the Health Research Council. The South Africa Stress and Health Study (SASH) is supported by the USA National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH059575) and National Institute of Drug Abuse with supplemental funding from the South African Department of Health and the University of Michigan. The Ukraine Comorbid Mental Disorders during Periods of Social Disruption (CMDPSD) study is funded by the USA National Institute of Mental Health (RO1-MH61905). The USA National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; Grant 044708), and the John W. Alden Trusts

Immer mehr Publikationen, aber kaum mehr Disruptionen: Unser Wissenschaftssystem hypertrophiert wie ein überdüngtes Gewässer.
Ein Gastbeitrag von Hans-Hennig von Grünberg.







Der Physiker Hans-Hennig von Grünberg
war zehn Jahre lang Präsident der Hochschule Niederrhein und ist seit 2021 Professor für Wissens- und Technologietransfer an der Universität Potsdam. Foto: privat.






IM JANUAR hat die Zeitschrift Nature einen Artikel veröffentlicht, der anschaulich klar macht, dass unser Wissenschaftssystem hypertrophiert wie ein überdüngtes Gewässer. Mit Hilfe des Web of Science haben die
US-Wissenschaftler Michael Park, Erin Leahey und Russell Funk von der Universität Minnesota alle 25 Millionen wissenschaftlichen Artikel analysiert, die weltweit zwischen 1945 und 2010 erschienen
sind. Ziel der Studie: herauszufinden, welche dieser Papiere eine disruptive Wirkung hatten oder haben und insofern, wie die Autoren es nennen, "truly consequential" waren. Gemeint sind
also Artikel mit Wirkung, mit Konsequenzen – solche eben, die Impulse geben, die unser Wissen wirklich erweitern. Sie führen nicht immer zu Nobelpreisen, aber sie geben der Wissenschaft, der
Technologie, der Gesellschaft eine neue, eine ganz unerwartete Richtung.



 



Um diese "truly consequential papers" herauszufiltern, nutzten die Wissenschaftler ein quantitatives Maß für die Disruptivität eines Artikels: den von ihnen zu diesem Zweck entwickelten
"CD5 Index", der Zahlenwerte zwischen -1 und +1 annehmen und für jeden Artikel berechnet werden kann. Die Idee dahinter: Ein in seiner Wirkung disruptives Papier stellt seine Vorgängerpapiere
(also die in der eigenen Referenzliste aufgeführten Papiere) so sehr in den Schatten, dass diese in der Folgezeit nicht mehr zitiert werden. 



 



Einen CD5-Wert von +1 bekommen entsprechend all jene Papiere, die in nachfolgenden Arbeiten stets nur allein und nie zusammen mit wenigstens einem der Vorgängerpapiere zitiert werden.
Andersherum: Papiere mit einem CD5 Wert von -1 werden ohne Ausnahme nur zusammen mit mindestens einem der Papiere zitiert, die sie selbst auch schon zitiert haben. Die Autoren der Studie nennen
diesen Artikeltyp "consolidating". 



 



Jeder Wert zwischen -1 und +1 ist möglich: Wurde ein Papier beispielsweise fünfzig Mal alleinstehend zitiert und die anderen fünfzig Male zusammen mit mindestens einem seiner Vorgängerpapiere,
dann hat es einen CD5-Wert von Null, soll heißen: Die nachfolgenden Forscherinnen und Forscher waren hinsichtlich der Disruptivität des Papiers geteilter Meinung. Hat ein Papier einen CD5-Wert
von deutlich kleiner als -0,25, hält es keine wirklich folgenreichen Ergebnisse mehr bereit. Hat es einen CD5-Wert von größer als +025, so stufte die Mehrheit der nachfolgenden Forscher das
Papier in seiner Wirkung als eher disruptiv ein.



 



1,1 Millionen Artikel, aber nur
17.000 mit disruptiver Wirkung



 



So, und nun kommt es: Im Jahr 2010 wurden 1,1 Millionen wissenschaftliche Artikel weltweit publiziert. Von diesen Papieren hatten der Studie zufolge 1,56 Prozent eine eher disruptive Wirkung,
also einen CD5-Wert von über 0,25 (genau: 17.247 Artikel). Im Jahr 1950 hingegen wurden insgesamt nur 52.571 Papiere publiziert, eine zwanzig Mal kleinere Zahl. Davon aber hatten 17 Prozent einen
CD5-Wert über 0,25 (8.844 Papiere). Und das sind nicht etwa statistische Ausrutscher, sondern sie geben einen allgemeinen Trend zwischen 1945 und 2010 wieder: Seit den 50er Jahren hat der Anteil
an disruptiven Papieren in allen Wissensbereichen kontinuierlich abgenommen.



 



Nun darf man nicht den Fehler machen zu glauben, dass konsolidierende Papiere (CD5<0) keinen Wert für das Wissenschaftssystem haben. Review-Artikel zum Beispiel sind wesentlich für das
Funktionieren von Wissenschaft und haben sicherlich konsolidierenden Charakter. Aber es sind Papiere mit einer "zuarbeitenden" Funktion und daher nur wissenschaftsintern von Bedeutung – während
es einzig die disruptiven Veröffentlichungen sind, um die es der Wissenschaft und der Gesellschaft wirklich geht. 



 



Drücken wir die Prozent-Ergebnisse also noch einmal im Sinne dieser "Zuarbeit" aus: Während 83 konsolidierende Papiere im Jahr 1950 den Weg für 17 disruptive Artikel geebnet haben, brauchte es im
Jahr 2010 die Vorarbeit von 98 solcher Artikel für ganze zwei disruptive Papiere. Oder in absoluten Zahlen dargestellt: Für die 17.247 disruptiven Papiere des Jahres 2010 brauchte es insgesamt 20
Mal mehr Publikationen als für das Erreichen der Zahl von 8.844 disruptiven Papieren im Jahr 1950. Warum nur? Ist heutzutage mehr Zuarbeit erforderlich, weil die Themen komplexer, die Methoden
anspruchsvoller geworden sind? Oder ist das Ergebnis eine Folge der "publish-or-perish"-Kultur, handelt es sich also letztlich auch um Papiere, die nur um ihrer selbst willen geschrieben
werden? 



 



Immer kleiner werdende Nischen
im Gesamtgefüge des Wissens



 



Die Erklärung von Michael Park und seinen Mitautoren ist hochinteressant: Wissenschaftler haben heute mit einer nicht mehr zu beherrschenden Fülle von Wissen fertig zu werden. In intuitiver
Reaktion auf diese bedrückend große Wissenslast beschränken sie dann den Horizont ihrer Forschungsarbeit auf immer kleiner werdende Nischen im Gesamtgefüge des Wissens. Obzwar das Wissen also
insgesamt immer größer wird, werden die Forschungsnischen immer schmaler. 



 



Wenn aber der Wissensbereich, auf den sich eine Forschungsarbeit bezieht, immer nischenhafter wird, dann – so können die Autoren an einer ganzen Reihe von Beobachtungen nachweisen – nimmt die
Wahrscheinlichkeit für wirklich disruptive Erkenntnisse deutlich ab.



 



Kurzum: Wir sind angekommen in einer hypertrophen Wissenschaft, wo eine immer weiter wachsende Zahl von Akteuren nur noch mit sich selbst und den immer kleinteiliger und somit immer unbedeutender
werdenden Problemen ihrer Fachgesellschaften beschäftigt ist. Ein selbstreferenzielles, in ungekoppelte Nischen zerfallendes System von Spezialwissenschaften. Es produziert Ergebnisse, die der
sie finanzierenden Gesellschaft weder Nutzen noch wirkliche Erkenntnisse bringen.  



