Suchergebnisse

AbstractSocial science research has a strong tradition of explicating the link between race and educational attainment. This review explores racial differences in achievement in higher education with the added dimension of family immigration history. In particular, this article focuses on Black students and compares African‐Americans or native Blacks with those Black students whose families immigrated to the United States within the past two generations. Theories which aid in this comparison are: socioeconomic explanations, segmented assimilation theory, theories of social capital, the theory of oppositional culture, and stereotype threat. Empirical evidence for each theoretical explanation is provided. This article concludes with a call for further research in differences in educational attainment by race and immigrant generation, focusing on early education, emerging multi‐racial groups, and gender.

This study aims to explore a theoretical basis of global education. The author notes that it is sensible to motivate and equip pupils and students with the knowledge, skills, abilities needed to create a positive global attitude. A key condition is to create a system-wide view of the world.

The paper compares employment structures in five Continental welfare states. These countries feature broad similarities in their reliance on a more dualised model of labour market flexibility, particularly in service occupations with low skill requirements. However, a closer look also reveals considerable differences between national patterns of standard and non-standard work. In Germany (and to a lesser extent Austria), marginal part-time provides a fertile ground for low-paid service jobs, as non-wage labour costs are minimised. In France, fixed-term contracts are a flexible and also cheaper alternative to permanent contracts, especially for younger workers. Dutch service sector employers follow an eclectic approach, as can be seen from high shares of self-employed and part-timers, as well as temporary workers. Finally, Belgium has large proportions of very low-skilled, own-account self-employed and involuntary fixed-term contracts. On the basis of these results, we identify four transformative pathways towards a more inclusive or flexible labour market: growing wage dispersion, defection from both permanent full-time employment as well as from dependent employment, and government-sponsored labour cost reductions.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 67-86). ; According to the definition presented by Hans Kelsen in his legal thinking classic work General Theory of Law and the State s a political organizational community creates to exercise political power within a valid legal order framework for a delimited territorial space, where the principle of peoples self-determination is guaranteed with a required complement: sovereignty. However, due to globalization processes, particularly, market-based economy, the most important decisions affecting the State are made by international economic entities such as the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank. In the way, self-determination and sovereignty principles, part of the classical definition of National State, are called into question and have become just fiction. When facing that reality, the idea of a cosmopolitan society postulated by Kant more than two hundred years ago, brings back its validity, but now, due to its historical distance, Kant postulation must be implemented for democratizing the process towards a new world order constitution. This article explores the possibility to strengthen democracy by rebuilding. The illustration principles applied toa cosmopolitan society through citizens practice of communicative power, which are supposed to trigger communicative liberty in the theoretical horizon proposed by Habermas. ; La definición de Estado nacional que Hans Kelsen expone en su obra clásica del pensamiento jurídico Teoría general del Derecho y del Estado lo caracteriza como organización política, que crea una comunidad nacional con el objeto de ejercer el poder político en el marco de un orden normativo válido para un espacio territorial delimitado, mediante el cual, se garantiza el principio de autodeterminación de un pueblo y su complemento necesario: la soberanía. Sin embargo, con motivo de los procesos de globalización, en particular, globalización de la economía de mercado, las decisiones más importantes que afectan al Estado se toman en los organismos económicos internacionales como el Fondo Monetario Internacional o el Banco Mundial, con lo cual, los principios de autodeterminación y de soberanía propios de la clásica definición del Estado nacional son puestos en cuestión y se han convertido en una mera ficción. Ante esa realidad, la idea de una sociedad cosmopolita, postulada por Kant hace ya más de doscientos años, retoma su vigencia, salvo que ahora, a la distancia histórica, la propuesta kantiana debe ser implementada por la democratización de los procesos de constitución de un nuevo orden mundial. El presente artículo explora la posibilidad de fortalecer la democracia gracias a una reconstrucción de los principios de la Ilustración, aplicados a una sociedad cosmopolita mediante la práctica del poder comunicativo de los ciudadanos que, suponemos, producirá el desencadenamiento de las libertades comunicativas en el horizonte teórico propuesto por Habermas. ; Bibliografía: páginas 86. ; Artículo de investigación

AbstractThis article evaluates the capacity of the Chinese state in maintaining stability by examining the merits and limitations of its responses to the dominant form of rural unrest in recent years: conflicts over land. The current response of the Chinese state that focusses on upward accountability of state agents is misguided. We argue that the ultimate solution hinges upon the success of the Chinese state in strengthening its capacity in engaging society and capability to reformulate a new fiscal order that provides adequate resources for effective governance at rural grass roots. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Human resources (HR) and compensation professionals in Australia were surveyed to determine how they communicate rewards information to employees. The rewards communications survey examined five reward components: organization reward strategy and philosophy, base pay, base-pay increases, short-term variable pay and benefits. This research found that HR and compensation professionals believe that rewards communication is important, even to the degree that it affects organizational performance, employee satisfaction with pay, employee retention and employee motivation. They also believe that most employees have limited understanding of the purpose of reward programs and how they work; in fact, many do not understand aspects of the pay system that directly affect them such as pay ranges, average pay rates and performance targets. Comparisons between Australian and United State reward communication policies and practices are reported.

ABSTRACTThe analysis in this paper is directed at measuring the substitution between seven beverages consumed in the United States with the objective of shedding some light on just what is the relevant market for antitrust purposes. With regard to the overall beverage market considerations, there is a clear indication that consumers do substitute between different types of beverages. What must be subjectively resolved, however, is whether the extent of the indicated substitution is of significant enough magnitude to infer that two different beverages are in the same product market.

While there is a considerable body of literature on adult correctional education, this literature almost exclusively deals with teachers and students working within incarceration settings, where students are in jail or prison. There is a lack of research on the experiences of teachers working with students who are a part of the correctional system but are placed within the community , i.e., community corrections. In this study the author examines the experiences of teachers working with court - mandated, community corrections students in GED/ABE programs. Seven adult education teachers share their experiences in this phenomenological study. The findings of the study indicate a special relationship, a chiasm, between teachers and students. Implications of this chiasm, an experience described by Merleau - Ponty, are explored.

With special reference to the steel industry, this article draws upon a politicalinstitutional perspective to examine the progress made in the most recent round of state-enterprise reform in China - the introduction of the Modern Enterprise System and Group Company System. This reform programme is intended, by 2010, to transform 156 of China's largest state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into internationally competitive corporations which, while still remaining in overall state ownership, will much more closely resemble typical Western corporations in their structures and processes, with Boards of Directors accountable to shareholders rather than being subject to the political authority of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). ; Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stahlindustrie wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, welche Fortschritte in der aktuellen Phase der Reform der Staatsunternehmen in China, also bei der Einführung des Modern Enterprise System und des Group Company System, gemacht wurden. Ziel dieses Reformprogramms ist die Transformation von 156 der größten chinesischen Staatsunternehmen in international wettbewerbsfähige Unternehmen bis zum Jahre 2010. Obwohl die Unternehmen in Staatseigentum bleiben, werden sie strukturell viel stärker an westliche Unternehmen erinnern. Rechenschaft muss dann gegenüber den Anteilseignern abgelegt werden; die kommunistische Partei Chinas wird in diesen umstrukturierten Unternehmen keine politische Autorität mehr ausüben.