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The aim of this study is to examine socio-economic transformation and gender relations in Lao PDR after the adoption of economic liberalization by the Lao government in the late 1980s. Against a background of general socio-economic transformation in Laos the main focus of the study is on the local level, with emphasis on how people in their everyday lives have engaged with and handled the changes. The application of economic liberalization shaped new conditions for people in local communities, and various livelihoods strategies were adopted under the new circumstances. The study examines gender relations, livelihoods and actors of change in two different contexts of globalization. The first context is the case of foreign direct investment in the Sepone mine, the largest gold-copper mine in the country located in Vilabury district, Savannakhet province. Five villages located close to the mine and directly affected by the operation were chosen as research site. The second case is the context of international tourism development in the small town of Vang Vieng, situated halfway between Vientiane Capital and the world heritage town of Luangprabang. The purpose with the two case studies is to examine how changes take place in different places of the same country under the same political direction and development policy. The study is inspired by theories of space and place and the view that phenomena are place-based and different places are constituted by different socio-spatial relations. The findings show that profound changes took place both in the economic and social-cultural spheres, including in gender relations. The two contexts experienced different processes of changes: in the context of Vilabury district, the transformation was produced through top-down development and created a dependency pattern where new social inequalities and social stratification emerged through unequal access to the new resources of the villagers. In the context of Vang Vieng and the expansion of international tourism, the development process proceeded more through a bottom-up pattern; the villagers perceived they were important actors of development, had more equal access to resources and could define livelihood strategies by themselves.

This article examines the cultural and institutional resistance to the use of gender as a category in French historiography. In France, history, and, more specifically, women's history, has not really assimilated the openings offered by the problematics of the construction of differences, nor the logical consequences of the use of gender. Cultural differences are partly responsible for this, and the polysemic nature of the word genre may add to the confusion. With a few exceptions, women's history in France is reluctant to engage in a historical analysis which would take into account the founding role of hierarchy and of relations of power and difference which are central to gender.

Ungleichheit der Geschlechter.

We examine the gender wage gap in Austria from 2005 to 2017 using data from EU-SILC. The raw gap of hourly wages declined from 18.6 log points in 2005 to 14.9 log points in 2017. We use standard decomposition techniques that correct for differences in the distributions of human capital and other variables between men and women. Decompositions of the wage gap indicate that both the explained and the unexplained part of the gender wage gap decreased substantially over the last ten years. Using the approach developed by Neumark (J Hum Resour 22:279-295, 1988), the unexplained wage gap shrank from 8.7 log points in 2005 to 5.1 log points in 2017. The main reason for the decline in wage differences was the relative improvement of women's observed and unobserved characteristics.

The article deals with the economic activity of the Russian population both in general and in the gender aspect. The main attention in the work is focused on the relationship between the economic activity of population and wages. The objectives of the work are, firstly, to identify differences in the behavior of men and women in the labor market in terms of economic activity, and, secondly, to test the hypothesis on the relationship between the economic activity of population and wages. The article provides an overview of the factors affecting the size of labor force and the level of participation in it, as well as statistical data reflecting male and female economic activity in modern Russia. Analysis of the labor activity dynamics leads to the conclusion that there are significant differences in male and female behavior in the labor market. The main cause of these differences is the traditional views of the population on the roles of men and women in society. Also the regression equations connecting the level of economic activity with the average real wage are determined both for the population of the Russian Federation as a whole, and for men and women separately. These equations can be considered as modified functions of the labor supply. Calculations have shown that, despite the general linear nature of the dependence of the economic activity level of population on real wages, its growth leads, ceteris paribus, to an accelerating increase in the activity of men and a slowing increase in the activity of women. The revealed low elasticity of labor supply functions indicates that any significant impact on the level of labor activity can only be provided by significant increase in real wages. First of all, the last statement applies to women.

What's in a name? Redefining the discourse of gender-bending -- "Masculine women, feminine men": variety and vaudevillian male impersonators -- Mythical, "sexless" characters: identity borders in El Teatro Campesino -- The "first punch" at Stonewall: counteridentification butch acts -- Bent means "not quite straight": kinging as disidentification -- Conclusion: bending rhetoric.

