Suchergebnisse

Summary
This article defines the basic kinds of central bank independence as generally accepted by the professional community. Then, for each of the kinds, their content and their fulfilment in the law of the Czech Republic are discussed. Of course, the legal regulation of the Czech National Bank as a central bank of a Member State of the European Union must meet the basic requirements of E.U. law for the independent status of central banks. However, the degree and manner of fulfilling these requirements beyond the basis of E.U. law vary from one Member State to another. The Czech National Bank is endowed with a high degree of independence, partly because of its establishment in the late 1990s. Despite this, some questions relating to its independence remain unanswered. This paper may thus also serve as a source of information for other authors to compare the regulation of the independent status of the central bank of their countries in comparison with the Czech National Bank.

The European private security sector has grown from a handful of small companies at the end of the Second World War into a multi-billion Euro industry with thousands of firms and millions of security staff. In Europe the demands for security is not just expressed notionally but also officially in The European Agenda on Security stating the European Union aims to ensure that people live in an area of freedom, security and justice. This paper will begin by exploring the role of private security in society. It will then move on to consider the main phases in the development of private security regulation in Europe. Following on from this some of the main areas of policy development will be considered, such as European bodies, initiatives and standards. Finally the paper will explore some of the potential op tions for the future in better regulating the European private security sector. From a historical perspective the evolution of private security regulation can be divided into three phases; the Laissez- faire, the centrifugal and the centripetal era - each with its own distinct characteristics and impact on the concurrent industry. In the European Union where there is the legal framework for the development of a single market in services the key social partners have been at the forefront of developing a series of standards and guidance documents which promote standards across borders at the European level. However, the institutions of the European Union have been reluctant to intervene at a European level in setting minimum standards of private security regulation. Thus, the changing terrain of the European Union relating to security, regulation and the private security industry mean the current trajectory may be in need of an injection of more radical thought and consideration.

"Der Beitrag behandelt die aktuelle Situation sowie zukünftige Entwicklung
von Sozialdialogen, insbesondere ihrer sektoralen Varianten. Der Schwerpunkt der Analyse
liegt im Gegensatz zur Mehrzahl anderer Untersuchungen auf den vernachlässigten Phasen
der Umsetzung und Implementation. Zunächst erfolgt ein kurzer Überblick über die Entwicklung
der traditionellen Sozialdialoge bis zur grundlegenden Restrukturierung Ende der 1990er
Jahre. Anschließend stehen die seitdem dominierenden Varianten sowie ihre Erfahrungen und
kontroversen Einschätzungen im Mittelpunkt. Danach wird die nächste Generation behandelt,
d.h. autonom-bilaterale Dialoge und deren Perspektiven sowie die zukünftigen Funktionen der
Kommission. Den Schluss bildet ein knapper Ausblick auf den Beitrag von Sozialdialogen zu
"europäischen" industrial relations." (Autorenreferat)

The target of 3% of GDP spent on R&D by the Lisbon priorities seems to be still far away from the reality in some European countries and at EU level as well. The economic crisis determined the priorities and it makes more complicated to dedicate more budget on Research and Development. New methods, new measures are needed in the European Union. Measures that supporting the demand side of the innovation and generates market-pull affects. The Europe 2020 Innovation Union Flagship Initiative dedicates a special role to precommercial procurement for the upcoming 10 years. Nowadays, there are more and more European countries running pilot projects adapting the American SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) programme.

Cover -- PARTISAN INTERVENTIONS -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Contesting the National Interest: Political Parties and International Relations -- 2. Partisan Lenses and Historical Frames: Ideology, Experience, and Foreign Policy Preferences -- 3. A Faraway Place of Which We Know Little? The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention in Great Britain -- 4. Never Again War? The Interparty and Intraparty Politics of Normalization in Germany -- 5. The French Exception? Presidential Prerogatives and the Public And Private Politics of lntervention -- 6. European Army, Militarized Europe, or European Europe? The Domestic Politics of a Security and Defense Policy for the European Union -- 7. Parting Ways -- Index

In this essay, Croatia's minister of foreign and European affairs outlines Croatia's foreign policy directions as a member of the European Union. Mutual benefits to the EU and Croatia of the latter's membership are outlined, with particular reference to issues in southeastern Europe and with countries along the southern Mediterranean shoreline. The membership process itself is described as a driver in the development of Croatia's foreign relations.

This book originated in the context of the 2002-3 European Forum programme on 'Europe after Globalisation: International regulatory competition and cooperation in an enlarging European Union' directed by Professor Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and codirected by Professor Giandomenico Majone and Professor Claudio Radaelli. ; The 2002-3 European Forum organized by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies of the EUI dealt with regulatory cooperation and regulatory competition in an integrating world economy. Within this broad theme, a series of six seminars on risk regulation were held in the period January-March 2003. Although six seminars are hardly sufficient to cover a fast expanding field like risk regulation, I hope the reader will find the texts collected in this publication useful as an introduction to some of the key issues and concepts in this increasingly important area of EU regulation and international harmonization. Like few other policy areas, risk regulation requires a clear understanding of basic principles of decision-making under uncertainty—principles which cannot be ignored even by those who are interested in the legal, political or psychological aspects of risk rather than in technical risk analysis. Indeed, it could be argued that many current debates would be easily settled or at least reduced to their ultimate political dimension if only the participants understood the most elementary principles of coherent decision-making under uncertainty. These principles, and some of their policy and institutional implications, are the topic of the three first chapters of the present publication. ; --Introduction Giandomenico Majone 1 --Chapter 1 Foundations of Risk Regulation: Science, Decision-Making, Policy Learning and Institutional Reform, Giandomenico Majone 9 --Chapter 2 What Price Safety? The Precautionary Principle and its Policy Implications, Giandomenico Majone 33 --Chapter 3 European Regulatory Agencies: The Dilemma of Delegation of Powers in the European Union, Giandomenico Majone 55 --Chapter 4 The Emerging EU Regulatory Framework on Genetically Modified Organisms: Dilemmas and Challenges, Sara Poli 79 --Chapter 5 Setting Out International Food Standards: Euro-American Conflicts Within the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Sara Poli 125 --Chapter 6 Enlarging the EU Food Safety Regime: Selected Problems in Adjusting the Polish Food Safety Regime to EU Food Safety Requirements, Aleksander Surdej 149

There is a general agreement that the European Union is facing nowadays one of the most important challenges in the history of the community, taking into consideration the wide range of economic, social and political risks that constitute top priorities of the European authorities. One key concept in this approach is the efficiency of the economic governance process. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the ability of the European Union to elaborate sound policies in the current economic framework that are focusing on supporting the common interests of all the Member States, with particular focus on the economic governance process. Furthermore, the article targets at identifying whether or not the new architecture of the EU economic governance developed as a result of the 2008 financial crisis constitute a triggering factor for social cohesion and political harmonization across the European community.