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The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war,the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations areanalyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of "hybrid war" in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditionsof hybrid war development by a country-aggressor are considered.Actuality of problem. The problem of the "Hybrid War" due to the increase of the tension level is actualized,which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, asweal as on the all the processes that take place in them.Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appearopposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a worldpolitical arena. This problem puts further European and world safety under a threat.«Cold war» became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries throughintensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons.This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequentlyit is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences ofthis destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessityof fight and development of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of its avoidance to hybrid warin the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine asa constituent of «cold war», new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of thepersonal touches of «cold war» in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and its specificlines in international relations.

SummaryData showing the relative ages of husbands and wives at marriage in one post-war year are available for many countries, and show that the age distribution of wives for men of a given age varies appreciably from country to country. So also does the age distribution of husbands for a given age of bride. The range of the average ages of marriage partners, from country to country within Europe, is about 2 years for either sex.The first part of the paper investigates how far these variations are associated with the corresponding international differences in the supply of men and women available for marriage. There is some correlation—mostly positive at the younger and older marriage ages and negative at the central marriage ages. The results show an affinity with those of a similar study based on time trends in one country alone: England and Wales.In so far as age distributions at marriage are not directly associated with the supply of people available as partners, international variations may be regarded as the expression of differences in social custom, in economic history or in taste. In the second part of the paper such differences are exhibited and discussed. For a given age of one spouse, partners in most countries are older than in Britain but younger wives are found in some Communist countries and also in the Commonwealth.In the final section, the development of the marriage age experience in two countries—France, and England and Wales—is compared over the period 1911–61, and some interesting differences are revealed, especially in relation to the effects of world wars, of economic depressions and the history of contraceptives. In 1911, appreciably older husbands and younger wives were found in France than in Britain, but today the differences between the two countries are much smaller.

Today, the development of a global vision is the cornerstone that guarantees personal, economic and social development, improves competitiveness, and strengthens democracy. Future business professionals will need to understand international business patterns and cultures in order to successfully work in corporations in either the United States or abroad. One way to achieve these goals is through the use of study abroad programs. Study abroad programs develop cross-cultural awareness as well as the interpersonal and professional skills necessary to operate in a changing business environment.A common perception of North Americans is that they are in general ethnocentric and resist efforts to internationalize. While this may or may not be true for all those who reside in the United States, it is undeniable that future college graduates require a better education in international business and cross-cultural differences. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB) has risen to this challenge by requiring participating schools to include a global perspective in their business education programs. In accordance with AACSB accreditation, colleges and universities must incorporate into their mission a focus on "strong and growing global economic forces" (AACSB Standards for Business Accreditation, 1991). For business schools, this entails covering topics that convey to students the United States' role in the global environment and understanding economic and cultural dynamics that play a role in transactions between businesses in other countries. Teaching the intricacies of international business law and the difficulties associated with marketing to individuals of a different language cause can lead to a diminished learning environment in traditional classroom settings. In response to AACSB's charge to improve education on international issues, some schools have stepped out of the classroom and literally moved courses into the global marketplace (Pretzels & Curico, 1996). This paper discusses the rationale for experiential education programs, the benefits of these initiatives to students, and current trends in international study abroad programs.

This book enlarges our understanding of policy analysis produced in 1919-1949 by economists and other social scientists for four international organizations: the League of Nations, the International Labor Organization, the Bank for International Settlements, and the United Nations. Such practitioners include: Cassel, Haberler, Kalecki, Meade, Morgenstern, Nurkse, Tinbergen, and Viner

The paper provides an overview of the Russian official plans of development of the international financial center (based primarily in Moscow) and tries to stimulate the discussion on the critical assessment of the perspectives in order to outline the efficient ways to achieve this ambitious goal.

