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Does leader age matter for the likelihood of interstate conflict? Many studies in biology, psychology, and physiology have found that aggression tends to decline with age throughout the adult lifespan, particularly in males. Moreover, a number of major international conflicts have been attributed to young leaders, including the conquests of Alexander the Great and the ambitious military campaigns of Napoleon. However, the exact nature of the relationship between leader age and international conflict has been difficult to study because of the endogeneity problem. Leaders do not come to power randomly. Rather, many domestic and international factors influence who becomes the leader of a country, and some of these factors could correlate with the chances of interstate conflict. For instance, wary democratic publics might favor older leaders when future international conflict seems likely, inducing a relationship between older leaders and interstate conflict. This article overcomes such confounding by using a regression discontinuity design. Specifically, it looks at close elections of national leaders who had large differences in age. It finds that when older candidates barely defeated younger ones, countries were much less likely to engage in military conflict. Its sample is also fairly representative of democracies more broadly, meaning that the findings likely hold true for cases outside the sample. The results demonstrate the important role that individuals play in shaping world politics. They also illustrate the value of design-based inference for learning about important questions in the study of international relations and peace science.

AbstractWe analyze institutional solutions to international cooperation when actors have heterogeneous preferences over the desirability of the action and split into supporters and opponents, all of whom can spend resources toward their preferred outcome. We study how actors can communicate their preferences through voting when they are not bound either by their own vote or the outcome of the collective vote. We identify two organizational types with endogenous coercive enforcement and find that neither is unambiguously preferable. Like the solutions to the traditional Prisoners' Dilemma these forms require long shadows of the future to sustain. We then show that cooperation can be sustained through a noncoercive organization where actors delegate execution to an agent. Even though this institution is costlier, it does not require any expertise by the agent and is independent of the shadow of the future, and thus is implementable when the others are not.

Front Matter -- Copyright Page -- Préface -- Preface -- Introduction -- Introduction -- Organisation et fonctionnement du Tribunal -- Organization and Functioning of the Tribunal -- Compétence -- Competence -- Procédure -- Procedure -- Activité judiciaire du Tribunal -- Judicial Work of the Tribunal -- Sessions et activités du Tribunal -- Sessions and Activities of the Tribunal -- Finances du Tribunal -- Finances of the Tribunal -- Privilèges et immunités -- Privileges and Immunities -- Biographies des Juges, du Greffier et de la Greffière adjointe -- Biographies of the Judges, the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar -- Bibliographie comprenant une sélection d'articles et d'ouvrages sur le règlement des différends relatifs au droit de la mer -- Select Bibliography on Settlement of Disputes Concerning the Law of the Sea -- Annexes -- Annexe I -- Annex I -- Annexe II -- Annex II -- Annexe III -- Annex III -- Annexe IV -- Annex IV -- Annexe V -- Annex V -- Annexe VI -- Annex VI.

This book investigates the major internal and external pressures and constraints facing China as it enters the new century. It is widely recognised that in its capacity as a nuclear power and as a member of the UN's Security Council, China plays a major role in world politics. China is also a growing economic power, which according to some economists is projected to overtake the US 20 years from now. China has clearly emerged as the major power in the East Asian region and the major issues of contention in the region such as the tension on the Korean peninsula, the Taiwan issue and the conflic.