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Work is devoted to the object of authority, office and service position abuse. In the study the value of criminal offenses object in office for application of law is highlighted. The state of research of a given topic is analyzed in scientific literature.The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of crime object. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of crime object the author came to the conclusion that approach according to which social relationships are the object of crime is the most correct. The structure of social relationships as the object of crime is studied. Object, subject and content of public relations as an object of criminal offenses in office are determined.The generic object of crimes related to performance management and professional activities related to the provision of public services is studied. The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of object of such crimes. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of the generic object of service crimes the researcher determinated her own definition of the gender object of criminal offenses in office. It is pointed that authority, office service position abuse encroaches the same object that is why typical objects of criminal offenses in office does not exist.It is stated that there is a general rule, concerning misuse of the power of special status (this special status can be expressed in the presence of authorities, organizational and administrative functions, administrative and economic functions or other authorities). This general rule is contained in several articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide liability for acts which by its legal nature are a misuse of the power of special status.It is noted, that public relations concerning the correct activities of public authorities, local governments, their staff, enterprises, institutions and organizations irrespectively of ownership forms, persons providing public service – are the generic object of criminal offenses in office.Proper activity is defined as conscientious, proper activity that is conducted in accordance with certain functions, tasks and duties within the competence and lawfully charged according to set tariffs, rates or contract.The definitions of direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are given.Author came to the conclusion that direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are related but they differ in sphere of public relations. ; Досліджено об'єкт зловживання владою, службовим становищем або повноважен­нями за КК України. Проаналізовано наукові підходи до розуміння об'єкта злочину, підтримуючи домінуючу у доктрині вітчизняного кримінального права позицію, що об'єктом злочину є суспільні відносини; розглянуто структуру досліджуваних суспільних відносин (суб'єкти, предмет, соціальний зв'язок). Дослідження об'єкта автор проводить на основі класифікацій за вертикаллю і за горизонталлю. Також проаналізовано підходи до визна­чення родового об'єкта досліджуваної групи злочинів, висловлено позицію, згідно з якою у родовому об'єкті злочинів, передбачених розділом XVII Особливої частини КК України, недоцільно виділяти видові об'єкти злочинів; запропоновано власну дефініцію родового об'єкта злочинів у сфері службової діяльності та професійної діяльності, пов'язаної з наданням публічних послуг, у якій розкривається власне розуміння змісту правильної (нормальної) службової та професійної діяльності, пов'язаної з наданням публічних послуг. Виділено основні безпосередні об'єкти досліджуваної групи злочинів.

This paper studies the relationship between Spain and European policies in the period 1982-2004, using a history of international relations approach. In the period examined here, the international system was characterized by great changes, passing from the "second cold war" of the eighties to the new dynamics of the post-cold war of the nineties and then of 2001-2003; changes that involved Europe in general (transition from the EEC to the EU, enlargement policies, Euro-Med project, etc.) and Spain in particular. The historical trajectory of the relationship between Spain and Europe is analyzed in this complex phase of transformation of the international system. The perceptions that the Europeans have had of Spain are also examined with respect to the different governments that succeeded each other in Madrid from the transition period until 2004. Specific attention is dedicated to the main protagonists of the events analyzed, particular for their role in international politics. ; En este trabajo se estudia la relación entre España y las políticas europeas en el periodo 1982- 2004, utilizando como enfoque la historia de las relaciones internacionales. En el periodo examinado aquí, el sistema internacional se caracterizó por grandes cambios, pasando de la "segunda guerra fría" de los años ochenta a las nuevas dinámicas de la posguerra fría en los años noventa y luego en 2001-2003; cambios que han involucrado a Europa en general (transición de la CEE a la UE, políticas de ampliación, proyecto Euro-Med, UEM, etc.) y a España en particular. La trayectoria histórica de la relación entre España y Europa es analizada en esa compleja fase de transformación del sistema internacional. Las percepciones que los europeos han tenido de España también se examinan con respecto a los diferentes Gobiernos que se sucedieron en Madrid desde el periodo de transición hasta 2004. Se dedica atención a los principales protagonistas de los eventos analizados, en particular por su papel en la política internacional.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- Editor -- Contributors -- Foreword: Critical social work and social justice -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Critical social work and the politics of transformation -- Setting the scene for critical social work -- Redefining the meaning of critical social work -- Handbook structure and content -- Political ontology and innovation in critical social work -- Taking a political stance in social work -- Note -- References -- PART I: Historical, social and political influences -- Chapter 1: Welfare words, neoliberalism and critical social work -- Introduction -- Welfare words, critical social work and social policy -- Keywords -- A welfare words approach -- Examples of welfare words -- Rhetorically recalibrated neoliberalism -- Welfare words, social work and critically disruptive thinking -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Neoliberal relations of poverty and the welfare state -- Neoliberal relations of poverty -- Neoliberalism defined -- Neoliberal welfare -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Marxist social work: an international and historical perspective -- Introduction -- Foundations of Marxist social work -- Marxist analyses of the state -- Marxist approaches to social work under capitalism -- Popular social work -- Marxist approaches to social work under socialism -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Chapter 4: Critical social work in the U.S.: challenges and conflicts -- Introduction -- The evolution of critical social work in the U.S. -- The influence of socialism -- Voices of contemporary critical social workers -- Contemporary challenges and conflicts -- Responding to contemporary challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The rise of the global state paradigm: implications for social work

