Suchergebnisse

The article examines infant mortality – the mortality of children aged from 0 to 364 days in the Greek community of Odessa during the period from 1860 to 1920. It aims at the demographic analysis of infant mortality in the Greek population of Odessa that, in general, involves the discussion of statistical figures demonstrating the development of the phenomenon in question including trends, frequency, seasonality and social structure of infant mortality. The work is based on data derived from the records of birth registers of the Greek Church of the Holy Trinity in Odessa. It addresses a number of demographic characteristics such as the seasonality of infant deaths, times of their peaks, the causes of deaths, and the social belonging of the deceased. In particular, the highest mortality rate in the 60-year period is observed during the winter and summer months. This shows the regional urban specificity, where the peaks of the deaths clearly reflect the living conditions in Odessa. The infant mortality rate in Odessa appears not very high when compared to that in other cities of Europe and Russia. This indicates a quite favorable situation in the urban environment of the time. The prevalence of mortality among boys, both in the perinatal and postnatal ages, is indicative, and the percentage of the latter age group continued to increase at the expense of boys. The high percentage of the church funeral services for the Greek children of formally foreign subjects emphasizes the complex composition of the Greek population of Odessa and, at the same time, the economic activity of the townspeople.

The article aims to identify the main trends in the development of international trade in the Nordic Countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland) over the past decade. To achieve it, the author sets three interrelated tasks. The first is to trace the general dynamics of exports and imports of goods, to identify common and special features. The second task is to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected commodity flows and the state of the trade balance. The third task is to analyze the state and dynamics of the foreign trade of these countries with China, which has significantly increased its share in world trade over the past decade. A comparison of the developments that have arisen in the entire international trade of the Nordic countries and in their trade with China may be of considerable research and practical interest. Based on the analysis, it was found that before the coronacrisis, all of Nordic Countries had a steady increase in the cost of imports except Finland, which is most dependent on Russia in this regard. The cost of exports grew more slowly in these countries, and in Norway, as a result of falling energy resource prices, it decreased significantly. The coronacrisis hit all the countries of Northern Europe, but Finland's foreign trade suffered the most. The volume of trade with China in these countries has increased over the period under review. Even in 2020, there was an increase in almost all indicators. At the same time, the cost of exports to China grew faster than the cost of imports (with the exception of Finland). But the trade balance still remained negative for everyone except Sweden.

The article analyzes the results of cooperation between two leading pan-European political organizations – the European People's Party (EPP) and the Party of European Socialists (PES) with their counterparts in the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership program (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine), except Azerbaijan. It is considered with which political forces and why the EPP and the PES have established interaction and even accepted them into their membership. The profiles of these political organizations were studied, including the results of their participation in the national parliamentary and presidential elections and interaction with other political forces of their countries on the formation of ruling coalitions. Information is provided on when these parties joined, respectively, the EPP and the PES, and what status they have today in these European structures. The main provisions of the resolutions of the governing bodies of the EPN and the PES concerning the situation in the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership program and the support of their partner parties in these countries are presented. It shows how the foreign policy course of the Eastern Partnership member countries changed after political organizations that closely cooperate with their European counterparts came to power. It is noted that in almost all of these countries there has recently been a steady desire to strengthen political and economic partnership with the European Union and Western countries in general. And only one country. Georgia is still trying to maintain a balance in relations with Western countries and Russia. Key words: European parties, party system, Eastern Partnership program, elections.

The end of World War I brought the issue of the borders of the reborn Poland on the agenda. Their shaping was a long and dramatic process. Among the numerous disputes and conflicts, the Polish-Russian war occupies a special place. Its effect was the defense of the reborn state and the establishment of the eastern border of Poland. The war began in February 1919. However, it ended with the signing of the preliminary treaty on October 12, 1920, and the peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga. The peace treaty eliminated the state of war and established the border line between Poland and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Its precise delimitation in the field and placing border marks on it was carried out by a special mixed border commission consisting of two delegations - Polish and Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian. The content of this article is an attempt to look at one of the most important events in the modern history of Poland from the perspective of 100 years, which was the establishment and guidelines of the eastern border of Poland by a mixed border commission. The aim of the paper is to present the work of the committees which took place in an atmosphere of constant dispute and conflicts between representatives of the delegations of both countries. Both parties repeatedly threatened to terminate or suspend the works. Due to the volume framework, it is not possible to fully characterize the archival sources and the published publications. It could be a topic of a separate study. I hope that the bibliography attached to the article will help to provide a thorough and comprehensive presentation of the topic.

