Suchergebnisse

The prohibition of indiscriminate attacks, which encompasses either 'indiscriminate attacks' stricto sensu and the so-called 'disproportionate attacks', is at the heart of the law governing the conduct of hostilities, as it aims to implement two cardinal principles of international humanitarian law (ihl), distinction and proportionality. This contribution examines the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty) establishing the individual criminal responsibility for indiscriminate attack. The author considers the possible rationale to illustrate why the icty has never adjudicated neither indiscriminate attacks nor disproportionate attacks per se, as separate, autonomous offences under customary international law. It is submitted that a possible reason to explain the prudency of the icty judges when dealing with the crime of indiscriminate attack is that from an international criminal law perspective it is more than a challenge to apply these ihl principles of distinction and proportionality. The author contends that the icty jurisprudence that practically examined the principle of prohibiting indiscriminate attacks by means of unlawful conventional weapons confirm such difficulties. In particular, because the icty failed to fully clarify to what extent an attack by means of indiscriminate and/or inaccurate weapons violating fundamental principles of the conduct of hostilities, such as distinction and proportionality, may amount to the crime of indiscriminate attack.

The article "The Islamic State phenomenon in the framework of the political changes in the Middle East" is dedicated to the "Islamic State", one of the most powerful and dangerous extremist organizations. Author realizes in this article: research of the genesis and causes of appearance of the movement "Islamic State"; analysis of the sociopolitical and geopolitical situation of the Iraqi Sunni community after the American invasion of 2003; bringing to the light factors of the high scale propagation of the Islamic extremism in Syria and Iraq; research of the military and political potential of the "Islamic State" and factors which could impede its expansion. Author considers "Islamic State" as an emergent phenomenon giving huge impact on the political situation in the Middle East. It provoked repartition of the old frontiers existed since the Sykes-Pico treaty of 1916. To the author's opinion oppression of the Iraqi Sunni community by the government of Nuri al-Maliki was the main cause of the Sunni revolt in Summer of 2014. Sunni tribes of Northern Iraq and former Baath party members were the driving forces of the revolt but then Jihadi extremists hijacked this revolt. To the author's mind elimination of the "Islamic State" is impossible without reconciliation between various religious communities in Syria and Iraq.

Features of the American global war on terror, with its Guantánamo Bay and other secret prisons, where captured detainees are kept outside the national rule of law and international conventions, are being emulated by European democracies, which introduce similar illegal concepts and practices into their penal policies. Now an enthusiastic partner of the US in the war on terror, the Belgian state, fractured internally by the linguistic and regional divide and incapable of finding solutions to the economic crisis, has followed the US in its justice and penal policies. The author charts the erosion of liberal principles within justice policies, from the abandonment of Belgium's law on universal jurisdiction to the introduction of anti-terror laws and measures; a cooperation agreement with Morocco; and the cavalier attitude to evidence extracted under torture. He examines the significance of the extradition to the US of Tunisian national Nizar Trabelsi. Belgian penal policy has U-turned, especially since the moral panic over child molester and killer Marc Dutroux, and now prisons are massively overcrowded as punishments are ratcheted up. The author argues that the reason for Belgium's apparent subservience to the US and NATO, and its move to punitive prison policies, lies in its wish to retain its central role within European institutions as it struggles to maintain economic and political stability.

Millennials are defined by their savvy integration of digital communication technologies and by their seamless incorporation of difference that has been communicated through formal policies and multicultural representations. Although diverse media platforms and people appear commonplace within the millennial milieu, this generation still faces what Amiri Baraka describes as the changing same. The changing cultural landscape has not drastically shifted power relations nor has it dramatically transformed how we mediate blackness under postrace. This article will examine the real and imagined body of the slain Florida teen Trayvon Martin, particularly how his body has animated White racial humor and rage, and has activated a new civil rights movement informed by hip hop. The Florida-based author will situate Martin within the post-hip-hop generation and address state policies policing Martin and other Black youth. Vaudevillian blackface minstrelsy as a form of race play will provide a historical backdrop for a discussion about new media blackness, such as mobile gaming, and social media postcards of theme parties and race-planking called trayvoning. The author not only will address Martin as a specific site to project of collective racial longing but will also point to ways minoritized Y'ers are a part of the collective new dream defenders to challenge racial terror today.