Recent events such as 'Iran's Green Revolution' and the 'Arab Uprisings' have exploded notions that human rights are irrelevant to Middle Eastern and North African politics. Increasingly seen as a global concern, human rights are at the fulcrum of the region's on-the-ground politics, transnational intellectual debates, and global political intersections. 'The Routledge Handbook on Human Rights and the Middle East and North Africa': Emphasises the need to consider human rights in all their dimensions, rather than solely focusing on the political dimension, in order to understand the structural reasons behind the persistence of human rights violations. Explores the various frameworks in which to consider human rights - conceptual, political and transnational/international. Discusses issue areas subject to particularly intense debate - gender, religion, sexuality, transitions and accountability. Contains contributions from perspectives that span from Global Theory to Grassroots reflections, emphasising the need for academic work on human rights to seriously engage with the thoughts and practices of those working on the ground. A multidisciplinary approach from scholars with a wide range of expertise allows the book to capture the complex dynamics by which human rights have had, or could have, an impact on MENA politics. This book will therefore be a key resource for students and scholars of Middle Eastern and North African politics and society, as well as anyone with a concern for Human Rights across the globe --

The digitisation of construction is taking root as Building Information Modelling is becoming more prevalent across the industry. From an Irish context, the adoption rate of BIM has been slow; nationally its advantages and merits have been welcomed and the appropriate government support is either available, soon to be implemented or in the early conceptual stage. Within the Irish governments Project Ireland 2040 framework there are significant infrastructure developments looming ahead, in particular regarding ports and harbours. The importance of this type of infrastructure is only further compounded due to the UK's departure from the EU and the need for creating robust trade infrastructure. This research explores Geotechnical BIM as a crucial tool to be utilised but yet to be recognised in the development of coastal infrastructure. Suffice to say Coastal Infrastructure such as Harbours or Tidal Defences have long projected lifespans. Due to their function, they have to endure severe environmental loading as well as the geological complexities at where they interface with the natural environment. The primary purpose of this research is to offer guidance and awareness to the wider AEC industry through an investigation of current literature, emphasising the importance of Geotechnical BIM as a value engineering tool for coastal infrastructure. The findings in this section point to an urgent need of a national mandate to propel BIM in Ireland and examines the current status of Geotechnical BIM. Secondly it aims to explore the application of Geotechnical BIM through a case study where BIM in principle has been applied to the geotechnical design. The findings in this section examined significant capital savings in the range of 40%. Finally a survey was then carried out to gather data from industry providing insight on how other disciplines find Geotechnical BIM within the wider BIM process and derive recommendations as to better integrate Geotechnical BIM. The results indicate that Geotechnical BIM is welcomed however there are concerns related to cost and risk. The Author concludes that the advantages outweigh the concerns shared in addition to the limitations of the traditional process and suggests the need for a specific level of model detail identifier for Geotechnical models to improve communication and reduce risk.

