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This paper brings the notion of translation into dialogue with the growing literature on international hierarchies and the historical origins of the modern international order. Leveraging on the writings of Karl Marx, I draw parallels between the exchange of commodities and the translation of linguistic signs in order to unmask the inequalities and asymmetries that pervade the practice of translation. I then deploy these theoretical insights to illuminate the global constitution of the modern international order. In this Marx-inspired reading, the modern international order is cast as the 'universal equivalent' that has crystallized out of the asymmetries and contradictions that pervaded the global political economy of conceptual exchange in the long 19th century. As universal equivalent, the modern international order effectively functions as the socially recognized 'metalanguage' that undergirds the miracle of global translatability and makes international/interlingual relations possible on a global scale. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the analysis for the future of international/interlingual hierarchies and world order.

AbstractThis qualitative research documents the educational strategies of international migrants to Shanghai who are attempting to raise their children as cosmopolitans through immersion in local Chinese schools. We distinguish this localizing educational strategy from the established network of international schools designed to serve the families of corporate expatriates. Instead, our research subjects consist of self‐initiated expatriates, or 'middling transnationals', who have chosen to prioritize immersion in the language and culture of China by sending their children to local schools. This localized, or Sinocentric, model exposes non‐Chinese children to a challenging and nationalistic Chinese curriculum. Our analysis of these practices as a form of cosmopolitan education challenges both the goal of teaching a universal and placeless ethical cosmopolitanism and the assumption that a meaningful cosmopolitan education must take place in the idealized setting of a liberal cosmopolitan school system. We also highlight the difficulties families face in this approach, describing this as an 'entangled cosmopolitanism', an enriching but uncomfortable engagement with both local and home‐country educational cultures.

Part 2: The History of Computing and Its Meaning for the Future ; International audience ; The popular understanding of the invention of the Internet is that it was the work of researchers in the United States working in relative isolation. However, the Internet is about connection, and so its success required the independently developed networks of the international community. By analyzing early network development in politically isolated Poland toward the end of the Cold War, one sees development concurrent to the development of the Internet but separated technologically through CoCom trade embargoes. By analyzing information technology periodicals, FidoNet newsletters, and other sources, a number of projects have been identified: data distribution over radio and the use of computer networks to protest communist propaganda. In addition to these amateur efforts, we learned about commercial products and academic research. While these efforts were not successful in a conventional sense, they do demonstrate how the computer industry and network research in Poland played an important role despite the political restrictions.

In this paper, we develop a politico-economic model to analyze the relationship between the mode of international investment and institutional quality in a non-democratic capital importing country. Foreign investors from a capital-rich North can either purchase productive assets in a capital-poor South and transfer their capital within integrated multinational firms or they can form joint ventures with local asset owners. The South is ruled by an autocratic elite that may use its political power to expropriate productive assets. In a joint venture, the domestic asset owner bears the risk of expropriation, whereas in an integrated firm, this risk affects the foreign investor. This effect lowers the incentives for specific investments in an integrated firm and distorts the decision between joint ventures and integrated production. By setting the institutional framework in the host country, the elite influences the risk of expropriation. We determine the equilibrium risk of expropriation in this framework and the resulting pattern of international production. We also analyze as to how globalization, which is reflected in a decline in investment costs, influences institutional quality.

In this paper, we develop a politico-economic model to analyze the relationship between the mode of international investment and institutional quality in a non-democratic capital importing country. Foreign investors from a capital-rich North can either purchase productive assets in a capital-poor South and transfer their capital within integrated multinational firms or they can form joint ventures with local asset owners. The South is ruled by an autocratic elite that may use its political power to expropriate productive assets. In a joint venture, the domestic asset owner bears the risk of expropriation, whereas in an integrated firm, this risk affects the foreign investor. This effect lowers the incentives for specific investments in an integrated firm and distorts the decision between joint ventures and integrated production. By setting the institutional framework in the host country, the elite in uences the risk of expropriation. We determine the equilibrium risk of expropriation in this framework and the resulting pattern of international production. We also analyze as to how globalization, which is reflected in a decline in investment costs, in influences institutional quality.

chapter 1 Introduction. Liberalism and the Emergence of IR -- chapter 2 Precursors to Angell and Mitrany: Nineteenth Century Liberal Roads to Peace -- chapter 3 The International Thought of Norman Angell: From the Great Illusion to the Public Mind -- chapter 4 Mitrany and the Emergence of the Functional Approach -- chapter 5 The Inter-War Realist-'Idealist' Great Debate. Real or Imagined? -- chapter 6 Angell and Mitrany in Retrospect: Perpetual Peace and the Problems of Reason.

Claus Dieter Classen sucht die Kriterien für das erforderliche Niveau demokratischer Legitimation näher zu bestimmen. Er folgt der Leitidee, dass diese nur mit Blick auch auf das Rechtsstaatsprinzip, konkret das Gebot der Sicherung möglichst sachgerechter Entscheidungen entwickelt werden können. Im internationalen Kontext kommt die "offene Staatlichkeit" hinzu. Wie dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann, muss primär der Gesetzgeber entscheiden. Die Konsequenz ist, dass die herkömmliche Vorstellung, die demokratische Legitimation im Bereich der Verwaltung könne vor allem über die hierarchisch organisierte Ministerialverwaltung sichergestellt werden, sich so als korrekturbedürftig erweist - und zwar nicht nur im Bereich der Selbstverwaltung, für den sich das Bundesverfassungsgericht schon bislang großzügig gezeigt hat. Vielmehr kann etwa auch im Übrigen gesellschaftlicher Sachverstand in die staatliche Entscheidungsfindung einbezogen werden - ohne dass man deswegen, wie dies häufig geschieht, das Legitimationssubjekt, das als solches verfasste Staatsvolk, in Frage stellen muss

International Exposure demonstrates the wealth of desires woven into the fabric of European history: desires about empire and nation, about self and other, about plenty and dearth. By documenting the diverse meanings of pornography, senior scholars from across disciplines show the ways that sexuality became central to the individual, to the nation, and to the transnational character of modern society. The ten essays in the volume engage a rich array of topics, inc

International institutions increasingly affect each other's development, maintenance and effectiveness. Research so far has merely focused on the issue of effectiveness and broader consequences. The paper argues firstly that theoretical progress could be promoted by integrating variables explaining the formation and maintenance of international institutions into a dynamic model of institutional interplay. Secondly, research ought to be extended to institutions governing issue areas like trade, finance, and security as well as their respective interactions. Thirdly, East Asia is a highly interesting region regarding regime interaction, since regional cooperation is slowly but steadily evolving in different issue areas as a reaction to institutional operations on the global level of governance. ; Das Zusammenspiel von internationalen Institutionen beeinflusst in immer höheren Maße ihre Entwicklung, Aufrechterhaltung und Effektivität. Die Erforschung dieser Interaktionen hat sich bislang jedoch weitgehend auf Folgen für die Effektivität der involvierten Institutionen und die weitergehenden Policy-Konsequenzen beschränkt. Deshalb soll es in diesem Arbeitspapier erstens darum gehen, Grundzüge eines dynamischen Analysemodells zu entwerfen, mit dem auch die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von institutionellen Interaktionen erklärt werden kann. Zweitens empfiehlt es sich, die empirische Interaktions-Forschung auf internationale Politikfelder wie Handel, Finanzen und Sicherheit auszuweiten. Drittens und letztens ist Ostasien ein geeignetes Forschungsfeld, da sich hier regionale Institutionen in verschiedenen Politikbereichen u. a. als Reaktion auf die Interaktion mit globalen Regimen herausbilden.