A small group founded Amnesty International in 1961 to translate human rights principles into action. Diplomacy of Conscience provides a rich account of how the organization pioneered a combination of popular pressure and expert knowledge to advance global human rights. To an extent unmatched by predecessors and copied by successors, Amnesty International has employed worldwide publicity campaigns based on fact-finding and moral pressure to urge governments to improve human rights practices. Less well known is Amnesty International's significant impact on international law. It has helped forge the international community's repertoire of official responses to the most severe human rights violations, supplementing moral concern with expertise and conceptual vision. Diplomacy of Conscience traces Amnesty International's efforts to strengthen both popular human rights awareness and international law against torture, disappearances, and political killings. Drawing on primary interviews and archival research, Ann Marie Clark posits that Amnesty International's strenuously cultivated objectivity gave the group political independence and allowed it to be critical of all governments violating human rights. Its capacity to investigate abuses and interpret them according to international standards helped it foster consistency and coherence in new human rights law. Generalizing from this study, Clark builds a theory of the autonomous role of nongovernmental actors in the emergence of international norms pitting moral imperatives against state sovereignty. Her work is of substantial historical and theoretical relevance to those interested in how norms take shape in international society, as well as anyone studying the increasing visibility of nongovernmental organizations on the international scene.

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is currently working on how to reform international investment treaties, focusing in particular on those treaties' provisions enabling investors to sue governments in international arbitration. As an observer organization in this process, CCSI has emphasized that in the context of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) reform, it is important to first consider what it is that investment treaties aim to achieve, and only then to consider what form(s) of dispute settlement will best advance those objectives. This means not only looking at reform of the existing ISDS mechanism, but also alternatives to it. Having identified various concerns about ISDS and determined that such concerns merit multilateral reform, UNCITRAL is now engaged in developing procedural reform solutions. To contribute to UNCITRAL's work, CCSI, together with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), submitted five documents outlining potential reform options and considerations: Comments to the Draft Working Group III Workplan. The draft workplan is available on the Working Group III website and is intended to set forth and allocate time and resources to the WGIII activities over the coming years. Our comments relate to making the plan of work more transparent and participatory, in particular for developing countries, non-governmental Working Group III observers (including our organizations) and also how the workplan should incorporate the "cross-cutting issues."

"'Perspectives on international insolvency law : a tribute to Bob Wessels' is first of all what it says it is: a Festschrift to commemorate Professor Bob Wessels' retirement from his chair on International Insolvency Law at Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Bob joined Leiden University in 2007. At the time he took with him more than thirty years of experience in professional practice and in academic research and education. In professional practice he was a partner of the Legal Services group Ernst & Young Tax Advisors and their alliance partner Holland van Gijzen Attorneys and Civil Law Notaries. He also was a professor of Civil and Commercial Law at his alma mater, Vrije University Amsterdam. At Leiden University Bob created a center of expertise of International Insolvency Law. He raised funds and encouraged young researchers to unravel the mysteries of international insolvency law, theory and jurisprudence. By sharing his expertise with young people and with experienced judges, attorneys and researchers Bob multiplied the knowledge of international insolvency law."--Back cover

