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To some extent, the early twentieth century revival of universal languages was the work of logicians and mathematicians. Pioneers of modern logic such as Frege, Russell and Peano wanted to overcome the diversity and deficiencies of natural languages. Through the rigour of formal logic, they aimed at providing scientific thinking with a reliable medium free from the ambiguity and inconsistencies of ordinary language. This article shows some interconnections between modern logic and the search for a common tongue that would unite scientists and people of all nations. The French mathematician and philosopher Louis Couturat is a key figure in understanding the interplay between these two movements. Through his work in composing the Ido language as an alternative to Esperanto, Couturat gave a new life to the Leibnizian idea of a universal characteristics. In addition, his multifaceted work provides a valuable insight into some political implications of early analytic philosophy.

This dissertation examines three distinctive issues that concern the regulators and policy makers in the development of financial markets. It contains three stand-alone research projects within the context of law, finance and economic growth. Chapter 2 examines the dynamic relationship between banks and economic growth from the points of view of market efficiency and asset pricing theory. Publicly traded banks are broadly representative of a country's banking sector, so that banking industry stock prices will broadly reflect the performance of a country's banking sector. Because previous research has established that the institutional framework, as well as the aggregate size, of the banking sector can significantly affect economic growth, this chapter investigates whether the stock returns on a country's banking sector contain information about future economic growth, and whether the specific country and institutional characteristics that affect the functioning of the banking system and market efficiency also influence this relationship. Using the data from 18 developed and 18 emerging markets, the chapter finds a significant and positive relationship between bank excess return and future economic growth in both the time-series and panel analyses. The chapter also finds that this positive relationship is significantly strengthened by the enforcement of insider trading law, by banking crises, by bank disclosure regulations and financial development, but is weakened by government ownership of banks. Chapter 3 investigates the role of bank idiosyncratic volatility in economic growth and systemic banking crises. Using the same dataset from Chapter 2, this chapter finds an ambiguous relationship between bank volatility and economic growth in the time-series studies, which suggests that the effect of bank volatility on economic growth is more country-specific. In the panel analyses, the chapter finds a negative but very weak relationship between bank volatility and future economic growth. This negative relationship is ...

"In den 200 größten Unternehmen weltweit entfiel im Juni 2004 nur etwa ein Zehntel aller Sitze in den Aufsichtsräten (Boards) auf Frauen. Hierzu gehören 22 Unternehmen mit einem Frauenanteil von mindestens 25 Prozent im Aufsichtsrat, darunter drei deutsche Unternehmen. Diese Positionierung geht allerdings ausschließlich auf die Entsendung von Frauen durch Arbeitnehmervertretungen zurück. In Deutschland ist in 72 der 100 größten Unternehmen mindestens ein Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats weiblich (7,5 Prozent der Sitze insgesamt); über 80 Prozent der Frauen erhielten auch hier ihr Mandat durch Arbeitnehmervertretungen. Diese für die Unternehmensleitung ernüchternde Bilanz ist nicht zuletzt eine Folge der im Vergleich zu Männern geringen Zahl von weiblichen Topführungskräften. Nach Unternehmensangaben haben Frauen gegenwärtig etwa ein Zehntel der Führungspositionen in Deutschland inne. Auch wenn es hier in der letzten Dekade in einigen Bereichen Fortschritte gegeben hat, so liegt eine auch nur annähernd gleiche Vertretung von Frauen und Männern noch in weiter Ferne. Angesichts der erheblichen gesellschaftlichen und demographischen Veränderungen ist es zur Sicherung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft unerlässlich, das Potential an hochqualifizierten Frauen besser zu nutzen. Deshalb wird vorgeschlagen, eine hochrangige 'Glass Ceiling'-Kommission - ähnlich der in den USA - einzurichten, mit dem Ziel, die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Konsequenzen der Problematik unter Beteiligung der Privatwirtschaft aufzuarbeiten sowie Empfehlungen für notwendige Maßnahmen und verbindliche Rahmenbedingungen zu entwickeln. Damit könnte ein Beitrag zur Überwindung der Barrieren für den Aufstieg von Frauen in Führungs- und Entscheidungspositionen geleistet werden." (Autorenreferat)

"This handbook explores prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination primarily as phenomena embedded in the social organization of societies and connected to structural factors and larger societal systems. It offers a unique critical, and cross-disciplinary approach to the study of contemporary manifestations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New socio-psychological analyses of the most pressing social problems of our age bring into view future directions of research on prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination oriented to social change and collective action, and that engage with wider systems of norms, and discourse. The editors draw on social psychology, sociology, social policy, clinical psychology, cultural studies, and feminist, antiracist and decolonizing social science to show how social psychology can successfully rekindle its intellectual dialogue with kindred social science fields to create broader foundations for the exploration of the paradoxes lodged at the heart of the social expression of prejudice in liberal democracies, that devalue and exclude people. This is essential reading for anyone interested in prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes. The handbook will be accessible to academics and researchers interested in both the quantitative and qualitative study of discrimination, inequality and social exclusion, as well as students undertaking masters or doctoral studies in social psychology, political psychology and political science"--

pt. 1. Taking stock of human rights within criminology -- pt. 2. Law, regulation and governance through a human rights lens -- pt. 3. Human rights in the promotion of peace, community safety and social justice -- pt. 4. Policing and human rights -- pt. 5. Human rights and the justice process -- pt. 6. Human rights and penality