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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction: Domestic Institutions, Political Norms, and the Evolution of International Conflict -- 2. The Impact of Institutions and Norms in International Crises -- 3. International Disputes and the Evolution of Conflict -- 4. Institutional Constraint Versus Regime Type -- 5. Political Norms Versus Institutional Structures -- 6. Democratization and International Conflict -- 7. The Evolution of Conflicts, Institutions, and Norms: An Agent-Based Simulation -- 8. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index

"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Climate Change: Impacts & Responses, 7-8 April 2022. The conference featured research addressing the following special focus: "Responding to Climate Change as Emergency: Governing the Climate Emergency" and annual themes: The Nature of Evidence: Why the persistent challenge of universalizing evidence based approaches?; Assessing Impacts in Diverse Ecosystems: What are the impacts of climate change on natural environments in particular and universal views?; Human Impacts and Responsibility: How have we been agents of climate change, what does a politics of responsibility reveal?; Technical, Political, and Social Responses: How do scientists, technologies, policy makers, and community members respond to climate change?"--

The tax reform movement that swept the U.S., Great Britain, and most other industrialized nations during the last decade has focused attention on international comparisons of the cost of capital. More recently, international comparability has become a critical issue of tax harmonization. This is a vital concern in the European Community, as well as between Canada and the United States. This volume provides international comparisons of the cost of different types of capital for nine major industrialized countries--Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States--for the period 1980-1990. In the early 1980s the introduction of tax incentives for saving and investment gradually shifted the tax base from income toward consumption. By 1990 most of these special tax provisions had been reduced or repealed in order to lower tax rates and equalize the tax treatment of different forms of capital income. Income was firmly reestablished as the most appropriate basis for taxation. Separate chapters for each of the nine countries, written by leading experts in public economics, provide detailed accounts of tax policy changes over the decade. Each chapter contains a quantitative description of these tax policies and summarizes this information in the form of effective tax rates. The book thus serves as an indispensable reference for comparing capital income taxation in industrialized countries during a period of rapid policy change.

Accidents, earthquakes, arson, vandalism, theft, violence, bullying... All members of society agree that ensuring the safety and security of children in schools is a priority, but achieving this objective is not a given. The number of problems and threats facing schools from within and without is vast, and in some countries the range of incidents is increasing. In response, the variety of approaches used to confront these challenges in society and education is growing too. To help understand the issues facing schools today, the OECD and the United States Department of Education jointly organised an international conference.

Commercialization model of intellectual property products in a coordinated and integral unity with socio-economic mechanisms based on the best global achievements in this field is considered. A social, economic, and historical substantiation of general civilizational and unique features of the formation and development of venture management mechanisms for intellectual property is given. It is shown that formation of socio-economic foundations for innovative development of the country has been very difficult, painful, and contradictory. In the process of education and science system reforming, goals are sometimes replaced by means, reforms appear to be self-sufficient values; market economy levers, while being a way of the most complete satisfaction of individual creative needs, turn into their opposite. Traditional methods of managing scientific activity in the context of social instability do not contribute to creation of a climate and a space that would be conducive to scientific and technical work and based on the freedom of enterprise, which includes such components as creativity, risk appetite, independent choice of alternatives, self-initiative, business culture, and others. A scientifically based and technologized concept of transferring intellectual products is presented. It is proved that only by adequately comprehending the nature of venture business, having reliably determined its social, economic, and psychological parameters, its role in the socio-political and economic self-organization of society, one can possibly speak with some degree of predictability and foreseeability about effectively mainstreaming positive factors of an innovative breakthrough in Russia. ; peer-reviewed