Suchergebnisse

Das Forschungsvorhaben untersucht den Prozess der geplanten und realisierten Institutionalisierung von Partnerschaft und Familie unter dem Einfluss prekärerer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in Deutschland. Der Fokus ist dabei auf zentrale Entscheidungen in der Lebensführung von Paaren gerichtet, die zu einem höheren Verfestigungsgrad der Beziehung führen und für die sowohl die Möglichkeit einer langfristigen Planbarkeit als auch ein geringes Arbeitsmarktrisiko zuträglich sind. Dazu gehören Heirats- und Fertilltätsabsichten, aber auch hochbudgetierte Investitionsentscheidungen wie etwa der Erwerb einer Immobilie zur gemeinsamen Vermögensbildung. Im vorliegenden Bericht werden das Erhebungsdesign, Ausschöpfungsstatistiken, der Codeplan und die Randauszählungen aller Variablen dargestellt.

"Son preference is widespread in India and deep-rooted in its history. It is a matter of concern because it produces an imbalanced juvenile sex ratio. There are far fewer girls than boys. The figures vary greatly among the Indian states suggesting a major north-south gradient in son preference accompanied by a minor westeast gradient. The aim of this paper is to explain the regional pattern. We provide an application of the value of children-approach according to which the decision to have children is made on the calculus of benefits and costs related to children. In the light of the socioeconomic and sociocultural background in India, we propose that (potential) parents' expectations of benefits and costs are biased in favour of sons. This is suggested, therefore, as the key motivation for the preference for male offspring. However, region-specifics in the level of affluence, the educational level, the mode of production, the meaning and importance of religion, and the kinship regime are assumed to produce stronger son preference in north India compared to south India. This mediation-model is tested using the Indian sub-sample of the international Value of Children-study. Data were collected in Uttar Pradesh (northcentral India) and Puducherry (south-east India). Mothers aged 16 to 65 were interviewed in 2002 and 2010. Based on 1,173 respondents, a structural equation model was carried out to test the hypothesised composition effects related to the region and the mediating position of sex-specific benefits and costs. Initial findings confirm that the national son preference pattern is more likely to be found among north Indian mothers than south Indian mothers. As assumed, the sex-specific balance of benefits and costs contributes to the explanation of son preference. However, there is little evidence that the benefits and costs mediate between the region-specific socioeconomic and sociocultural profiles and son preference. Son preference is most pronounced among mothers of the north-urban sample after controlling for region-specific distributions of socioeconomic and sociocultural background variables. Variations in son preference across the regional sub-samples are partly explained by the respective background variables and the benefit and cost-structure. But independent regional effects continue to be significant and thus, a considerable part of the north-south gradient remains unclear." (author's abstract)

Different aspects of decisions regarding parenthood are analysed. From an institutional perspective, reconciliation policies and features of the female labour market are studied, as well as the values and life views that may affect the decision to become a parent. From a micro-perspective, a multivariate model of proportional hazards is created from the 2004-2007 Spanish EU-SILC, where likelihood of pregnancy is analysed according to specific employment, personal, and family situations. Results are not conclusive, because the Hypothesis of Fertility Positive Turn was not confirmed directly for cases with a steadier work status. However, educational level does have a continuous effect, that is, women with university degrees, and especially employed ones, are more likely to become parents.

Die Kindheitspädagogik (Frühkindliche Bildung und Erziehung) gewinnt bundesweit an Bedeutung. Die zweite, aktualisierte Auflage des Lehrbuchs stellt alle relevanten Rechtsgebiete in kompakter Form dar. Behandelt werden neben u.a. das Verfassungsrecht, das Vertrags- und Haftungsrecht, das Familienrecht, das Recht der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe, wichtige existenzsichernde Sozialleistungen für Kinder und deren Familien sowie das Arbeitsrecht. Die Auswahl der Themen orientiert sich an den Bedürfnissen von Studium und Praxis. Ein umfangreiches Stichwortverzeichnis erleichtert die Suche nach einzelnen Themen. Praxishinweise und Beispiele veranschaulichen den Lehrstoff. Die Autor:innen verfügen über praktische Erfahrungen als Richter bzw. Rechtsanwälte und Mediatoren. Sie lehren in Esslingen bzw. Ludwigsburg.