The article examines the directions in forming digital competencies of the personnel in big businesses in conditions of digitalization. Digital technologies influence labor processes and labor markets, raise the requirements for intellectual, creative approaches in solving situational production problems. The aim of the study is to develop a list of digital competencies necessary for large companies' specialists performing various managerial and production functions characterized by multitasking in digital environment. Transformation of approaches to personnel management in conditions of technological advance is the new role of the individual, expansion of the potential, formation of new conditions and technologies for performing labor functions, flexibility and compromise in interaction with the employer. The methodological basis of the study are scientific and theoretical concepts of personnel management in conditions of digitalization, developed by national and foreign scholars and research teams. The empirical component rests on industry and production features of big businesses in Russia. The author identifies the trends in professional market expansion, the increasing role of competence approach to the development of human resources, the significance of digital competencies. Evidence from big businesses reveals the priority of individualization in training, the adjustment of acquired working skills in digital environment to the strategic and tactical needs of business. Effective interaction between an employee and the company implies the flexibility in mutual requirements and opportunities, striving for the end result, constant exchange of knowledge, skills and suggestions for improving the labor function. The findings offer the list of digital competencies necessary for big businesses' specialists performing in novel digital environment. These competencies may lay the foundation of legal framework governing labor relations in narrow professional fields.

In the review article, in the context of discussing the current problem of clarifying the causes of wrong behaviour and developing approaches to its correction based on the analysis of literature sources; the hypothesis is substantiated that behavioural errors in all their diversity are a consequence of the actualisation of sets at different levels of organisation. The scientific novelty of the research is in the fact that in order to achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of wrong behavior has been carried for the first time out from the standpoint of the classical theory of sets by Dimitri Uznadze and from the standpoint of modification of this theory by Aleksandr Asmolov, according to which human activity is stabilised by three types of sets at different levels of organization – operational, purpose and semantic. For the factual argumentation of the results of the analysis, all dissertations (46) that had been defended in Russia over the past 30 years as part of the study of wrong behaviour were studied. In these works, errors are described and discussed, which can be conditionally subdivided into three main large groups – automatic errors, errors of failure to achieve the goal and errors of the meaning of activity. These groups of errors have signs of level sets, and that confirms the hypothesis formulated in this article. The development of approaches to the correction of wrong behaviour on the basis of psychological mechanisms of formation and correction of sets at different levels of organisation within the framework of the concept of set activity by Aleksandr Asmolov.

Basing on the materials of the representative surveys held by RANEPA in 2020 and 2021, it has been shown how wide-spread and effective is the distance form of employment in Russia. Before the epidemiological crisis distance employment was characteristic of a very limited segment of the labor market and was mostly concentrated in groups of relatively high-income employees in the sphere of services and informational technologies. Along with actualization of the coronavirus threat and activation of the measures taken to prevent its spread, the labor market underwent significant changes in 2020, and more than 20% of the employed were forced to switch to distance employment. The transition to distance employment turned out to be very traumatic in terms of work efficiency and psychological comfort. The developed typology shows that positive perception is likely only for 16% of respondents and more than a half are found in the zone of negative integral assessment. Representatives of the youngest cohorts and metropolis dwellers showed the highest level of adaptivity: they expressed the highest positive assessments of the shift to the remote format. The spread of remote employment enhanced the use of informational technologies, particularly, the means of distance visual interaction for solving working tasks. On the whole, such a mass switch to remote employment has turned out to be effective as a temporary measure that will allow smoothing out the negative outcomes of the pandemic. It may be assumed that in the medium term there will be optimization of management efforts when introducing remote work of some employees, and segmental development of mixed employment forms based on the effective balance of employees' and employers' interests.

The Union State of Belarus and Russia is the oldest of the existing integration associations in the Eurasian space and, undoubtedly, is one of the foundations of the emerging architecture of Eurasian integration. During the period of its existence, the Union State has done a lot of work on the path of rapprochement of fraternal peoples, and even more ambitious tasks are to be implemented. This article examines the main problems of the Union construction, analyzes the key areas of cooperation between the member states of the Union State. The impressive advanced integration experience of the Union State in social, military-political, scientific-educational, as well as in a number of areas of the economic sphere can be used in the implementation of integration initiatives within other Eurasian regional associations and is extremely important and in demand precisely during the transition to multipolarity and the formation of the Eurasian center on the world stage. The Union State is a fraternal relationship proven over the years, built on mutual respect, attention to problems, joint achievements and the implementation of plans to mobilize common potential, guaranteed support in difficult periods without waiting for immediate returns. The benefits of such relations are achieved not only by scaling the market, conducting a coordinated foreign trade and technical policy, characteristic of the participants of "ordinary" economic associations. The predictability and trust inherent in fraternal friendship make it possible, for example, to lower individual thresholds for economic (and not only) security, since the reliable functioning of the economy is achieved together.