 



Eine besorgniserregende Entwicklung, gefährdet sie doch über kurz oder lang das gesellschaftliche Vertrauen in den Nutzen und die Wirkmächtigkeit von Wissenschaft – zumal in Zeiten, in denen von
ihr substanzielle Beiträge für das Lösen großer Fragen erwartet wird. 



 



Darum sollten wir auch in Deutschland endlich offen darüber sprechen, wie wir unser Wissenschaftssystem insgesamt auf mehr Anwendung, Transfer, Relevanz, Nutzen und Nützlichkeit von Wissenschaft
trimmen können. Der Nature-Artikel schließt mit einer ganz ähnlichen Empfehlung: "Federal agencies may invest in the riskier and longer-term individual awards that support careers and not
simply specific projects, giving scholars the gift of time needed to step outside the fray, inoculate themselves from the publish or perish culture, and produce truly consequential
work." 




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Kayla Susalla


In the 2019–20 school year – the most recent with federal data – 51.4 percent of public schools possessed an armed, sworn, law‐​enforcement officer. School Resource Officers (SROs) are police officers with a community‐​oriented approach intended to increase safety by mitigating crime, violence, and other anti‐​social behavior in schools. Some Americans view added police presence as an appropriate response to safeguard students, while others fear an increase in police misconduct. There is also growing concern SROs accelerate the "school‐​to‐​prison pipeline": pushing students into the criminal justice system through excessive discipline and law enforcement contact.
With important concerns both for and against SROs, policymakers must ask: Do they do more harm than good?
SROs are relatively new, and there are yawning gaps in research. Studies are often limited to small samples and find contradictory outcomes on arrest rates and effects on school safety. Nevertheless, a common theme is the presence of SROs increase disciplinary actions, including punishments potentially carrying significant long‐​term harms.
Researchers Gottfredson, et al. compared schools with increased SRO presences to schools with no increase in SROs. They found that schools with increased SROs saw the number of drug and weapons‐​related offenses rise, as well as higher instances of exclusionary discipline by school administrators. Exclusionary discipline refers to measures that remove students from school, such as out‐​of‐​school suspensions. The study also concluded the increase in SROs did not improve school safety.
Researchers Sorensen, Shen, and Bushway found the presence of SROs in middle schools decreased serious violence, in contrast to Gottfredson, et al., making schools safer, but they also increased "out‐​of‐​school suspensions, transfers, expulsions, and police referrals." The increase in suspensions was especially acute for Hispanic and Black students. A third study, comparing schools near police departments that did and did not qualify for SRO grants, had similar results, finding schools near departments above the threshold increased the number of recorded firearm offenses and decreased the instances of violent fights, but increased expulsions, referrals for arrest, out‐​of‐​school and in‐​school suspensions, and chronic absenteeism. Black students experienced the largest effect on out‐​of‐​school suspensions, over two times greater than white students, followed by students with disabilities and males.
Through exclusionary discipline, students miss the point of school – to be in the classroom learning – which can create lasting educational and socialization gaps. Additionally, the stigma surrounding the label of "criminal" can ostracize students from their social groups and remove support provided at school. But positive relationships are vital, particularly given the uptick of mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression among young Americans.
Another study, which compared schools with and without SROs in the same districts, found no effect on total arrests, but a 402.3 percent increase in the arrest rate for disorderly conduct. The null findings on total arrests suggest arresting students is not the most common form of correction by SROs, but the five‐​fold increase in disorderly conduct bears consideration. Disorderly conduct is cited when someone "disrupts the peace" and it is among the most discretionary – and possibly minor – actions potentially resulting in charges. For example, a student abruptly shouting in class could be charged with a misdemeanor or civil infraction, or in severe circumstances, a felony. The charge could depend on several factors: the teacher's tolerance of the disruption, the student's prior relationship with the teacher or SRO, or occurrences of interruptions in prior classes. The circumstances surrounding filing charges against a student can be subjective, leaving criminal justice system involvement largely open to SRO choice.
Criminalization of misbehavior can inhibit future education, employment, and housing opportunities, feeding the "school‐​to‐​prison pipeline." Additionally, narrowing of options may lead to a higher likelihood of recidivism, as students are deprived of opportunities that increase individual capital. Weisburst found that increased police presence in Texas schools led to a 2.5 percent decrease in high school graduation rates and about a 4 percent decrease in college enrollment rates.
An alternative to SROs could be encouraging administrators or parent monitors. Both groups could benefit from gaining greater awareness of school issues by engaging with the larger student body. Monitor positions create positive connections for youth by bridging social gaps between staff, parents, and students. Administrations can highlight mediation practices when conflict arises between students, and hold interventions with families, emphasizing law enforcement as a last resort. Such negotiation and conflict resolution are essential life skills.
States are rapidly expanding SRO programs, federal grants enable local agencies to create positions, and Congress continues to propose bills expanding such programs. Given the paucity of good research and the mixed findings of what does exist, expanding SROs is something all levels of government—especially Washington, which has no constitutional authority to intervene—should be hesitant to do.

PurposeThis study explored whether the critical incident management systems (CIMS) model can predict the EMS performance in the COVID-19 context. Past research has established the significance of early detection and response (ER) in the context of Ebola virus disease (EVD), prompting a question of whether the model can also be helpful in the COVID-19 context. Consequently, the authors assessed whether ER influences the impact of communication capacity (CC), reliable information channel (RC) and environment (EN) on COVID-19 EMS performance. Assessing these relationships will advance emerging infectious disease (EID) preparedness.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed standardized measurement instruments of the CIMS model (CC, ER, RC and EN) to predict the performance of COVID-19 EMS using structural equation modeling (SEM) in a study of 313 participants from frontline responders.FindingsThe results show that the relationship of ER and EN with COVID-19 EMS performance is positive, while that of EN on CC is negative. The relationship between EN and COVID-19 EMS performance was insignificant. Contrary to the hypothesis, CC was negatively significant to COVID-19 EMS performance due to poor communication capacities.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge some limitations due to challenges faced in this study. First, Data collection was a significant limitation as these questionnaires were built and distributed in June 2020, but the response time was prolonged due to the recurring nature of the pandemic. The authors had wanted to implore the inputs of all stakeholders, and efforts were made to reach out to various Ministry of Health, the local CDC and related agencies in the region via repeated emails explaining the purpose of the study to no avail. The study finally used the frontline workers as the respondents. The authors used international students from various countries as the representatives to reach out to their countries' frontline workers. Second, since the study was only partially supported using the CIMS model, future studies may combine the CIMS model with other models or theories. Subsequent research reassesses this outcome in other contexts or regions. Consequently, further research can explore how CC can be improved with COVID-19 and another future EID in the region. This may improve the COVID-19 EMS performance, thereby expanding the lesson learned from the pandemic and sustaining public health EID response. Additionally, other authors may combine the CIMS model with other emergency management models or theories to establish a fully supported theoretical model in the context of COVID-19.Practical implicationsThe findings have practical implications for incident managers, local CDCs, governments, international organizations and scholars. The outcome of the study might inform these stakeholders on future direction and contribution to EID preparedness. This study unfolds the impact of lessons learned in the region demonstrated by moderating early detection and responses with other constructs to achieve COVID-19 EMS performance. The findings reveal that countries that experienced the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak, were not necessarily more prepared for an epidemic or pandemic, judging by the negative moderating impact of early detection and response. However, these experiences provide a foundation for the fight against COVID-19. There is a need for localized plans tailored to each country's situation, resources, culture and lifestyle. The localized plan will be to mitigate and prevent an unsustainable EID management system, post-epidemic fund withdrawals and governance. This plan might be more adaptable and sustainable for the local health system when international interventions are withdrawn after an epidemic. Public health EID plans must be adapted to each country's unique situation to ensure sustainability and constantly improve EID management of epidemics and pandemics in emergency response. The high to moderate importation risk in African countries shows Africa's largest window of vulnerability to be West Africa (Gilbert et al., 2020). Therefore, they should be in the spotlight for heightened assistance towards the preparedness and response for a future pandemic like COVID-19. The West African region has a low capacity to manage the health emergency to match the population capacities. The COVID-19 outbreak in West Africa undoubtedly inflicted many disruptions in most countries' economic, social and environmental circumstances. The region's unique challenges observed in this study with CC and reliable information channels as being negatively significant highlight the poor maintenance culture and weak institutions due to brain drain and inadequate training and monitoring. This outcome practically informs West African stakeholders and governments on aspects to indulge when trying to improve emergency preparedness as the outcomes from other regions might not be applicable.Originality/valueThis study explored the relevance of the CIMS model in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, revealing different patterns of influence on COVID-19 EMS performance. In contrast to the extant literature on EVD, the authors found the moderating effects of ER in the COVID-19 context. Thus, the authors contribute to the COVID-19 EMS performance domain by developing a context-driven EMS model. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.