The Aegean island of Lesvos is one of the gateways that refugees and undocumented border crossers use for entering European territory. This study deals with two phenomena related to border crossings on Lesvos: first, the efforts of those arriving to be placed in the status of 'administrative detention' in order to receive an expulsion order and then be able to continue their journey; and, second, the activity of the local solidarity network, which initially established an open reception centre for refugees and undocumented immigrants under the umbrella of the civil society, until some activists agreed to put this project under the jurisdiction of the state authorities. In reflecting on these developments, the author addresses two major issues: first, immigration imprisonment as a facet of 'positive power' in the Foucauldian sense, and the possible relationship of the latter to grassroots humanitarian commitment; and, second, specific facets of the current paradigm of immigration imprisonment that can help explain why detention may be interpreted as a right by refugees and immigrants. The author argues that the humanitarianism that arises in the interface of surveillance and the provision of care demonstrates post-bureaucratic features; and further, that the strategy pursued by refugees and undocumented immigrants shows how limited their scope is for asserting any rights, given the intensified augmentation of border surveillance worldwide.

Background: For much of the last 40 years, the evaluation profession has been consumed in a battle over internal validity. Today, that battle has been decided. Random assignment, while still far from universal in practice, is almost universally acknowledged as the preferred method for impact evaluation. It is time for the profession to shift its attention to the remaining major flaws in the "standard model" of evaluation: (i) external validity and (ii) the high cost and low hit rate of experimental evaluations as currently practiced. Recommendations: To raise the profession's attention to external validity, the author recommends some simple, easy steps to be taken in every evaluation. The author makes two recommendations to increase the number of interventions found to be effective within existing resources: First, a two-stage evaluation strategy in which a cheap, streamlined Stage 1 evaluation is followed by a more intensive Stage 2 evaluation only for those interventions found to be effective in a Stage 1 trial and, second, use of random assignment to guide the myriad program management decisions that must be made in the course of routine program operations. This article is not intended as a solution to these issues: It is intended to stimulate the evaluation community to take these issues more seriously and to develop innovative solutions.

This paper provides to the explanation of Russian peculiarities of excess mortality among young adults. Social and economic crises of the 1990s exerted a negative effect on the demographic processes in Russia of that time. The greatest increase in mortality was observed among young adults. The long-term effects of economic and social changes have also influenced the dynamics of mortality in post-crisis generations. The fact has conditioned the Russian peculiarities of mortality among young adults. The paper presents the results of the study which explains the phenomenon of excess mortality in young adults and shows the Russian peculiarities of mortality. The author identifies the changes in age limits of excess mortality among young adults, connected with the negative dynamics of mortality within the generation of the 1970s compared with neighbouring generations. To confirm the hypothesis that the dynamics of mortality in the generation of the 1970s will be a long-term one the author resorts to APC (Age, Period, Cohort) analysis. The study confirms the high importance of the cohort effect on mortality among the generation of the 1970s. This generation is most vulnerable to mortality and shows lower rates of decline in mortality in recent years as compared to other generations. If the trend of mortality continues, the aging generation of the 1970s will increase the negative impact on further rise in anticipated life expectancy.

This paper analyses Michael Freeden's thesis that essentially contested concepts become decontested in the field of ideology. Freeden claims that ideologies are the bridge between determinacy and indeterminacy of concepts. He relates decontested concepts to determinacy by introducing the concept of power, arguing that power wielders can make concepts decontested. The first part of this paper analyses the relationship between ideologies and essentially contested concepts. In the second part, the author questions the conditions of the decontested concept of power. The author argues that even if ideologies could serve as decontesting fields, the concept of power cannot make other concepts decontested. ; Tekst analizira tezu Majkl Fridena da suštinski sporni pojmovi, kada su u polju ideologije, postaju izvan-sporni. Fridenova teza jeste da su ideologije most između determinisanosti značenja pojmova i njihove neodređenosti. Proces izvan-sporenja, kojim se pojmovi vraćaju u okvire determinisanosti, Friden vezuje za pojam moći, odnosno, daje argument u prilog teze da onaj ko poseduje moć ima sposobnost da učini pojmove izvan-spornim. U prvom delu rada, analizira se odnos ideologija i suštinski spornih pojmova. U drugom delu rada, autor ispituje uslove pod kojima pojam moći nije suštinski sporan. Autor daje argument da iako ideologije pružaju određene mogućnosti za izvan-spornost, sam pojam moći nema mogućnost da čini druge pojmove izvan-spornim.