Zu viel Bevölkerung oder zu wenig? Wer soll Kinder bekommen und wer vom Gebären abgehalten werden? Kinderkriegen ist eingebunden in mächtige Regierungsstrategien, die auf Körper und Bevölkerungen abzielen. Das malthusianische Denken geht noch weiter, indem es fast alle Krisen unserer Zeit zu Bevölkerungsproblemen umdeutet. Der Status quo von sozialer Ungleichheit, Rassismus und globaler Zerstörung bleibt dabei allerdings unberührt. Die Autorin seziert das demografische Denken und versammelt Analysen deutscher Kinderwunsch-, Familien- und Migrationspolitik. Dabei hinterfragt sie auch eine "demografisierte" Klimadebatte und kritisiert repressive globale Verhütungsprogramme.

Objective: The study examines the relationship between coparenting conflicts and work-to-family/family-to-work conflicts for employed mothers and fathers. Background: The presence of children exacerbates the compatibility of work and duties of the private life for working parents. Working along similar lines in terms of parenting seems to be necessary to cope with these challenges. Still, a few studies have focused on the relationship between coparenting and interrole conflicts. Method: The quantitative analysis draws on longitudinal data from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel, comprising N=3,608 observations of 1,377 individuals. The study employs between-within regression models to examine the inter- and intraindividual associations of coparenting conflicts and work-to-family/family-to-work conflicts. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant association between the level of coparenting conflicts and both, work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. Additionally, changes in coparenting conflicts are associated with changes in family-to-work conflicts. Interestingly, the interaction between the level of coparenting conflicts and gender shows that the associations with interrole conflicts are more pronounced for fathers than mothers. Conclusion: The study provides insights into the interrelatedness between the parental coparenting relationship and the compatibility of work and family. The results underscore the significant relationship between coparenting conflicts and interrole conflicts for mothers and fathers. - Appendix: https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/1013/796

The initial aim of this article is to analyze the clash between everyday family practices and parents' normative images of perfect children. I identified five sets of features and behaviors of the actual child that mirror daily parents-children interactions (including parental socialization strategies) and three sets of features and behaviors that reflect parents' perceptions of a perfect child. The analysis revealed two "dimensions of contradiction": egoism vs. empathy and obedience vs. independence. Investigating how family practices combine with parents' normative images results in insights into parents' ambivalent attitudes toward children. The second aim is to identify the social sources of these clashes. The Polish case appears to be intriguing due to a particularly rapid systemic transformation, resulting in overlapping patterns of everyday practices, divergent social norms, variant meanings, and contradictory discourses. This article's contribution is to illustrate the hypothesis that systemic transformation might have a more immediate effect on changing social norms, meanings, and discourses on parenthood and childhood (and thus change parents' normative images of children), while family practices are transformed with parents' resistance. The concept of family practices developed by David H. Morgan is employed as a theoretical framework and starting point for the study. The analysis draws on qualitative data and in‐depth interviews with 24 couples of parents and six single parents.

The model of very low childlessness and the low prevalence of one‐child families was once important for Slovak society. The collapse of the Communist regime, however, led to many changes in reproductive behaviour. This article aims to analyse the development of cohort childlessness and the prevalence of one‐child families in Slovakia. Possible scenarios of childlessness and one‐child families are presented. The article tries to place the obtained results within a broader framework of social and gender inequalities, existing barriers to parenthood, and family policy settings in Slovakia. The results confirm that the onset of the postponement process, combined with limited recuperation, especially of second and further children among women born since the second half of the 1960s, has brought a quite substantial increase in the proportion of childless and "one‐child" women. The persistence of some social and gender differences and obstacles in reconciling work and family, which has only recently seen a response from family policy in Slovakia, was confirmed; however, the impact of these new tools on reproduction appears to be obscure.

This article builds on a recent operationalization of inclusiveness of parental leave benefits proposed by Ivana Dobrotić and Sonja Blum and complements it by developing indicators of contextualized inclusiveness. This contextualized approach sets the formal entitlement and eligibility rules of social rights to parental leave benefits in the relevant socio‐economic context of the country to which these rules apply. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which parts of the country's population are actually excluded or are at risk of being excluded from access to parental leave at a given moment in time. This is strongly shaped by, among other factors, the structure of the population according to employment status, job tenure or type of contract. An important characteristic of the methodological approach adopted in this article is that the proposed contextualized indicators are based on easily and publicly available and internationally comparable data. This makes the approach easily applicable by wide audiences, academic and practice‐oriented ones alike. The proposed indicators are then applied to sixteen European countries and show a much more diversified and nuanced landscape of contextualized inclusiveness of parental leave entitlements in Europe than the comparison of formal inclusiveness done by Dobrotić and Blum suggested. This study also shows that higher formal inclusiveness of employment‐based parental leave benefits was more common in countries with higher shares of those social groups that, in case of less inclusive regulations, would not have access to parental benefits.