The publication of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) standards is an important development that has received broad acceptance globally. More than 100 countries across the globe including South Africa and Myanmar have adopted the IUCN RLE standards as their national framework for assessing the risk of ecosystem collapse. The strongest motivations for the alignment include: (i) elimination of confusion and reducing the administrative burden for maintaining multiple lists of threatened ecosystems, (ii) increased legitimacy of the ecosystem threat status assessment by basing them on a body of sound scientific literature, (iii) comparable assessments across different environments and countries across the globe, (iv) for the threatened national ecosystems to be recorded under the IUCN RLE registry. Furthermore, the IUCN Red List makes it easier for countries to secure funding from international donors to achieve national biodiversity conservation objectives, and address knowledge and data gaps through focused research. The IUCN RLE standards only became available after many countries including South Africa and Australia each independently tailor-developed national indicators or standards for assessing threats to ecosystems. The Ecosystem Threat statuses (ETS) standards are developed to aid biodiversity monitoring efforts, and many have progressed into the legislated national list of the threatened ecosystems. In South Africa, the gazetted list of threatened ecosystems is ratified to inform policy development and land-use planning tools that mainstream biodiversity considerations into economic development activities. Considering the strong links between the gazetted list of threatened ecosystems and many of the policy and spatial planning tools, the change and/or update to the IUCN RLE standards may disrupt conservation and land-use plans. In addition, South Africa has limited data on ecosystem integrity with to apply the full range of the IUCN RLE functional criteria which may lead to the risk of ecosystem collapse being underestimated. However, the country has comprehensive data on threatened plant species which in many cases contain detailed information on drivers of environmental degradation and biotic disruptions. In addition, extensive efforts have been made to link threatened species and the ecosystem types in which they occur. Such efforts enable the country to look at degradation through species lenses to better understand the degree of underestimation of ecosystem risk. Nonetheless, there is a need to interrogate and holistically understand the implications that may emanate from this shift, hence the importance of this study. This thesis was focused on assessing the origins and history of the IUCN and South Africa's approach to assessing threats to ecosystems. In chapter 1, I reviewed the key concepts including the scientific basis and criteria to understand the purpose and philosophy of the South Africa (SA) ETS and IUCN RLE frameworks. In Chapter 2, I compared and contrasted the SA ETS and IUCN RLE assessment outcomes of ecosystems susceptible to only spatial threats. Finally, in Chapter 3, I tested whether the IUCN RLE is a good proxy for the distribution of threatened species in South Africa. The results revealed that the IUCN RLE and SA ETS standards have overarching similarities (e.g. spatial and functional criteria) as they both share the common ancestry (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Equally, there are key differences (e.g. decision thresholds) that explain the misalignments in the ecosystem threat status between the two systems. Meanwhile, the quantitative results alluded that the proportions of matching assessment outcomes are high when the risk categories (Critically Endangered: CR and Endangered: EN versus Vulnerable: VU and Least Concern: LC) are split in accordance with their policy uptake (i.e. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) EIA regulations) but relatively low per individual risk category. Furthermore, the results suggest that not all ecosystem types undergoing spatial declines entirely reflect the status of threatened plant species they contain. Many of these threatened plant species overlap with ecosystems at immediate risk of collapse (CR and EN). Such species will indirectly benefit from broad-scale conservation interventions that are informed by the list of threatened ecosystems. However, the majority of plant species threatened by either habitat loss and/or land degradation occur within the least threatened ecosystems. These species will not benefit from conservation responses informed by the gazetted national list of threatened because spatial declines within these ecosystems are considered to either be minimal or stable to trigger conservation response. Encouragingly, there are existing legal conservation tools such as stewardship programmes, Key Biodiversity Areas, and Critical Biodiversity Areas that allow threatened and unprotected ecological features including species to be strategically targeted for conservation responses. However, there is a need for South Africa to intensify efforts that ensure that these legal tools are implemented correctly and successfully to maximise conservation impacts and arrest biodiversity loss.

Background. Leveraging the potential practical benefits of emerging digital technologies (EDTs) like robots, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and 3D printing to provide and improve nursing care outcomes in ethical, sustainable ways requires an understanding of the ethical considerations regarding EDTs in clinical practice to inform research, practice, and policy. Objectives. To map and discuss the nature and scope of ethical considerations regarding EDTs in clinical nursing practice from published literature, and identify ethical approaches and strategies deemed effective to address such challenges. Results. Three main categories of ethical considerations that comprised 12 key emerging themes of ethical concerns were identified: Ethical Concerns related to Meaningful Understandings in the local Moral Horizon of Significance in Nursing Practice; the Organizational Imaginary; and Societal Imaginary. The twelve identified emerging key themes of ethical concerns regarding EDTs in clinical nursing practice comprised: (i) the nurse-patient relationship and inauthentic care interaction; (ii) patient dignity, autonomy and [self]deception; (iii) privacy, confidentiality, trust and integrity; (iv) patient safety; and (v) [social] justice, bias, discrimination, and stigmatization; (vi) Informed Consent, Transparency, and Data management; (vii) [Dis]Trust in the Healthcare System; (viii) Job displacement, Losses, and Fading in Professional Competencies; (ix) Liability, Accountability, Interpretability (Explainability); (x) Social isolation and Depersonalization of Human-beings and Care; (xi) Surveillance: Disciplining, Exploitation, and Manipulation of Human-beings and Society; and (xii) Vulnerability and Moral Fading: Human, Moral Authority and Agency and Future. Key messages. Emerging digital technologies offering promising benefits to help address disparities in care and improve the effectiveness of services. However, this requires a keen understanding of the nature and scope of ethical considerations with using emerging digital technologies such as robots, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and three-dimensional (3D)-printing in clinical nursing practice. Understanding the identified ethical concerns and best-practice ethical strategies regarding EDT may help guide robust research, practice, and policy initiatives to generate, validate, and translate evidence on EDTs before use in virtual care. Moreover, evidence might be helpful to ensure the ethical design, applications, implementation, and evaluation of emerging digital tools and techniques for use in virtual nursing care in clinical practice to benefit and improve the health of vulnerable clients, nurses, and health systems in ethical and sustainable ways. Additionally, key ethical considerations regarding EDTs might be also help inform curriculum innovations to build capacity, cultivate ethical competency and responsiveness among nurses and other health professionals transitioning to a workplace amid digital ethics and technological disruptions to sustain good care and practice. Methodology. We conducted an integrative review using a comprehensive three-step sequential search strategy to search and retrieve published English language, peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents from databases like CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, and Philosopher's Index and relevant, reputable platforms. For this review, our team used COVIDENCE (Extraction 2.0 version) as a gold standard process and workflow platform to streamline our title and abstract screening, conduct a full-text review, data extraction, quality appraisal, data abstraction, evidence synthesis and interpretation to create high-quality systematic reviews. Following the removal of duplicate articles, the remaining articles were screened for eligibility using a two-step process: (i) title and abstract screening and (ii) full-text review against a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. All included articles were read thoroughly to gain an understanding of the material. Following the title and abstract screening and full-text review process, a final sample of (n = 64) documents were selected that met all our inclusion criteria. We used an electronic data extraction form and a combination of quality appraisal tools from the Johanna Briggs Institute and the Centre for Children's Health Ethics and Law (CCHEL) to extract essential methodological information and appraise the evidence from sampled documents. We used a five-stage Framework Analysis approach to abstract and synthesized evidence. This analysis provided a schematic diagram of ethical considerations related to using EDTs in virtual care, thus guiding the final interpretation of the data set while remaining mindful of the objectives of this review. The results of the review are presented both narratively and in a tabular format. A detailed discussion of ethical concerns and best-practice strategies, along with implications for health policy, education, clinical practice, and future research, is presented. ; Funding Source: Emerging Digital Technologies in Virtual Care in Clinical Nursing Practice: An Integrative Review of Ethical Considerations and Strategies is co-funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Government of Canada's Future Skills program, L'avenir numérique des soins infirmiers virtuels: défis éthiques liés aux technologies numériques émergentes est cofinancé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines et le programme Compétences futures du Gouvernement du Canada. ; Faculty ; no