In the article the author examines the challenges related to the increasing role of the mass media in the modern world. Two contrary approaches to the role of mass media in the modern world are being reviewed: the liberal and the postmodernist one. Based on the critical analysis of the most accredited ideologists of postmodernism, who most critically and thoroughly observed all aspects of the emergence of information society and its effect on the political life and political consciousness, she unveils the role of the mass media, points out the new opportunities for media-manipulation that have become apparent in the post-industrial society. The author examines key features related to the increase in the role of the mass media, which encompass: modern world as hyper-reality and "spectacle", appearance of new ways of delivering information to society, uncritical perception of information by the public, "depolitisation" of politics and upsurge of yellow press and "entertaining" media, new opportunities of government control via mass-media, fight for mass-media ownership. These features indicate that today mass media are not only the tool of reflecting the reality, but also of shaping it. They become one of the ways of shaping and influencing public consciousness and a true "fourth power".

The article on base of the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the draft amendments to the fourth part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and specialized legal literature analyzes a special case of limiting an exclusive author's right to work — free use of works by reproduction. The author pays special attention to the analysis of problems encountered in the regulation of such relations in the Russian Federation, highlights the prospective of development of legislation in this sphere. In particular, the author concludes on expediency of certain changes in the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the light of changes in scientific and technological development of society today. ; В анализируется отдельный случай ограничения исключительного права на произведение — свободное использование произведений путем репродуцирования, определяются перспективы правового регулирования отношений в этой области. ; У статті на базі чинного Цивільного кодексу РФ, проекту змін четвертої частини Цивільного кодексу РФ і спеціалізованої юридичної літератури проаналізовано окремий випадок обмеження виключного права автора на твір — вільне використання творів шляхом репродукування. Автором приділено окрему увагу аналізу проблем, що виникають у процесі регулювання відповідних відносин у РФ, висвітлено перспективи розвитку законодавства в цій галузі. Зокрема, автор дійшов висновку щодо доцільності внесення певних змін у норми Цивільного кодексу РФ з огляду на зміни у науково-технічному розвитку суспільства на сучасному етапі.

In the current article the author examines main theoretical provisions upon which modern researches in the sphere of Europeanization are based. Present study covers both historical as well as purely scientific origins of the theory of Europeanization. The author analyses state of contemporary research on the issue of Europeanization and studies principal theoretical approaches to its research. Two models, fully equipped with the tools for explanation of the Europeanization effects, which were shaped as part of new institutionalism are being discerned and critically reviewed. ; В представленной работе рассмотрены основные теоретические положения, на которых базируются современные исследования европеизации; в ней освещены как исторические, так и сугубо научные истоки теории европеизации. Был проведен анализ современных исследований, посвященных проблемам европеизации, рассмотрены основные теоретические подходы к ее изучению. Автор выделяет и критически переосмысливает две модели, которые сформировались в рамках неоинституционализма, каждая из которых обладает собственным инструментарием для пояснения эффектов европеизации. ; В представленій роботі розглянуто основні теоретичні засади, на яких базуються сучасні дослідження європеїзації; висвітлено як історичні, так і суто наукові витоки теорії європеїзації. Проведено аналіз сучасних досліджень, присвячених проблемам європеїзації, розглянуто основні теоретичні підходи до її вивчення. Автор виділяє й критично переосмислює дві моделі, що сформувались в рамках неоінституціоналізму, кожна з власним інструментарієм для пояснення ефектів європеїзації.