This thesis aims to analyse Russia's international relations through its demographics. The choice is justified by the scale of socio-political changes in the country since the end of USSR and by the seriousness of the Russian demographic situation since 1991. The country is facing a lasting demographic decline and the regional demographic disparity has been accentuated. The question becomes therefore a major political issue. This demographic decline has impacts on the territory, the economy and the army, redefining thus the Russian power. International relations theories show the complexity of the connection between demographics and international relations of a State. The demographic factor seems less integrated by leaders but it offers further analysis that puts Russian foreign policy rhetoric into perspective. The demographic criteria could have a larger influence on Russia's international issues. It offers also opportunities. Demography plays an ambiguous role in Moscow's Chinese and Asian policies. The Russian demographic decline has had an impact on the redefinition of the relations between Russia and CIS countries. Migration ties with Russia are the result of a demographic interdependence that becomes an economic and then political one. The demographic reality in the post-Soviet area favours a soft power based policy for Moscow in Central Asia, especially in Kazakhstan. The Russia demographic reality has contributed to a shift within Russian foreign policy and a change of position for Russia in the world. ; Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les relations internationales de la Russie par le biais de sa démographie. Ce choix se justifie par l'ampleur des changements socio-politiques du pays depuis la fin de l'URSS, et par la gravité de la situation démographique russe depuis 1991. Le pays connaît un déclin démographique durable, et l'hétérogénéité démographique régionale se renforce. La question devient alors un enjeu politique majeur. Ce déclin démographique a des impacts sur le territoire, l'économie et l'armée, redéfinissant ainsi la puissance russe. Les théories des relations internationales montrent la complexité du lien démographie/relations internationales d'un Etat. Le facteur démographique semble peu intégré par les décideurs, mais apporte un complément d'analyse qui relativise le discours de politique étrangère russe. Le critère démographique pourrait jouer un rôle plus important sur des enjeux internationaux de la Russie. Il lui offre même des opportunités. La démographie a un rôle ambigu dans les politiques chinoise et asiatique de Moscou. Le déclin démographique russe a participé à une redéfinition des relations entre la Russie et les pays de la CEI. Les liens migratoires avec la Russie sont le résultat d'une interdépendance démographique qui devient économique et ensuite politique. La réalité démographique de l'espace post-soviétique favorise une politique de soft power de Moscou en Asie centrale, notamment au Kazakhstan. Le déclin démographique russe a donc contribué à un changement de la politique étrangère et de la place de la Russie dans le monde

Realism has been the most influential theoretical approach in international relations since the discipline was born. Yet realism, for all its popularity, has always been criticised for its narrow world view of a system of states all seeking power, security and survival in a world of anarchy. Additionally, realism has struggled to provide explanations for some of the major events and evolutions in world politics. The timing of the outbreak of wars, the disappearance of superpowers and trends of regionalisation are all inadequately explained by realism, leaving the critic to ask, simply, why? Dylan Kissane answers this question by going to the core of realist theory and arguing that realism's problems stem from a critical yet flawed assumption about the nature of the international system. By assuming an anarchical system, realists diminish the complexity of international politics and blind themselves to the impact of substate actors. In this book, Kissane opens the door to re-founding international relations theory not on anarchy but on the assumption of a complex international system. Drawing on an interdisciplinary literature and offering a novel application of complexity theory to international politics, Beyond Anarchy is the beginning of a new and exciting stream of international relations theory for the twenty-first century

The objective of this paper is to briefly review Africa's trade policy in the light of recent international development. Its recommendations aim at reinforcing the Lagos Plan of Action which lays down the foundation upon which an equitable international trade system should be built

Although European scholars have called U.S. punitive damages an ?(undesired) peculiarity of American law? and the ?Trojan horse of the Americanisation of continental law?, the European Union cannot close its eyes to this important feature of U.S. law. Despite being under constant scrutiny, punitive damages have a strong foothold on the other side of the ocean. Moreover, due to increased globalisation, transnational litigation is arguably on the rise. In cross-border law suits, it is inevitable that a jurisdiction will encounter legal institutions that are alien to the substantive law of the forum. 00This book examines the private international law treatment of American punitive damages in the European Union. It poses the crucial question whether U.S. punitive damages (should) penetrate the borders of the European Union through the backdoor of private international law. More specifically, three areas of private international law are analysed: service of process, applicable law and enforcement of judgments. 00In addition to describing the current positions in case law and scholarship, the book takes a normative perspective and attempts to formulate concrete guiding principles that can be used when the European legal order faces U.S. punitive damages. It, therefore, provides an invaluable resource for practitioners, judges and authorities confronted with this controversial remedy. Furthermore, as a nation?s private international law attitude indicates the country?s level of tolerance towards a foreign concept unknown in its own legal system, the book can form an essential building block for discussions amongst legislators surrounding the introduction of the remedy of punitive damages in substantive law