Fintech companies have been surging taking advantage of the current technological developments and have been challenging traditional incumbents. Disruptive ventures financed by cryptocurrencies are one of the main topics related to technological developments, capable of completely eliminating the need for a third-party intervenient and reducing the gap between investors and promoters. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the main impacts that fintech companies have on the business models of traditional banking/financial institutions and to focus on the success factors of disruptive and highly technological Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) projects, particularly, on the human capital factors. In order to do that, the thesis is divided into three main studies, each one of them focused on a particular topic. The methods used in this thesis are mixed as a qualitative approach was adopted through a systematic literature review, and a quantitative approach was performed by building several econometric models. This thesis concludes that fintechs cannot be considered complete substitutes to the traditional services yet. Nevertheless, they are posing incumbents challenges and exposing the weaknesses of their business models. The banking/financial institutions need to urgently adapt their business models in order to remain competitive, and most of them already accepted this challenge. The ICO projects also present a disruption and a step forward in the democratization of the financial investments. This study identified a wide range of success factors influencing the outcome of an ICO project. The success factors might be divided into categories according to their scope: (i) project; (ii) campaign; (iii) social networks; (iv) human capital. It is concluded that several factors have a real impact in the outcome of the projects, such as, the existence of financing thresholds, the quality of the whitepaper, the existence of a secondary market and bonus schemes, the price of the tokens, the price of cryptocurrencies, the good management of social networks, the promoters' geographic location, their networks, the size of the teams, external ratings attributed to the project and to the team. In terms of theoretical contributions, this study added a contribution to the still scarce literature on ICO projects and to two theories, namely, the signaling theory and Human Capital Theory (HCT). The managerial implications concern mainly the assessment of the quality of a project by the investors and the need for regulation by supervisors. ; As empresas fintech surgiram tomando partido dos atuais desenvolvimentos tecnológicos tendo desafiado os atuais atores do mercado. Projetos disruptivos financiados nomeadamente por cripto moedas são um dos tópicos relacionados com o desenvolvimento tecnológico e capazes de eliminar a necessidade para o envolvimento de terceiros na mediação financeira reduzindo assim o hiato entre investidores e promotores. O propósito desta tese é o de identificar os principais impactos que as empresas fintech têm nos modelos de negócio das empresas financeiras já estabelecidos no mercado. Terá um foco especial nos fatores de sucesso dos projetos baseados na blockchain denominados Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), em particular, os fatores relacionados com o capital humano. Assim, a tese está dividida em três estudos principais com focos diferentes. A metodologia usada nesta tese é de métodos mistos: uma metodologia qualitativa foi usada na revisão sistemática da literatura; e uma metodologia quantitativa foi usada na construção e estimação de modelos econométricos, tendo por base microdados de 428 projetos de ICOs do setor bancário. Esta tese conclui que as fintechs não podem ser ainda consideradas substitutos dos serviços financeiros tradicionais. Contudo, estas colocam desafios e expõem as fraquezas dos modelos de negócio tradicionais. A indústria financeira necessita de adaptar urgentemente os seus modelos de negócio para se manter competitiva. Este desafio já foi aceite por várias empresas. Os ICOs causam disrupção e são um grande passo para a democratização dos investimentos financeiros. Este estudo identificou um conjunto alargado de fatores de sucesso que influenciam o resultado final destes projetos. Os fatores podem agrupar-se em categorias: (i) projeto; (ii) campanha; (iii) redes sociais; (iv) capital humano. Os fatores que esta tese comprovou contribuírem para o sucesso de um projeto são os seguintes: pré-existência de limites de financiamento; a qualidade do whitepaper; a existência de um mercado secundário e esquema de bonificações; o preço dos tokens; o preço das cripto moedas; a boa gestão de redes sociais; a localização geográfica e a rede de contactos dos promotores; o tamanho das equipas; ratings externos atribuídos ao projeto e à equipa.No que diz respeito às contribuições teóricas, esta tese contribuiu para a escassa literatura no tema dos ICOs e para duas teorias, nomeadamente a siganling theory e Human Capital Theory (HCT). As contribuições práticas deste estudo relacionam-se com a avaliação da qualidade do projeto e a necessidade premente dos reguladores tomarem medidas nestes mercados.