"Beyond combat : women and gender in the Vietnam War incorporates new voices into the Vietnam War narrative by looking at women's experiences. It also examines the ways in which ideas about masculinity shaped the American GI experience in Vietnam, ultimately how some American men and women returned from Vietnam to challenge home front gender norms".

'Brazilian 'Travesti' Migrations offers a rich and nuanced analysis of the cultures of travestis in Rio de Janeiro and Barcelona. Emerging from a feminist ethics and paying particular attention to embodiment and aesthetics, it tells a moving and often heroic story of gender diverse lives, loves and bodies. This is a wonderful addition to sexuality and gender research.' --Sally Hines, Associate Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies, University of Leeds, UK. 'Vartabedian's fascinating ethnographic account reveals not only how some performances of femininity are valued more than others, but how these performances are simultaneously a way of enacting exoticized versions of Brazilianness. Importantly, she showcases the limitations of eurocentric sex/gender taxonomies for accommodating travesti ways of being and suggests that transgender studies further work to do if it is to interpret travesti lives without doing epistemological violence to them.' --Susan Stryker, Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Arizona, USA, and co-editor, TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly This book analyses the embodied and spatial experiences of Brazilian travesti sex workers who cross both, gender and (trans)national borders. Based on a multi-sited ethnography, it explores travestis' bodily transformations, their involvement in sex work, and the transnational migrations to Europe that many make. This engaging account combines rich ethnographic research with incisive analysis that draws on feminist and trans studies, queer theory (and its critiques), social and queer geography research, sex work and trans migration studies. It will appeal to students and scholars of migration, gender, sexuality and transgender issues. Julieta Vartabedian is a researcher at the Department of Sociology at the University of Cambridge, UK. In her work she combines gender studies, feminist theory, ethnographic and embodiment research. Her articles have been published in Qualitative Research and Sexualities.--

Gender aspects continue to play an important role in science education, conditioning study choices or shaping beliefs about one's own capacities and those of others. Performing arts based initiatives are on the forefront of innovative science education approaches and have participatory, dialogic and dialectic qualities to engage students in democratic, inclusive and reflective ways of learning. Both these dimensions can be brought together in order to explore how arts-based science education can contribute to address gender bias and stereotypes in educational and team-collaborative settings.

"Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Fertilitätsbiografien im deutschen Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) zu validieren. Die Untersuchungspopulation bilden westdeutsche Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1930-69, für die die durchschnittliche Kinderzahl, die Verteilung der Kinderzahl und die Progressionsraten zum nächsten Kind auf Basis des GGS berechnet und mit anderen Datenquellen verglichen werden. Der zentrale Befund dieser Validierung ist, dass der deutsche GGS die Kinderzahlen der älteren Kohorten unterschätzt und jene der jüngeren Jahrgänge überschätzt. Wir vermuten, dass zwei Mechanismen für dieses Muster verantwortlich sind: Einerseits sind Kinder, die bereits den elterlichen Haushalt verlassen haben, nur lückenhaft erfasst worden. Andererseits sind jüngere Befragte mit kleineren Kindern in der Stichprobe wegen ihrer leichteren Erreichbarkeit überrepräsentiert. Zusammengenommen tragen diese beiden Mechanismen dazu bei, dass die Kinderzahlen der jüngeren Jahrgänge über- und die der älteren Geburtsjahrgänge unterschätzt werden. Die Validierung der Heiratsbiografien offenbart eine ähnliche Schieflage, sodass man folgern muss, dass der deutsche GGS für die Darstellung von Kohortentrends der Fertilität und Nuptialität nicht genutzt werden kann. Vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen mit dem deutschen GGS empfiehlt es sich, in zukünftigen Befragungen bei der retrospektiven Erhebung von umfassenden Fertilitäts- und Partnerschaftsverläufen einfache (Kontroll-)Fragen in das Frageprogramm zu integrieren, um die Angaben in den retrospektiven Modulen überprüfbar zu machen." (Autorenreferat)