The article deals with Poland's political and ideological influence towards Ukraine in the conditions of its crisis, emphasizing the question whether these efforts have been made due to reasons of democracy promotion, mainly of European origin, or Ukraine crisis overcoming. The article consists of two parts: 1) Polish political and ideological influence on Ukraine during the development of Ukraine crisis 2013-2014, which took place in the conditions of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity and in the context of the EU democracy promotion endeavors towards Ukraine; 2) Poland's efforts to prevent spreading of Russia's authoritarianism in the context of hybrid war between Russia and Ukraine during 2014-2020. The Ukrainian crisis is closely linked to the spread of democracy, the EU integration and Russian ideological influence. Terminologically, we support the research position in the interpretation of the Ukrainian crisis as a socio-political unrest, which began in late November 2013. The main hypothesis implies that the external democracy promotion could be more effective in the case of domestic crisis in the recipient country. Therefore, the Ukrainian crisis of 2013-2020 is an interesting case to determine the capabilities of the main donors for the external democracy promotion for the target countries, in our case, Ukraine. Poland took an active part both in promoting democracy towards Ukraine and in overcoming Ukraine crisis, using its own political and ideological resources. We consider the Ukrainian crisis and the post-crisis process as an important motivating factor that plays an important role to strengthen the democratic aspirations of Ukrainian society. Moreover, the participation of external forces, especially of the consolidated West is a significant factor in this process.

This article provides an overview of the Seventh International Readings on the History of Russian Philosophy, entitled "Intercultural Philosophy: A Polylogue of Traditions", which were held at the Sociological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences – a branch of the Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The path of the intercultural philosophy began around the 1980ies and 1990ies in Germany and Austria as a criticism of Western-centrism in philosophy and as an ideological alternative to the Western style of thinking. In this conference, an attempt was made to transfer the principles and methods of intercultural philosophy (philosophy of polylogue) to the history of Russian philosophy. This article also offers a summary of the structure of the conference, the content of its plenary lectures as well as the reports on the intercultural subjects and polylogue methodology, including their applied aspects. The main parts of the plenary sessions, roundtables and seminars that were held within the conference are also analyzed. It is pointed out that the process of formation of intercultural philosophy has not been completed yet; its terminology has not been established; and, eventually, the methods and results have not received wide recognition. However, the period of declarations and of manifestos is coming to an end. The conference contributed to the popularization of intercultural philosophy and the philosophy of polylogue in Russia. Relying on the experience and traditions of non-Western thinking, it offers a solution to the problems facing modern humanity, it indicates a number of possible ways to overcome the crisis situations in culture and society, and it also provides some answers to the "eternal" philosophical questions.

The article is devoted to the discussion about what the concept of biopower, developed within the framework of the postmodern critical theory, means in the context of the modern world, both in general theoretical and empirical sense. According to the author's conclusion, although this concept remains significant for Political Science, it is largely outdated and could turn into a scientific zombie idea. Giorgio Agamben, one of the classics of Political Philosophy, who denied the danger of the COVID-19 pandemic on the basis of the methodology of biopolitics, is case in point. Another evidence comes from the fact that researchers from different countries, including Russia, increasingly look for new approaches and tools of the biopolitical analysis, and try to saturate the concept with new ideas and data. This article proposes three ways how to make biopolitical research more relevant today. One way is to rethink the normative/moral foundations of biopower, to reject an implicitly negative assessment of the concept. Another way is to expand the historical framework, to pay greater attention to historical cases that allow us to trace different stages of the evolution of biopolitical patterns, to focus on the analysis of specific manifestations of biopower in concrete situations. The third way is to move towards the synthesis of critical biopolitics and evolutionary biopolitics, which draws data from the natural sciences. According to the author, these efforts together will make it possible to move from the unidirectional asymmetric link "the political influences the bio logical" to a more complex scheme of mutual reflective influence of the political and the biological.