But in reality, in the observations of the authors of the vehicles that we encountered, both four-wheeled and two-wheeled, almost every evening until evening, vehicles were found parked on the Flyover on the Sudirman street, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta and HR Subrantas. While the government has clearly provided a symbol of prohibition to stop on the bridge and in the traffic law it clearly states that everyone driving a motorized vehicle on the road is obliged to comply with the stopping and parking requirements. This is dangerous because the flyover is built only for passing vehicles and the vehicle is prohibited from parking or stopping along the body of the flyover because the flyover is not prepared not for stopping vehicles. This type of research is research conducted by identifying the law on how the effectiveness of the law applies in society. The conclusion is that the implementation of the prohibition on parking for motorized vehicle riders in Pekanbaru City flyovers based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation which results in disruption of road functions based on Law Number 22 of 2009 is less effective and maximal. This is because there are still many people who do not know about these regulations, Lack of Socialization of Law Number 22 Year 2009 from Law Enforcement Officials, Lack of firm law enforcement officials in implementing criminal sanctions, and Lack of Legal Awareness of the Community itself. Obstacles Faced in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders on Flyover in Pekanbaru City Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are the Legal Substance, Legal Structure, Legal Culture and Facilities or Facilities and the limited facilities and infrastructure. Efforts made to overcome obstacles in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders at Pekanbaru City Flyovers Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are that peace and traffic order is by fostering mutual assistance and assistance among the enforcement officers and the public, the public workers' office of transportation without neglecting their respective interests in the framework of increasing obedience and compliance, thus the Government's hope of improving services in traffic order in a peaceful and orderly condition in the regions can be realized. Apart from that, the implementation of traffic control, tranquility and orderliness can also be carried out by utilizing public facilities and facilities, increasing legal awareness, increasing the number of police personnel in the traffic sphere and repressive actions. Keywords: Implementation, No Parking, Flyover Namun pada kenyataannya dalam pengamatan penulis kendaraan yang kami jumpai baik roda empat maupun roda dua, hampir setiap sore hingga malam hari ditemukan kendaraan yang parkir di Flyover yang ada dijalan Sudirman, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta dan HR Subrantas. Sementara pemerintah sudah dengan jelas memberikan simbol larangan untuk berhenti dijembatan tersebut serta didalam undang-undang lalu lintas tersebut dengan tegas mengatakan setiap orang yang mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor di jalan wajib mematuhi ketentuan berhenti dan parkir akan diberikan sanksi. Hal ini berbahaya karena Flyover tersebut dibangun hanya untuk kendaraan yang melintas dan kendaraan dilarang parkir atau berhenti di sepanjang badan jalan Flyover karena Flyover itu tidak disiapkan bukan untuk kendaraan yang berhenti. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara mengadakan identifikasi hukum bagaimana efektivitas hukum itu berlaku dalam masyarakat. Kesimpulan adalah Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan yang mengakibatkan terganggunya fungsi jalan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 kurang efektif dan maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan masih banyaknya masyarakat yang tidak mengetahui peraturan tersebut, Kurangnya Sosialisasi Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 dari Aparat Penegak Hukum, Kurang tegasnya Aparat penegak Hukum dalam menerapkan Sanksi Pidana, Serta Kurangnya Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat itu sendiri. Hambatan Yang Dihadapi Dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah Substansi Hukum, Struktur Hukum, Budaya Hukum dan Sarana atau Fasilitas dan masih terbatasnya sarana dan prasarana. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah bahwa ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas adalah dengan membina saling membantu dan menolong diantara aparat penertiban dan masyarakat, dinas perhubungan dinas pekerja umum tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan masing-masing dalam rangka peningkatan ketaatan dan kepatuhan, dengan demikian harapan Pemerintah untuk meningkatkan pelayanan dalam ketertiban lalu lintas dalam keadaan tenteram dan tertib di daerah dapat terwujud. Selain itu pelaksanaan penertiban, ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas juga dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sarana dan fasilitas umum, meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, Menambah Jumlah Personil Kepolisian di lingkup lalu lintas serta Tindakan represif.

Transport has become fundamental in the cities to the well functioning of the economy and the welfare of the city population. For several years, transportation faces many issues such as traffic jamming, high accidents rate, unhealthy life due to smoke and dust, air pollution as a result of carbon emission, etc. To deal with these matters, researches integrate digital technologies to ground transportation which is known as Intelligent Transport System (ITS). ITS can sense, analyze, collect, control and communicate different data. This thesis investigates and proposes a new protocol for data collection applications in an urban environment. We make three main contributions: firstly, we propose a new protocol denoted the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running a data collection application on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. The protocol is evaluated on a realistic scenario by assessing the buffer management policies, the number of copies sprayed in the network as well as the number of bicycles used. Secondly, a comparative evaluation of the performance of the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol with a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, LoRa/LoRaWAN type is investigated. LPWAN have been designed to provide cost-effective wide area connectivity for small throughput IoT applications: multiyear lifetime and multikilometer range for battery-operated mobile devices. This part of our work aims at providing network designers and managers insights on the most relevant technology for their urban applications that could run on bike sharing systems. Finally, we propose an efficient IoB-DTN protocol based on data aggregation mechanism. We propose three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatio-temporal aggregation (IoB-STA). We compare the three variants with the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. Comparison results verify that the three variants of IoB-DTN based on data aggregation improve several metrics such as the delivery rate, energy consumption and throughput. ; Le transport est devenu fondamental dans les villes pour le bon fonctionnement de l'économie et le bien-être de la population urbaine. Depuis plusieurs années, le transport est confronté à de nombreux problèmes tels que l'embouteillage, le taux élevé d'accidents, la vie malsaine due à la fumée et à la poussière, la pollution atmosphérique due aux émissions de carbone, etc. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, les recherches intègrent les technologies numériques au transport terrestre, connu sous le nom de système de transport intelligent (ITS). Les ITS peuvent détecter, analyser, collecter, contrôler et communiquer différentes données. Cette thèse étudie et propose un nouveau protocole pour les applications de collecte de données dans un environnement urbain. Nous faisons trois contributions principales. Tout d'abord, nous proposons un nouveau protocole dénommé le protocole "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN qui applique le paradigme DTN (Réseau tolérant aux délais) aux applications de l'Internet des objets (IoT) exécutant une application de collecte de données sur un système de partage de vélo urbain basé sur un réseau de capteurs. Le protocole est évalué sur un scénario réaliste en évaluant les politiques de gestion des buffers, le nombre de copies pulvérisé dans le réseau ainsi que le nombre des vélos utilisés. Deuxiément, une évaluation comparative des performances du protocole IoB-DTN multi-sauts avec une technologie de réseau étendu à basse consommation (LPWAN), de type LoRa/LoRaWAN est étudiée. LPWAN a été conçu pour fournir une connectivité à grande distance et rentable pour les applications IoT à faible débit: durée de vie de plusieurs années et une portée de multikilomètres pour les appareils mobiles alimentés par des batteries. Cette partie de notre travail vise à fournir aux concepteurs et aux managers de réseaux des idées sur la technologie la plus pertinente pour leurs applications urbaines pouvant fonctionner sur des systèmes de partage de vélos. Enfin, nous proposons un protocole efficace, IoB-DTN basé sur un mécanisme d'agrégation de données. Nous proposons trois variantes de IoB-DTN: IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatiale (IoB-SA), IoB basé sur l'agrégation temporelle (IoB-TA) et IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatio-temporelle (IoB-STA). Nous comparons les trois variantes avec le protocole multi-saut IoB-DTN sans agrégation et la technologie à faible puissance et longue portée, de type LoRa. Les résultats de la comparaison permettent de vérifier que les trois variantes de l'IoB-DTN basées sur l'agrégation de données améliorent plusieurs paramètres tels que le taux de livraison, la consommation d'énergie et le débit.