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in personality predictors of a specific form of workplace aggression: counterproductive work behaviors directed at individuals (CWB‐I).Design/methodology/approachStudents (n=212) who were part‐time employees working at least 15 hours per week completed a measure of the five‐factor model (FFM) personality traits and two circumplex personality traits (Calmnesss and Pleasantness), as well as a measure of CWB‐I. Hierarchical regressions and tests of mean differences were used to examine hypotheses pertaining to gender differences in personality predictors of interpersonal aggression.FindingsResults generally supported the hypotheses as shown by the significant interactions between gender and personality traits in predicting CWB‐I. Agreeableness and Pleasantness significantly (negatively) predicted CWB‐I among males, but not females. Emotional Stability significantly (negatively) predicted CWB‐I among females, but not males.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of self‐report surveys may impact the results of this study. However, as this is the first study to explore the complex interactions between gender and personality in predicting workplace aggression, it is hoped that future research tests these relationships with alternate samples and methodologies.Practical implicationsThe results show that personality traits predict interpersonal workplace aggression differentially for males and females. Results also show that circumplex intersection traits are a useful supplement to the FFM traits in explaining interpersonal aggression in the workplace.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to show that personality traits differentially predict interpersonal aggression for males and females; and to demonstrate the incremental validity of circumplex traits over FFM traits in predicting interpersonal aggression.

In this article the author discusses the role of ethics and religion in the context of the current political debate on assisted reproduction in Finland. There is reason to ask why the issues of family structures, gender roles and sexuality cause conflict situations in politics and society. How should we understand the nature of political conflicts concerning family, gender and sexuality? For a proper understanding of these conflicts, we need a nuanced analysis of the role of ethics and religion in political debates in a secular European culture. In this article the author focuses on two examples drawn from Finnish discussions of assisted reproduction. The first example comes from recent parliamentary discussion of assisted reproduction, and the second example from how the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland has reflected on the same issue.

Research Background: When it comes to social justice, leadership plays a significant role in fostering vision, ensuring compliance with policies and their implementation, in addition to embodying a responsibility for institutional growth. This is important in the current global drive to address gender inequality, one of the Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations. Public institutions of authority, particularly higher education institutions (HEIs), play a significant role for the public good in this regard. However, the staff composition of Indian public HEIs presents a dismal picture with women occupying only 7% of positions of leadership. Objectives: The paper aims to study the role of institutional leaders in implementing, monitoring and evaluating gender policies. It further wants to understand the individual and systemic constraints faced by leaders in their efforts to attain the vision of gender equity in their institutions. Methods: We present findings from a collaborative research project studying the dominant cultures within universities in the post-colonial contexts of India and South Africa. It draws from data generated through mixed methods in 2019, with participation of 185 academic staff and leaders. Findings: While the leadership ensured the existence of gender policies in their universities, mechanisms of implementation, monitoring and evaluation were weak and left much to be desired. The rhetoric of gender mainstreaming covered up for the lack of awareness of the intentionality of policies for gender equity. The policies were considered more of a constitutional obligation rather than being looked upon with a politico-ethical vision to include those marginalized with regard to gender and its intersections with caste, sexuality, ability and language. The resources of 'ghettoised' areas of specialization were not utilized to the optimum therefore rendering the institutional functioning to remain exclusionary, elitist, sexist and casteist.

Legal definitions of rape traditionally required proof of both force and nonconsent. Acknowledging the difficulty of demonstrating the conjunction of force and nonconsent, many feminists argue that rape should be defined based on one element or the other. Instead of debating which of these two best defines the crime of rape, I argue that this framework is problematic, and that both force and nonconsent must be situated in a critique of social power structures. Catharine MacKinnon provides such a critique, and she reframes rape as a matter of gender inequality. However, rather than rejecting the force/nonconsent dichotomy, MacKinnon focuses exclusively on force, which she thinks can be reconceived to include inequalities. Considering the #MeToo movement and feminist efforts to use Title IX to address campus rape, I argue that the concept of consent is more flexible than MacKinnon suggests and that "affirmative consent" can challenge this liberal model. In requiring active communication, affirmative consent shifts responsibility for rape, opens space for women's sexual agency, and allows for the transformation of rape culture. Thus, I argue that rape should be defined by the use of force, the lack of affirmative consent, or the presence of both elements.