The purpose of the study is to identify new approaches to the implementation of the state youth policy. The article examines the issue of the implementation of youth policy after the adoption of Law No. 489-FZ "On Youth Policy in the Russian Federation". Model. the author conducted an expert survey of government representatives who implement the state youth policy. The article presents the opinion of experts and the problems faced by government representatives when interacting with youth advisory structures. The conducted research helped to establish the lack of involvement of young people in the implementation of the state youth policy. Conclusions. The author suggests new approaches to the implementation of youth policy with the involvement of members of youth advisory bodies. Youth advisory bodies act as a political communicator between the State and youth. Therefore, it is necessary to involve these youth bodies in the implementation of state tasks. The results of the work can be applied by the authorities in the implementation of the state youth policy in Russia. Practical application. When implementing proposals for the implementation of youth policy in practice, it is possible to modernize the work of youth advisory bodies and the system of interaction of the state with them. Social consequences. The political activity of youth bodies, in terms of the implementation of the state youth policy, there is a social management of a special group of citizens aged 18 to 35 years. The political influence of youth bodies, forming a leading function in the system of social management, thereby serves as a factor in the implementation of this management.

This paper investigates the role of civil society (CS) in relation to issues of global concern, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, it focuses on the role of CS in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Western CS has, over time, shown certain limitations that have exposed it to a number of criticisms, while in BRICS, CS could begin to play a decisive role as a "historical bloc," using Gramsci's expression. In fact, BRICS has repeatedly reiterated that it wants to reshape global governance (GG), and indeed its current growth has shown that it could effectively do so. Therefore, it is worth analyzing what role CS plays in this process. This analysis leads to an understanding of the many advances, and also the diverse limitations, that characterize the effectiveness of the work of CS in the BRICS countries. Thus, CS's ability to be decisive in policymaking remains unclear. The argument in this paper proceeds as follows: some classical theories on CS are analyzed, highlighting the ethical tasks in which CS should be engaged; then, criticisms directed toward western CS are debated. Finally, the limitations and potential that CS has in the BRICS countries is considered, above all in light of the recent response to COVID-19. The conclusions highlight the fact that, if the BRICS countries want to play a leading role in GG and, broadly speaking, in future multilateralism, CS must play a decisive role within them. Specifically, a solid cooperation, or even a stable alliance, is needed between the civil societies of BRICS countries in order to address pressing issues and demands coming from the Global South.

The article presents the final results of the project studying the system of expert and analytical support for foreign policy decisions. The project is devoted to conducting a survey and a set of interviews with employees of government bodies (leaders and chief specialists) who are involved in the process of preparing and making foreign policy decisions. The article contains the officials' assessment of the main challenges when interacting with the scientific and expert community, as well as a "desired image" of such interaction.The study was held in two stages (stage I in February-October 2020, stage II-in January-August 2021) in the form of a survey with a set of follow-up interviews for a more detailed interpretation of the data obtained. The interviewees included 24 employees of federal executive bodies (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Rossotrudnichestvo; departments of international cooperation of line ministries, agencies and services); offices of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (departments providing international and inter-parliamentary cooperation). All participants of the study are in positions of the "managers" category or are part of the group of "chief specialists", that is, they have experience in decision-making process and/or in elaborating them. The survey and interviews were anonymous. The research is within structural-functional, institutional and regulatory approaches. The authors note that informational materials with low level of generalization and lacking recommendations and forecasts will never replace genuine analytics and expertise. Given the development of artificial intelligence, generalizing information will be automatized. As a result, expertise has to be of better quality.

One of the key tasks of the penal and correctional system is not only to socially isolate convicts and organize acceptable living conditions for them, but also to ensure their adequate resocialization after serving their sentence. The solution of this problem requires new approaches to the conduct of production activities by the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Among others, priority should be given to the areas of traditional economic specialization of the penitentiary system, which include, for example, logging and woodworking. The national contribution of the Russian Federation to the implementation of the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement implies the fullest possible use of the carbon-absorbing capacity of Russian forests. This task is solved, among other things, by a significant increase in the volume of artificial reforestation, which requires the development of a network of tree nurseries throughout the country. The article analyzes in detail the experience of a joint pilot project on forest nursery creation based on one of the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service with the participation of business association in the field of forest industry in Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is shown that the project is not only effective, but also has high indicators of economic efficiency, characterized by low payback period under the condition of ensuring decent working conditions for inmates. It emphasizes the importance of scientific and methodological support of the work performed by universities and research institutes, including within the program of creating world-class scientific and educational centers of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation