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"A Long Way to Go: Irregular Migration Patterns, Processes, Drivers and Decision-making presents the findings of a unique migration research program harnessing work of some of the leading international and Australian migration researchers on the challenging and complex topic of irregular maritime migration. The book brings together selected findings of the research program, and in doing so it contributes to the ongoing academic and policy discourses by providing findings from rigorous quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research to support a better understanding of the dynamics of irregular migration and their potential policy implications. Stemming from the 2012 Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers report, the Irregular Migration Research Program commissioned 26 international research projects involving 17 academic principal researchers, along with private sector specialist researchers, international organisations and policy think tanks. The centrepiece of the research program was a multi-year collaborative partnership between the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and The Australian National University's Crawford School of Public Policy. Under this partnership, empirical research on international irregular migration was commissioned from migration researchers in Australia, Indonesia, Iran, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka and Switzerland.
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Extreme political populism has been fiercely spreading climate disinformation for years, contributing to a social divide about climate change. In order to profile how both sides of the climate divide communicate climate change, we collected dissemination materials and analysed the mindset of key actors reaching global audiences. Here we show that applying network science to textual content and analysing the emerging reconstructed mindset can support the identification of emotional patterns linked to a quick and pervasive spread of falsehoods — i.e. an infodemic — such as hypercritical scepticism masking falsehoods under a trustful promotion of change. Climate represents a fearsome threat linked to inconsistent science in climate change infodemics. Change represents a reassuring pattern characterized by trust in climate infodemics, low anticipation without risk awareness, except for some fear about policy changes. For climate activism change is linked to high levels of negative emotions like anger, disgust and fear, related to a perception of existential threats. Furthermore, children are an angering concern in climate infodemics, while climate change activism perceives children with trust and joy, but sadness for their anticipated future.

1 Introduction -- Defining External Voting -- Expansion of Emigrant Franchise -- External Voting Landscape: Countries, Elections, Criteria, and Modalities -- What Do We Know About External Voting? Migration Studies Meet Political Science -- References -- 2 Emigration and Transnational Political Practices in Central and Eastern Europe After EU Enlargement.-04–2007 -- East-West Migration in Europe: Political Context and Consequences -- The DIASPOlitic Project, Data Gathering, and Methods -- Data Gathering and Method: Quantitative Analysis of External Voting Results -- Data Gathering and Method: Qualitative Study of Migrant Voting -- References -- 3 External Voting Patterns: CEE Migrants in Western Europe -- The Political Contexts of the Countries of Origin -- Bulgaria -- Czechia -- Latvia -- Lithuania -- Poland -- Romania -- Data and Methods -- Results of the Analysis -- Turnout Patterns and Change Over Time -- Overall Disparity -- Ideological Disparity -- References -- 4 Migrant Perspectives on External Voting -- Making Sense of the Reasons Why Migrants Vote "Back Home" -- Motivations for Voting in Country-of-Origin Elections -- The Practical Possibility of Casting the Vote in Elections -- Interacting Scales of Motivation for External Voting -- Emigration, External Voting, and Political Engagement -- Transnational Lifeworlds and Politics -- How Does the Experience of Migration Influence Political Views? -- Concluding Discussion -- References -- 5 Conclusions -- What Have We Learned About External Voting? Discussion of Findings -- Differences Between Diaspora Voting and "Homeland" Results -- Ideological Differences -- What Do We Know About Turnout? -- Why Do Migrants Vote, or Not? -- Legitimacy and Normative Considerations Surrounding External Voting -- Do Migrants Desire to Be "Agents of Change"? -- Research Frontiers and Future Knowledge Needs -- Three Areas for Further Research: Empirical Knowledge Needs -- Three Areas for Further Research: Normative Dimension -- References.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of one's sex and pedaling intensity on upper body muscle activation patterns during typing while cycling.BackgroundFemales are at a higher risk for computer work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and mobile workstations have been suggested to induce healthier muscular patterns compared with sitting. However, the neuromuscular characteristics of performing computer work in a cycling workstation have not been investigated.MethodTwenty-two participants (10 females) completed a 60-min computer typing task while pedaling on a cycle ergometer at two different intensities (25%, 4% heart rate reserve). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from seven muscles of the upper body. Effects of time, sex, and intensity were assessed for muscle activation (RMS), activation variability (CV), and normalized mutual information (NMI) via generalized estimating equations.ResultsWith time, neck/shoulder CV increased in males during higher pedaling intensity, whereas in females it decreased during lower intensity. In females, RMS of neck/shoulder and NMI of neck/shoulder muscle pairs were lower, whereas forearm RMS was 34.2% higher with higher intensity cycling compared with lower intensity. Lower back RMS decreased 28.3% in the initial half of the task in females, but in males it increased 14.4% in the later half.Conclusion and applicationCycling workstation showed a sex- and intensity-specific EMG response. These differing responses should be considered when implementing the use of cycling workstation and may be important for preventing/managing sex-specific muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders.

Whistleblowing by administrative employees in local governments can bring critical knowledge about misconduct and failed policy outcomes and priorities to the attention of politicians. This article examines whether (1) whistleblowing to politicians is considered acceptable among politicians and administrative employees, (2) politicians receive whistleblowing cases and how those who do so handle the case, and (3) contact patterns between politicians and administrative employees influence the whistleblowing activity and the action taken by the politicians to address wrongdoing. The article departs from the theory of pillars of institutions and the tensions between and within institutional pillars to analyse unique data from a survey based on the vignette method and actual whistleblowing among politicians (N = 400) and employees (N = 373) from 20 Norwegian municipalities. The analysis shows that the degree of contact between politicians and administrative employees is correlated with positive perceptions of whistleblowing and constructive handling of wrongdoing reports by the politicians.