В 2014 г. вышел 4 том «Истории татар», посвященный татарским государствам XV-XVIII веков. В нем нашли отражение современные тенденции историописания как собственно отдельных татарских ханств и орд на значительном пространстве позднезолотоордынского мира, так и ключевых моментов их культуры, религии, экономики и внутренней структуры. В 13 разделах книги 10 авторов представили и многообразный материал по истории сибирской татарской государственности XV-XVI веков. В рецензии рассмотрены лишь вопросы периодизации и хронологии этих государств, а также их место на внешнеполитической арене рассматриваемого периода, которые в том числе были сформулированы в очерках А.Г.Нестерова. Для понимания этих процессов пришлось остановиться на вопросе применимости к сибирским государствам различных политико-правовых терминов (ханство, юрт, улус, вилайет, земля). На различных этапах государственности и в зависимости от происхождения автора источника они явно имели различное значение, что требует постоянного объяснения сущности применения этих понятий авторами для создания корректного понимания сущности его концепции. Авторы рецензии предлагают во избежание недоразумений вернуться к уже имеющемуся концепту «ханства» применительно к соответствующим образованиям с центрами в Чимги-Туре и Искере. Одновременно с этим требуется еще раз пересмотреть сущность политического статуса этих городских центров в кочевых политических традициях шибанидской государственности, где хан был чаще привязан к кочевой ставке. Не менее важное значение имеет понимание этапов развития сибирской государственности, в том числе хронологии ее распада и прекращения существования. Авторы очерков так и не пришли к единому выводу по этому вопросу, предложив по сути две противоречивые концепции: краха Сибирского ханства после поражения Кучума в битве на Оби в 1598 г. и продолжения его существования в первой половине XVII века. При этом, рассматривая историю этого ханства, они отстаивают три тенденции, которые в полной мере уже могут именоваться «историографическими мифами»: Шибаниды пришли к власти как захватчики, уничтожившие местную законную княжескую династию Тайбугидов, они опирались на помощь бухарского хана Абдаллаха II и Сибирское ханство было частью Шейбанидского государства. Однако, эти тенденции не находят отражения в синхронных источниках, на основании которых может быть построена иная версия событий. Очевидно, что в рамках дискуссии о сибирской татарской государственности необходимо прекратить тиражировать эти и другие мифы и вернуться к изучению источников.The fourth volume of "The History of Tatars" dedicated to the Tatar states in the 15th-18th centuries was published in 2014. Modern tendencies in historical writing of separate Tatar khanates and hordes in the late Golden Horde period as well as the key points of their culture, religion, economy, and internal structure found reflection in this book. 10 authors in 13 sections also presented varied material on the history of the Siberian Tatar statehood in the 15th-16th centuries. This review only concerns the periodization and chronology of these states and their place at a foreign-policy arena of the given period. Essays by A.G. Nesterov also contain information on this topic. To understand these processes we have to consider a question of applicability of some politico-legal terms (khanate, yurt, ulus, vilayet, land) to the Siberian states. At different stages of statehood and depending on the descent of the author of every source, the terms stated above had clearly different meanings, which is why we need to constantly explain the necessity of using these terms by the authors in order to understand their conceptions correctly. The authors of the review suggest the returning to an already existing concept of "khanate" in respect to administrative formations with the centres in Chimgi-Tura and Isker in order to avoid misunderstanding. In the meantime the political status of these city centres has to be reconsidered in the nomadic political traditions of Shibanid statehood where the Khan was attached to the horde. Equally important is to understand stages of the Siberian statehood development and the chronology of its dissolution and extinction. The authors of the essays didn't work out a single conclusion on this question and suggested two contradictory conceptions instead. The first conception suggests the disruption of Siberian Khanate after Kuchum's defeat in the battle at the Ob in 1598 and the second conception suggests that Siberian Khanate continued to exist in the early 17th century. At the same time while considering the history of this khanate they have got three points of view, which can be called "historiographical myths": the Shibanids took power as invaders who destroyed the local legal princely dynasty of the Taibugids. Bokharan Khan Abdallah II helped them and Siberian khanate was a part of Shibanid state. But these standpoints are not fixed in the sources of the same period, so that another version of events can't be provided. It is obvious that it needs to stop spreading myths in respect of the Siberian Tatar statehood and return to studying the sources.

Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in magnetically confined plasmas are responsible for different phenomena of relevance in the transport of particles and energy. Plasma oscillations can limit the operational space of most experimental devices, therefore their study and understanding may lead to find the way to control them and achieving better plasma performance. In the flexible heliac device TJ-II, an almost current-free and low magnetic shear stellarator, collective oscillations are commonly observed in plasmas heated with microwave or neutral particle beams. Frequently, low mode number oscillations, systematically linked to low order rational values of the rotational transform (namely, to their associated magnetic islands chain), are found to lead fast-particle and/or thermal-plasma confinement degradation. The present work summarizes some studies performed in the TJ-II stellarator to investigate the role of magnetic islands dynamics in plasma confinement. Tearing mode (TM) activity is often detected as intense and coherent modes in Mirnov coils signal spectra during the low-confinement phase (L-mode) of neutral beam (NBI) heated plasmas. Their rotation speed is generally close to the plasma flow velocity and the resolved mode numbers correspond to the lowest rational values contained in the rotational transform profile of each magnetic configuration, so the measured mode frequencies are rather low (tens of kHz) and scale with their poloidal mode number. Nevertheless, under co-NBI heating (that flattens the magnetic shear profile), the rotating structures can become faster than the plasma flow, apparently driven by an additional velocity in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. At some critical plasma conditions dependent on plasma profiles, the TM may change their stable behaviour into a pulsed magnetic activity. Mirnov coil signals show repeated magnetic bursts and their spectrograms reveal that stable modes change into intermittent (with≈1 ms repetition period) frequency stripes starting at around doubled frequency and rapidly (≈0.3 ms) decreasing to frequencies slightly above the stable rotation value. Coinciding with the magnetic pulses, collapses of small intensity local transport barriers are observed, akin to minor disruptions, and during the magnetic fluctuations-free periods, barriers build up again. This cyclic process, resembling an ELMy-like phase, can be sustained, if heating and/or fuelling are not modified. As well, rotating islands, which in essence provide a wave for the magnetic components, can interact with shear Alfven waves giving rise to new coherent modes. This new coupling of TM with Alfven waves has been identified for the first time in TJ-II in L-mode plasmas under full NBI power (≈0.9 MW). On the other hand, magnetic islands can be locked in the laboratory frame, as is the magnetic field itself in stellarators. The interaction of shear-Alfven waves with static magnetic island chains might open new gaps in the continuum spectrum, which would enable for the existence of weakly damped Alfvenic modes. This kind of wave coupling, MIAEs (magnetic island induced Alfven eigenmode), has been proposed to explain the origin of some Alfvenic waves in the intermediate frequency range (fTM < f < fHAE) during NBI heating in TJ-II. Acoustic like modes with frequencies in the range of 15-40 kHz have been first identified in TJ-II during Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) heating, where a considerable population of fast electrons is generated. They exhibit standing wave like behaviour in the poloidal plane, as geodesic acoustic modes (GAM), but propagate at around the ion sound speed in the toroidal direction, as ion sound waves (ISW). Their fundamental mode number is (m=2, n=1), and frequency scales with acoustic speed. Modes can be occasionally bursting in intensity with rapid decreases in frequency (≈20 %), in coincidence with pulses of fast electron lost from the plasma core, which may suggest a nonlinear interaction of acoustic mode with fast electrons in velocity space. The necessary condition for exciting the acoustic modes is having finite size low-order magnetic islands in the plasma bulk, likely because the long confinement time of fast electrons in the vicinity of islands favours wave-fast electron interaction. The results of the studies described in this thesis show that rational surfaces may help to regulate plasma transport due to the multiple means that they interact with thermal plasma, fast particle populations, and plasma waves. We hope that this work can contribute to future stellarator design and operation procedures. ; This work has been supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC) and the Spanish Government via the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia" (ENE2014-52174-P). ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Plasmas y Fusión Nuclear ; Presidente: Carlos Hidalgo Vera.- Secretario: Luis García Gonzalo.- Vocal: Francisco Castejón Magaña

The Impact of Factory Alcoholic Beverages "Kasegaran" Against Public Health in Calaca County District of Wenang Manado City. The opening chance for the entrepreneur a large scale, Medium and small industry to establish factories and households of course have positive and negative impact on the surrounding community. Positive impact with many industry , will certainly reduce unemployment and increase public welfare indonesia, because during this is the problem of unemployment and poverty being a big problem for the people of indonesia . The Government of Indonesia also should pay attention and think about the negative impact with many industrial plants, which would also be detrimental to society and the environment, namely pollution occurs, both water pollution, soil and air.Over time, the garbage or waste it will increase more and more.The alcoholic drinks "kasegaran " violating act number 23 / 1997 of the research found a few things that violate the regulation and the laws about the environment, that the alcoholic drinks "kasegaran" it turns out:a. Having no environmental impact analysis (AMDAL).b. Throw out the liquid waste directly to sewers or water channel.c. Solid waste in accordance the laws act on environment number 23 / 1997d. Don't have a tub for recycling waste.This offence is very harmful to the environment, especially for the health of the surrounding community because it may cause diseases caused by the toxic poisoning is absorbed through the mouth, skin and breathing, the material can be toxic H2S, CO in high doses as well as intoxication Arsenic, lead, mercury and asbestos that can cause death for patients with poisoning.In processing of alcoholic beverages "kasegaran" emit steam alcohol and smog happened evaporation alcohol issue of organic compounds and inorganic will be suspended with other chemical compounds to the air to be inhaled by people who are in the factory and are in the factory sekitaran will experience pusing-pusing and other is queasy. So also for in the process of cooking and the furnace of the issue of smoke that turned into smog that enveloped the whole factory and surrounding areas. The smog containing CO2 (carbondioksida) if inhaled will cause people to be experienced shortness of breath.Due to breach made by the company alcoholic drink factory "kasegaran" that operates in the midst of the city center has led to some disciples junior high school (SMP) garuda endured the pain resulting from intoxication toxic that out by management process the alcoholic beverages. And distorts of environmental health that result disruption of public health around the factory.Key Words: The impact of factory kasegaran, of environmental health, public healthAbstractDibukanya kesempatan bagi para pengusaha skala besar, menengah dan kecil untuk mendirikan pabrik dan industri rumah tangga tentunya mempunyai dampak positif dan negatif pada masyarakat sekitar. Dampak positif dengan banyaknya industri, tentu akan mengurangi angka pengangguran dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia, karena selama ini masalah pengangguran dan kemiskinan menjadi masalah besar bagi bangsa Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia juga harus memperhatikan dan memikirkan dampak negatif dengan banyaknya pabrik industri, yang juga akan merugikan masyarakat dan lingkungan yaitu terjadi pencemaran, baik pencemaran air, tanah dan udara. Seiring berjalannya waktu, sampah/limbah ini akan bertambah dan semakin banyak.Pabrik Minuman Beralkohol "Kasegaran" telah melanggar Undang-Undang No 23 tahun 1997 Dari hasil penelitian di dapati beberapa hal yang melanggar peraturan dan Perundangan-Undangan tentang Lingkungan Hidup, yaitu pabrik minuman beralkohol "Kasegaran " ternyata:a. Tidak Memiliki Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL).b. Membuang Limbah cair langsung Ke selokan/Saluran Air,c. Membuang Limbah padat tidak sesuai Undang-undang tentang Lingkungan Hidup No. 23/1997.d. Tidak mempunyai bak untuk Daur Ulang limbah.Pelanggaran ini sangat berbahaya bagi lingkungan hidup, terutama bagi kesehatan masyarakat sekitarnya karena dapat menimbulkan penyakit akibat keracunan toksik yang terserap melalui mulut, kulit dan pernapasan, bahan toksik tersebut dapat berupa H2S, CO dalam dosis tinggi serta keracunan Arsen, Timbal, raksa dan asbes yang dapat menyebabkan kematian bagi penderita keracunan.Dalam Proses pengolahan Minuman Beralkohol "Kasegaran" Mengeluarkan Uap Alkohol dan kabut asap terjadi penguapan alkohol mengeluarkan senyawa organik dan anorganik yang akan tersuspensi bersama senyawa kimia lainnya ke udara yang akan dihirup oleh orang-orang yang berada di lokasi pabrik dan berada di sekitaran lokasi pabrik akan mengalami pusing-pusing dan mual-mual. Begitu juga selama Dalam proses memasak maka tungku tersebut mengeluarkan asap yang berubah menjadi kabut asap yang menyelimuti seluruh pabrik dan wilayah sekitarnya. Kabut asap tersebut mengandung CO2 (carbondioksida) yang jika dihirup akan mengakibatkan orang-orang akan mengalami sesak napas.Akibat pelanggaran Yang dilakukan oleh pihak perusahaan Pabrik Minuman beralkohol "Kasegaran" yang beroperasi di tengah-tengah pusat kota telah mengakibatkan beberapa orang murid Sekolah menengah Pertama (SMP) Garuda mengalami sakit akibat keracunan Toksik yang di keluarkan oleh Proses pengolahan Minuman beralkohol tersebut. Serta mengganggu kesehatan lingkungan yang berakibat terganggunya kesehatan masyarakat disekitar lokasi pabrik.Kata Kunci : Dampak Pabrik Kasegaran, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Kesehatan Masyarakat

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; The performance of the global routing system is vital to thousands of entities operating the Autonomous Systems (ASes) which make up the Internet. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is currently responsible for the exchange of reachability information and the selection of paths according to their specified routing policies. BGP thus enables traffic to flow from any point to another connected to the Internet. The manner traffic flows if often influenced by entities in the Internet according to their preferences. The latter are implemented in the form of routing policies by tweaking BGP configurations. Routing policies are usually complex and aim to achieve a myriad goals, including technical, economic and political purposes. Additionally, individual network managers need to permanently adapt to the interdomain routing changes and, by engineering the Internet traffic, optimize the use of their network. Despite the flexibility offered, the implementation of routing policies is a complicated process in itself, involving fine-tuning operations. Thus, it is an error-prone task and operators might end up with faulty configurations that impact the efficacy of their strategies or, more importantly, their revenues. Withal, even when correctly defining legitimate routing policies, unforeseen interactions between ASes have been observed to cause important disruptions that affect the global routing system. The main reason behind this resides in the fact that the actual inter-domain routing is the result of the interplay of many routing policies from ASes across the Internet, possibly bringing about a different outcome than the one expected. In this thesis, we perform an extensive analysis of the intricacies emerging from the complex netting of routing policies at the interdomain level, in the context of the current operational status of the Internet. Abundant implications on the way traffic flows in the Internet arise from the convolution of routing policies at a global scale, at times resulting in ASes using suboptimal ill-favored paths or in the undetected propagation of configuration errors in routing system. We argue here that monitoring prefix visibility at the interdomain level can be used to detect cases of faulty configurations or backfired routing policies, which disrupt the functionality of the routing system. We show that the lack of global prefix visibility can offer early warning signs for anomalous events which, despite their impact, often remain hidden from state of the art tools. Additionally, we show that such unintended Internet behavior not only degrades the efficacy of the routing policies implemented by operators, causing their traffic to follow ill-favored paths, but can also point out problems in the global connectivity of prefixes. We further observe that majority of prefixes suffering from limited visibility at the interdomain level is a set of more-specific prefixes, often used by network operators to fulfill binding traffic engineering needs. One important task achieved through the use of routing policies for traffic engineering is the control and optimization of the routing function in order to allow the ASes to engineer the incoming traffic. The advertisement of more-specific prefixes, also known as prefix deaggregation, provides network operators with a fine-grained method to control the interdomain ingress traffic, given that the longest-prefix match rule over-rides any other routing policy applied to the covering lessspecific prefixes. Nevertheless, however efficient, this traffic engineering tool comes with a cost, which is usually externalized to the entire Internet community. Prefix deaggregation is a known reason for the artificial inflation of the BGP routing table, which can further affect the scalability of the global routing system. Looking past the main motivation for deploying deaggregation in the first place, we identify and analyze here the economic impact of this type of strategy. We propose a general Internet model to analyze the effect that advertising more-specific prefixes has on the incoming transit traffic burstiness. We show that deaggregation combined with selective advertisements (further defined as strategic deaggregation) has a traffic stabilization side-effect, which translates into a decrease of the transit traffic bill. Next, we develop a methodology for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to monitor general occurrences of deaggregation within their customer base. Furthermore, the ISPs can detect selective advertisements of deaggregated prefixes, and thus identify customers which may impact the business of their providers. We apply the proposed methodology on a complete set of data including routing, traffic, topological and billing information provided by an operational ISP and we discuss the obtained results. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Telemática ; Presidente: Arturo Azcorra Saloña.- Secretario: Steffano Vissichio.- Vocal: Kc. Claffy