Background: Health inequalities have been consistently reported across and within European countries and continue to pose major challenges to policy-making. The development of scenarios regarding what could affect population health (PH) inequalities across Europe in the future is considered critical. Scenarios can help policy-makers prepare and better cope with fast evolving challenges. Objective: This paper describes the three 2030 time-horizon scenarios developed under the EURO-HEALTHY project, depicting the key factors that may affect the evolution of PH inequalities across European regions. Methods: A three-stage socio-technical approach was applied: i) identification of drivers (key factors expected to affect the evolution of PH inequalities across European regions until 2030) - this stage engaged in a Web-Delphi process a multidisciplinary panel of 51 experts and other stakeholders representing the different perspectives regarding PH inequalities; ii) generation of scenario structures - different drivers' configurations (i.e. their hypotheses for evolution) were organized into coherent scenario structures using the Extreme-World Method; and iii) validation of scenario structures and generation of scenario narratives. Stages ii) and iii) were conducted in two workshops with a strategic group of 13 experts with a wide view about PH inequalities. The scenario narratives were elaborated with the participants' insights from both the Web-Delphi process and the two workshops, together with the use of evidence (both current and future-oriented) on the different areas within the PH domain. Results: Three scenarios were developed for the evolution of PH inequalities in Europe until 2030: 'Failing Europe' (worst-case but plausible picture of the future), 'Sustainable Prosperity' (best-case but plausible picture of the future), and an interim scenario 'Being Stuck' depicting a 'to the best of our knowledge' evolution. These scenarios show the extent to which a combination of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental drivers shape future health inequalities, providing information for European policy-makers to reflect upon whether and how to design robust policy solutions to tackle PH inequalities. Conclusions: The EURO-HEALTHY scenarios were designed to inform both policy design and appraisal. They broaden the scope, create awareness and generate insights regarding the evolution of PH inequalities across European regions. ; publishersversion ; published

Gran parte de la literatura referida a la historia del pensamiento económico y al vínculo específico entre economía y naturaleza, traza un recorrido histórico que va desde las primeras discusiones entre las escuelas precursoras de la economía moderna, los economistas clásicos y algunos críticos no economistas -provenientes de las ciencias naturales y actualmente postulados como precursores de la economía ecológica-, para luego arribar a la contemporánea discusión entre economistas ambientales de raíz neoclásica y los denominados economistas ecológicos. Sin embargo, hasta el momento son contados autores los que destacan el rol de la obra de Karl Polanyi en ese recorrido. El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar que el pensamiento de Karl Polanyi es notablemente provechoso a la hora de pensar el vínculo entre sociedad, economía y naturaleza. Recuperar la obra de Polanyi, la idea de economía como proceso institucionalizado, su alegato inapelable contra la posibilidad de una economía autoregulada por el mercado, la potencialidad destructora de las mercancías ficticias y el peligro de la economía desincrustada, puede resultar de gran utilidad en el análisis de la actual crisis ecológica y sobre todo en la necesidad de constituir una democracia global que afronte estos problemas. ; Most of the literature on the history of economic thought, particularly its specific link between economy and nature, traces a historical path that goes from early discussions among precursory schools of modern economics, classical economists and some non-economist critics (thinkers belonging to the natural sciences and currently considered ecological economics forerunners) to current debates between neoclassical environmental economists and the so called ecological economists. However, to date, very few authors have stressed the importance of Polanyi's contributions. The aim of this paper is to stress the fact that Karl Polanyi's approach constitutes a highly relevant tool to discuss the relationship between society, economics and nature. In light of the present ecological crisis analysis, it might turn out vital to resort to Polanyi's influential framework: his idea about economy viewed as an instituted process, the dangers of a disembedded economy, the destructive potential of fictitious commodities, his final argument against a self-regulated market economy, with the aim of building a global democracy capable of addressing these challenges.