In this paper, we examine how parental caregiving affects women's employment in Japan. Drawing on the 2005–2014 Longitudinal Survey of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons, we estimate logistic regression models for the employment status of middle-aged women in various types of employment as a function of caregiving intensity to examine when and in what context caregivers' employment may be at risk for Japanese women. The results showed that working women who began providing 5 or more hours of care per week were significantly more likely to leave their jobs than non-caregiving women; those who began providing fewer than 5 hours of care per week did not show this likelihood. Among women in regular employment, those who began to provide 5 or more hours of care per week and those who provided care in the previous year were more likely to stop working or change jobs than their non-caregiving counterparts.

Um der Frage nachzugehen, wie während der Corona-Pandemie Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit vereinbart werden, analysiert dieser Beitrag die Situation von Eltern mit Kindern unter zwölf Jahren aus dem Blickwinkel des Doing Family und mit Rückgriff auf Hartmut Rosas Thesen zur Be- und Entschleunigung. Anhand von Daten des DJI-Survey AID:A 2019, dessen ergänzender Corona-Befragung 2020 und 20 qualitativen Interviews mit Eltern zeigen wir Bewältigungsstrategien von Vereinbarkeitskonflikten während der Corona-Pandemie auf. Die quantitativen und auch die qualitativen Daten zeigen, dass sich die Rahmenbedingungen für das Balancemanagement durch Corona drastisch verändert haben. Besonders intrapersonale Vereinbarkeitskonflikte haben sich durch die Corona-Krise sowohl in beide Richtungen (Work-Family und Family-Work) als auch bei beiden Geschlechtern verstärkt. Viele dieser Veränderungen resultieren in einer Verfestigung der bisherigen Arbeitsteilung zwischen den Eltern. Es zeigen sich außerdem Ambivalenzen: Während sich die Situation für viele Eltern verschärft hat, hat sie sich für andere eher entspannt, teilweise zeigen sich beide Tendenzen innerhalb derselben Erzählung. Diese Ambivalenzen sind mit Dimensionen von Geschlecht verwoben.

During the 2010s, both Finland and Sweden made advancements in their parental leave systems by widening the right to paid parental leave to a greater diversity of family constellations and investing in gender-equal leave distribution through longer leave periods reserved for the father. However, in the latter respect, Sweden has remained more successful than Finland. This article analyses government and political party discourses in Finland and Sweden during the 2010s in pursuit of an explanation to this difference and for understanding how ideas on social inclusion and gender equality have been used to drive, or block, policy reforms in the field of parental leave. The results show that the parental leave discourses have become influenced by ideas on social inclusion and gender equality in both countries, but in somewhat different ways. While gender equality has retained a stronger position in the Swedish discourse and its policy, social inclusion, and notably the rights of same-sex parents, have become more visible in the Finnish. However, the results also show that both ideas have remained contested on a party level, especially by confessional and nationalist-populist parties.

Over the last 50 years the life courses of young people and their family formation behavior have undergone dramatic changes. Childbearing outside marriage, whether to single mothers or cohabiters, is one of the most prominent indicators of this process. This study outlines the development of childbearing outside of marriage in Europe since the 1960s. Changes in women's role in society are identified as the key factor driving this development. Utilizing the full potential of multi-level modeling the study finds that parents' decision making is mediated by country specific welfare arrangements. In particular, the degree to which women can utilize their socioeconomic resources in the labor market plays a key role in the decision whether or not to marry the father of their child.

"Many authors argue that societal fertility levels are a function of changing gender relations, but the mechanism behind this association remains unclear and mainly untested. This paper argues that the variation in realized gender roles and gender role attitudes influences fertility: a great variation in attitudes among potential
partners causes uncertainty and conflicts, which decreases people's propensity to choose to have a first or an additional child. How this idea is tested: macro-level regressions are run on 24 countries. A measure for the average gender role attitude as well as the dispersion in attitudes are regressed on the level of fertility. Attitudes
are computed through factor analysis and capture opinions towards the gendered division of given tasks and privileges, such as childrearing or the uptake of parental leave. The measure includes attitudes towards different female and male roles.
The dispersion in attitudes is the standard deviation of the factor variable in the
given country. Attitudinal information are from the ISSP 2012. The analysis gives support to the hypothesis: the greater the variation in gender role attitudes, the lower is the fertility. The association is considerably strong, significant, and holds against various robustness checks." (author's abstract)