Здоровґя нації в наш час розглядають як показник цивілізованості країни. Здоровґя саме студентів особливо важливе, тоді як по оцінкам спеціалістів, приблизно 75% хвороб у дорослих є наслідком умов життя в дитинстві та в молоді роки. Студенти складають особливу соціальну групу, об'єднану специфічними умовами навчальної праці та життя. Низький рівень стану здоров'я студентів диктує необхідність пошуку шляхів підвищення потенціалу здоров'я студентської молоді. Певною мірою це може бути здійснено через освіту, просвітництво, спрямоване на формування культури здоров'я, особливо у сьогоднішніх сту-дентів-медиків, а завтра лікарів. Вісник проблем біології і медицини 2014 Вип. 3, Том 1 (110) 373Здоровье нации в наше время рассматривают как показатель цивилизованности страны. Здоровье именно студентов особенно важно, тогда как по оценкам специалистов, примерно 75 % болезней у взрослых является следствием условий жизни в детстве и в молодые годы. Студенты составляют особую социальную группу, объединенную специфическими условиями учебной работы и жизни. Низкий уровень состояния здоровья студентов диктует необходимость поиска путей повышения потенциала здоровья студенческой молодежи. Во многом это может быть осуществлено через образование, просвещение, направленное на формирование культуры здоровья, особенно у сегодняшних студентов-медиков, а завтра врачей.Health and healthy lifestyle quality prerequisite for future fulfillment of the young people, their active longevity, the ability to create a family and complex educational and professional works, social, political and creative activity. In the last decade, the global health science problem annexed from the range of global problems whose solution determines not only quantitative but also qualitative characteristics of the future of humanity and the fact that its continued existence as a species. The strategy of maintaining health care is at the sighting of the United Nations and its specialized unit the World Health Organization (WHO) and reflected in such documents as the "Universal Declaration of Health", "Health 21. Policy framework achievement of the health for all, in the European Region" According to modern concepts of health should not be seen as merely a medical problem. Summary data of numerous studies, depending on various health determinants show that the state health care system only makes an average of about 10% of all complex effects on the body, the other 90% the environment, heredity, living conditions (driving mode, a balanced diet, bad habits, conditions of work and rest) and others. Health of the nation nowadays considered as an indicator of civilized countries. Students Health is particularly important, whereas the estimates of experts, about 75% of illnesses in adults are the result of living conditions in childhood and youth. Students make up a particular social group, united by the specific conditions of academic work and life. Low levels of students health dictates the need to find ways to improve the capacity of their health. To some extent this can be achieved through education, aimed at creating a culture of health, especially in today's medical students. The restructuring of the student body to the new social conditions is an active mobilization, and depletion of natural reserves of the body and as a result disruption of the process of adaptation and development of a number of diseases. All the factors that affect the health of students can be divided into two groups: 1. Objective related to the organization of living conditions (duration of training the day, the density of the load due to the schedule, meals and its regularity, sufficient sleep and its size, physical activity, etc.). 2. Subjective, personal characteristics (organization and discipline, motivation of the healthy lifestyle, maintaining a daily regimen, the presence of bad habits, physical cultural identity formation and implementation of active component). It is obvious that the educational system can and should be immune barrier maintaining individual health and promote a culture of health students. Despite the considerable attention of scientists, physicians, educators, theorists, physical education, technology is creating a culture of care is developed enough. Not the ways of effectively maintaining the health of students through the process of self-discovery, purposeful behavior changes. Poorly understood ways of forming students' dominant health; Fashion for a healthy lifestyle. Thus health may act as the leading factor that determines not only the harmonious development of the young person, but also the success of the development of the profession of health professionals, the fruitfulness of his future profession. The assignment problem maintaining the health of students to the priorities of public and social development determines the relevance of theoretical and practical pedagogical development, the need for deployment of relevant research and the development of methodological and organizational approaches to building a culture of health in healthcare system.

LGBT/Q film festivals are an integral part of the social practice of queer film culture. They are places where social, political and economic discourses intersect and where LGBT/Q identities, representation through film, definitions of queer cinema, community and global queer politics are negotiated. The festivals themselves are constantly responding to the changing surroundings and demands from stakeholders such as their audience base, the communities they want to serve, and economic and political stakeholders. The versatile, ever evolving form of the festival speaks to its performative formation. Therefore, the concepts of performativity, the performative and performance lend themselves to the analysis of the mechanisms and processes at play there. This study, situated at the intersection of film and media studies, sociology and queer theory, builds its arguments on the interdisciplinary field of film festival studies, and sets out to argue for the value of applying the concepts of the performative, performativity and performance to the study of film festivals in general, and LGBT/Q film festivals in particular. As the discussion of the concepts in chapter 1 show, the performative as developed by Austin in language philosophy and its further transposition to performativity in the theorizations of philosophy and literature by Derrida, for gender/queer theory by Butler, and performance for ethnography by Turner, and in theater/performance studies by Fischer-Lichte and McKenzie provides a versatile analytical arsenal for the analysis of film festivals. At the same time it is highly compatible with other existing concepts and theorizations such as event, public sphere, and networks and flows that have already been canonically applied to festival studies. In chapter 2, I mobilize the historical dimension of the performative to discuss the formation of LGBT/Q film festivals and their circuit. There, I sketch out the historical development of the LGBT/Q film festival while paying attention also to the larger social, political, geographic, and economic contexts. The discursive historiography is accompanied by an empirical one, where I analyze the growth pattern and global spread of the LGBT/Q film festival circuit. Along with the global perspective, a discussion of US-American (Frameline, NewFest, MIX NYC), German (Lesbisch Schwule Filmtage Hamburg, Verzaubert, Berlinale Teddy Award) and Austrian (identities) case studies provides further depth in understanding the evolution of the festivals and the circuit. Having drawn a broad picture of the circuit in chapter 3, I zoom in to look at a number of specific incidents of disruption and boycotts as case studies to unravel the different layers in which LGBT/Q film festivals as instances of queer film culture are performed (or failed). In this chapter I mobilize mainly perspectives of performativity and performance from ethnography and performance studies. These are put in synch with concepts such as public spheres, audience address, and event culture in three steps: selection, exhibition, and reception. Under the heading of selection, I discuss the performance of queer cinema as it becomes visible in the practices of selection of films and their programming at LGBT/Q film festivals. There I discuss various processes involved in programming, ranging from pre-selection, to screening committees, to programming strategies. Two historical incidents from the history of Frameline, the "Lesbian Riot" and the "Genderator" incident, serve as examples of how programming directly interrelates with identity negotiations. In the section on exhibition, I turn to the performative architecture of an LGBT/Q film festival by shedding light on the event itself, which follows specific scripts and rituals. In the last section on reception, I look at the corresponding side of these processes and look at the audience. Here, I discuss the formation of a counterpublic sphere, audience address, and the specific reception context of a festival. Two further festival boycotts are presented to analyze how LGBT/Q film festivals operate as queer counterpublic spheres that activists utilize for political intervention. The last section discusses the communal experience of collective viewing and the impact on the formation of a festival community. With this take on audiences, community and reception contexts, the chapter returns to the question of how LGBT/Q film festivals are an integral part of the practices of queer film culture, which was raised in the introduction. In the concluding outlook to the study I propose three further research trajectories. While the study mostly relied on conceptions of performativity and performance in the sense developed in ethnography, gender/queer theory and performance studies, another aspect of performance can be productively brought to bear on the subject of (LGBT/Q) film festivals: performance in the economic sense of efficiency and achievement.