В статье раскрывается сущность двух проектов глобализации, ожесточенная конкуренция которых пришлась на большую часть XX столетия. Либеральному проекту, основанному на экономической свободе, ограничении государственного вмешательства, противостоял социалистический проект, где ставка делалась на коллективную собственность, обеспечивающую социальную справедливость. Автор статьи выявляет общие идейно-философские корни обоих проектов, отмечая их совместную склонность к универсализму и игнорированию национально-культурных различий, что в тех или иных ситуациях может служить их сильной или, наоборот, слабой стороной. Несмотря на победу либерального проекта над социалистическим, автор статьи не исключает в будущем чередование этих проектов по ходу человеческой историиIn the article there was discovered the essence of two projects of globalization, strong competitiveness of which came on the large part of XX century. The liberal project based on the economic freedom, limiting the government interference, resisted the socialist project, where the focus is put on the collective ownership that ensures social justice. The author of the article reveals the general ideal-philosophic roots of both projects marking their joint tend to universality and ignoring of national-cultural differences that in some situations can serve as their weak or strong side. Despite on the victory of liberal project under social, the author of the article does not include in future the alternation of these projects in the course of human history

В статье рассматриваются религиозные чувства как объект уголовно-правовой охраны. Анализируется зарубежное законодательство, ре-шения Европейского Суда по правам человека, рекомендации Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН, посвященные борьбе против диффамации религий. Выделе-ны признаки деяний, оскорбляющих религиозные чувства граждан. Поднима-ется вопрос о защите культурных ценностей, имеющих религиозный харак-тер. Приведены зарубежные и международные документы, которые показы-вают, что религиозные чувства верующих далеко не абстрактное понятие. Формы их защиты выработаны многими странами, а практика Европейского Суда по правам человека сформировала правовой инструментарий, который может (и должен) использоваться российскими законодателями и правопри-менителями. ; This article discusses the religious feelings of the object of criminal law protection. Author analyzes the foreign legislation, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the recommendations of the General Assembly of the UN devoted to combating defamation of religions. Author mark signs of acts that of-fend the religious feelings of citizens. The question of protection of the cultural values having religious character is brought up. Forms of protection of religious feelings of believers are developed by many countries, and practice of the Europe-an Court of Human Rights created legal tools which can (and it has to) to be used by the Russian legislators and law enforcement officials.

Individual bankruptcy, as a procedure of preferential bankruptcy procedure reserved for natural person, often leads to problems in application, which are a consequence of not understanding theessence of the institute or often bad implementation of application instruments, where all of this then leads to paradoxical inability to apply the institute. This paper will emphasize the basic problems which appear when the subject of the bankruptcy procedure is a natural person. Author will analyze it through the problem of insolvency of individuals and factual inability to realize payment of creditors. It will be analyzed based on the following aspects: this matter is unregulated in Serbian law; then a comparative overview of the issue of the position of an insolvent artisan in Croatian law, and the issue of abuse of rights which are used by the citizens of EU through the institute "bankruptcy tourism". Based on this comparative analysis, the author will try to provide suggestions with the goal of progress of at least partial payment of the creditors by the individual debtor in the bankruptcy process. This Article will provide specific suggestions which the future legislation of Serbia should deal with, and which will be based on the critical overview of the foreseeninstitute of individual bankruptcy in Croatian law, which is not used in practice.

In the first part of this essay, the author describes the regulatory regime governing the issuance of opinions by the Supervising Agency of the Government Procurement (OSCE) in Peru. In the second, there is a series of interpretative elements of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE that were provided by the legislature and that institution. The third is a review of the doctrinarian characteristics that defined the institution of the Administrative Advisory Service. And finally, in the fourth part, the author proposes an interpretation of the meaning and scope of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE, with focus on their application across the various stages of government procurement in Peru. ; En la primera parte de este artículo se describe el régimen normativo que regula la emisión de opiniones por parte del Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado en el Perú. En la segunda, se recogen una serie de elementos interpretativos del carácter vinculante que el legislador nacional le ha dado a esas opiniones. La tercera hace una revisión de las características con que la doctrina define a la Función Administrativa Consultiva. Y en la cuarta, finalmente, se propone una interpretación del sentido y alcance del carácter vinculante de las opiniones, con especial énfasis en su aplicación durante las diversas etapasde la contratación pública en el Perú.