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This article explores the conception of realism by political science scholar Hans Morgenthau and his contribution to the scientific study of international politics in the U.S. Morgenthau's stress on the centrality of the national interest was important in the U.S. context for what it denied: that states should follow either sub-national or supra-national interests. As central to the analysis as the national interest was power. Perhaps his most famous sentence is that the main signpost that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. Morgenthau's conception of realism does not lead to specific policy prescriptions or detailed propositions for empirical research.

This paper examines the recent move towards a new regime of international relations & international security from a discourse analytical perspective, focusing on speeches by Tony Blair. I shall discuss how Blair has contributed to the emergence of a new hegemonic discourse of international relations & international security in speeches given between 2000 & 2003. Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

Does leader age matter for the likelihood of interstate conflict? Many studies in biology, psychology, and physiology have found that aggression tends to decline with age throughout the adult lifespan, particularly in males. Moreover, a number of major international conflicts have been attributed to young leaders, including the conquests of Alexander the Great and the ambitious military campaigns of Napoleon. However, the exact nature of the relationship between leader age and international conflict has been difficult to study because of the endogeneity problem. Leaders do not come to power randomly. Rather, many domestic and international factors influence who becomes the leader of a country, and some of these factors could correlate with the chances of interstate conflict. For instance, wary democratic publics might favor older leaders when future international conflict seems likely, inducing a relationship between older leaders and interstate conflict. This article overcomes such confounding by using a regression discontinuity design. Specifically, it looks at close elections of national leaders who had large differences in age. It finds that when older candidates barely defeated younger ones, countries were much less likely to engage in military conflict. Its sample is also fairly representative of democracies more broadly, meaning that the findings likely hold true for cases outside the sample. The results demonstrate the important role that individuals play in shaping world politics. They also illustrate the value of design-based inference for learning about important questions in the study of international relations and peace science.

En pocas ocasiones se brinda a los geógrafos la posibilidad de que sus investigaciones orienten las actuaciones políticas, conjugando academia y praxis. Por ello, la firma de un convenio entre el Parlamento de Canarias y las dos universidades del archipiélago, creando un grupo de expertos y una subcomisión parlamentaria para orientar las actuaciones políticas en la gestión de la inmigración, representó un hito en la acción de dichas instituciones. Para los investigadores, la oportunidad de poner en práctica una disciplina de profunda repercusión social. Para los parlamentarios, la posibilidad de fundamentar sus actuaciones legislativas en un basamento científica y socialmente acreditado. El análisis de esta iniciativa y del trabajo efectuado desde la perspectiva geográfica constituye el objeto de este artículo, planteado desde el convencimiento de que puede guiar otras iniciativas semejantes en las que ciencia y compromiso social estrechen sus vínculos, especialmente en el ámbito de las migraciones internacionales. ; Only seldom do geographers experience the possibility of effectively providing guidelines for policy makers, of bridging the gap that usually separates academia from praxis. The agreement signed between the Parliament of the Canary Islands and the Islands' two universities, setting up a group of experts and a parliamentary subcommittee in order to provide guidance for immigration policy-making, has been a landmark in the case of both academic institutions. The agreement has provided researchers with the opportunity to put an applied knowledge of widespread social impact into practice. Likewise, Members of Parliament have been offered the chance to base their policy-making on sound social and scientific foundations. The present paper analyses this initiative and the work undertaken from a geographical perspective, based on the authors' conviction that it might help other similar institutions to bring science and social commitment closer together, especially within the context of international migrations. ; Il est rarement offert aux géographes la possibilité d'orienter les actions politiques par leurs recherches en conjuguant académie et praxis. Or, la signature d'une convention entre le Parlement des Canaries et les deux universités de l'archipel, entraînant la création d'un groupe d'experts et d'une sous-commission parlementaire pour orienter les interventions politiques dans la gestion de l'immigration, a marqué un tournant dans l'action de ces institutions. Les chercheurs ont eu l'occasion de mettre en pratique une discipline d'une profonde répercussion sociale, et les parlementaires la possibilité d'asseoir leurs décisions législatives sur une base scientifiquement et socialement reconnue. Le but de cet article est d'analyser cette initiative et le travail effectué du point de vue géographique, dans la certitude qu'il peut servir de guide à d'autres initiatives semblables dans lesquelles la science et l'engagement social puissent resserrer leurs liens, en particulier dans le domaine des migrations internationales.

Front Matter -- Copyright Page -- Préface -- Preface -- Introduction -- Introduction -- Organisation et fonctionnement du Tribunal -- Organization and Functioning of the Tribunal -- Compétence -- Competence -- Procédure -- Procedure -- Activité judiciaire du Tribunal -- Judicial Work of the Tribunal -- Sessions et activités du Tribunal -- Sessions and Activities of the Tribunal -- Finances du Tribunal -- Finances of the Tribunal -- Privilèges et immunités -- Privileges and Immunities -- Biographies des Juges, du Greffier et de la Greffière adjointe -- Biographies of the Judges, the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar -- Bibliographie comprenant une sélection d'articles et d'ouvrages sur le règlement des différends relatifs au droit de la mer -- Select Bibliography on Settlement of Disputes Concerning the Law of the Sea -- Annexes -- Annexe I -- Annex I -- Annexe II -- Annex II -- Annexe III -- Annex III -- Annexe IV -- Annex IV -- Annexe V -- Annex V -- Annexe VI -- Annex VI.

AbstractWe analyze institutional solutions to international cooperation when actors have heterogeneous preferences over the desirability of the action and split into supporters and opponents, all of whom can spend resources toward their preferred outcome. We study how actors can communicate their preferences through voting when they are not bound either by their own vote or the outcome of the collective vote. We identify two organizational types with endogenous coercive enforcement and find that neither is unambiguously preferable. Like the solutions to the traditional Prisoners' Dilemma these forms require long shadows of the future to sustain. We then show that cooperation can be sustained through a noncoercive organization where actors delegate execution to an agent. Even though this institution is costlier, it does not require any expertise by the agent and is independent of the shadow of the future, and thus is implementable when the others are not.

Examines influence of behavior of domestic and international rival leaders on their foreign policy decision making; 1975-92, chiefly.

This book investigates the major internal and external pressures and constraints facing China as it enters the new century. It is widely recognised that in its capacity as a nuclear power and as a member of the UN's Security Council, China plays a major role in world politics. China is also a growing economic power, which according to some economists is projected to overtake the US 20 years from now. China has clearly emerged as the major power in the East Asian region and the major issues of contention in the region such as the tension on the Korean peninsula, the Taiwan issue and the conflic.