Whistleblowing by administrative employees in local governments can bring critical knowledge about misconduct and failed policy outcomes and priorities to the attention of politicians. This article examines whether (1) whistleblowing to politicians is considered acceptable among politicians and administrative employees, (2) politicians receive whistleblowing cases and how those who do so handle the case, and (3) contact patterns between politicians and administrative employees influence the whistleblowing activity and the action taken by the politicians to address wrongdoing. The article departs from the theory of pillars of institutions and the tensions between and within institutional pillars to analyse unique data from a survey based on the vignette method and actual whistleblowing among politicians (N = 400) and employees (N = 373) from 20 Norwegian municipalities. The analysis shows that the degree of contact between politicians and administrative employees is correlated with positive perceptions of whistleblowing and constructive handling of wrongdoing reports by the politicians. ; publishedVersion

Child maltreatment is a widespread and costly social problem. A primary purpose of child maltreating reporting is to prevent its recurrence. Despite the widespread belief that the system designed to prevent its recurrence is failing miserably, little empirical data are actually compiled to support this contention. This article reviews available research on the rates, patterns, and frequency of child maltreatment recurrences. Findings are difficult to interpret and integrate because of differences in definitions, units of analysis, follow-up intervals, and data analysis strategies. Rates of recurrence range from 1% or 2% for cases deemed low-risk to over 50% for families followed more than 5 years. Findings from studies that have used survival analysis techniques seem to indicate that the risk of recurrence declines with intervention. Future research should be prospective, document definitions and methods, and use survival analysis so that this possible encouraging trend can be further examined.

Purpose – During recent decades, research institutions have increased collaboration with other institutions since it is recognized as a good practice that improves their performance. However, they do not usually consider external collaborations as a strategic issue despite their benefits. The purpose of this paper consists of identifying different patterns of collaboration and internationalization of universities, with the aim of helping managers and policy makers to take decisions related to their national research policies. Design/methodology/approach – Co-authorship analysis has been used in conjunction with social network analysis to model inter-institutional collaborations as networks, extracting these collaborations from the Web of Science database. Using several structural properties of the extracted networks and applying a statistical treatment, the main profiles of collaborations and internationalization have been obtained. Findings – Obtained results distinguish three patterns of collaborations according to the intensity and scope of collaborations. The statistical treatment also provides a segmentation of universities according to their collaboration profiles. Finally, universities are represented in bi-dimensional maps using external collaborations as a measure of similarity. Research limitations/implications – Although this study is restricted to English universities, it could probably be extended at least to other countries in the European Union or even other developed countries. Practical implications – Research and institutions productivity are usually linked to the amount of received funding. The use of indicators related to internationalization of institutions can help to avoid a bias in favour of research quantity rather than quality, and towards a short-term performance rather than a long-term research capacity. Originality/value – As a difference to previous works, this paper analyses networks of collaboration from the viewpoint of institutions. More specifically, the combination of social network analysis and factor analysis is used to identify patterns of collaboration among institutions. A longitudinal study is also included to demonstrate that the obtained categorization of universities is maintained over time.

<i>Aim:</i> The study investigates patterns of cocaine powder and crack cocaine use of different groups in nine European cities. <i>Design, Setting, Participants:</i> Multi-centre cross-sectional study conducted in Barcelona, Budapest, Dublin, Hamburg, London, Paris, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The sample comprises 1,855 cocaine users out of three subgroups: 632 cocaine users in addiction treatment, mainly maintenance treatment; 615 socially marginalized cocaine users not in treatment, and 608 socially integrated cocaine users not in treatment. <i>Measurements:</i> Use of cocaine powder, crack cocaine and other substances in the last 30 days, routes of administration, and lifetime use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine. <i>Findings:</i> The marginalized group showed the highest intensity of cocaine use, the highest intensity of heroin use and of multiple substance use. 95% of the integrated group snorted cocaine powder, while in the two other groups, injecting was quite prevalent, but with huge differences between the cities. 96% of all participants had used at least one other substance in addition to cocaine in the last 30 days. <i>Conclusions:</i> The use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine varies widely between different groups and between cities. Nonetheless, multiple substance use is the predominating pattern of cocaine use, and the different routes of administration have to be taken into account.

This study examines the patterns of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage among foreign-born Asians in the United States, using pooled data from the 2008–2012 American Community Surveys. Results show that the most dominant pattern of marriage among foreign-born Asians was still intra-ethnic marriage and that interracial marriage, especially with whites, rather than interethnic marriage among Asians, remained the dominant pattern of intermarriages. Out of all foreign-born Asian marriages, inter-Asian marriages stayed at only about 3%. Among all foreign-born Asian groups, Japanese were most likely to marry interracially and interethnically, while Asian Indians had the lowest rates of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage. Foreign-born Asian women were more likely to interracially marry, especially with whites, than foreign-born Asian men, but they were not much different from foreign-born Asian men in terms of their interethnic marriage rate. The findings have significant implications for intermarriage research, assimilation, and Asian American panethnicity.

This study examines the patterns of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage among foreign-born Asians in the United States, using pooled data from the 2008&ndash ; 2012 American Community Surveys. Results show that the most dominant pattern of marriage among foreign-born Asians was still intra-ethnic marriage and that interracial marriage, especially with whites, rather than interethnic marriage among Asians, remained the dominant pattern of intermarriages. Out of all foreign-born Asian marriages, inter-Asian marriages stayed at only about 3%. Among all foreign-born Asian groups, Japanese were most likely to marry interracially and interethnically, while Asian Indians had the lowest rates of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage. Foreign-born Asian women were more likely to interracially marry, especially with whites, than foreign-born Asian men, but they were not much different from foreign-born Asian men in terms of their interethnic marriage rate. The findings have significant implications for intermarriage research, assimilation, and Asian American panethnicity.