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"This volume provides an overview of the whole range of long-term analyses in international relations. It evaluates and draws on theoretical approaches in both the humanities and social sciences - in subjects such as sociology, history, anthropology and archaeology - and recent progress in evolutionary theory and the mathematical study of complexity. The resulting analysis reinterprets processes of global political change in the past and present, and opens fresh areas of enquiry for international relations."--Bloomsbury Publishing

International field work training has focused mainly on the importance of support systems and supervision. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed framework that specifies the components and strategies that should be included. To fill this gap, this article will explore the use of an experiential 3-week psycho-educational training seminar. Four main components were developed for the psycho-educational seminar on the basis of the approach to traditional field work practicum. In addition, five strategies were adopted to achieve these components. Practical guidelines are proposed for training social work students in international field work abroad.

The article is devoted to the main aspects of the activities of UNESCO and ICESCO— two international organizations dedicated to science, education and culture, which are involved in the implementation of projects on intercultural, interfaith, and, in general, intercivilisational dialogue. The paper studies the specific features of their activities and the common work on the implementation of the ideas of non-violence, cultural and historical diversity of the ways of development of different countries and nations. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in today's controversial world, 'fractures' do not go along areligious line only, but also along awhole range of value orientations that today make up certain ideologies: ultra- liberal and moderate conservative, both at the global and local levels. The conclusion states: it is namely international educational platforms that today can become akind of laboratory for the search for moral, ethical and legal norms common to the whole mankind.

The infrastructure required for international natural gas trade is considerable, which often leads to hold-up problems and supply disruptions. This study discusses disruptions of gas supply from Algeria, Indonesia, Russia, and Turkmenistan since the early 1980s. The novelty of this study is its focus on the issues related to transit countries, which are rarely considered in the literature. The results of the study classify supply disruptions into six types, show the evolution of supply disruptions over time, and discuss mitigation strategies. The six types of disruptions include political change, price demands, debts, technical issues, transit fees, theft of gas. The evolution of the disruptions shows that the issues related to transit countries have become more frequent in the last two decades. Mitigation strategies tailored to transit countries include using an international organisation, designing contracts with price mechanisms that might reduce the possibility of disputes and reducing the number of parties involved in the trade.

© The Author(s) 2019. The focus on the everyday in this Special Issue reveals different kinds of emotional practices, their political effects and their political contestation within both micro- and macro-politics in international relations. The articles in this Special Issue address the everyday negotiation of emotions, shifting between the reproduction of hegemonic structures of feelings and emancipation from them. In other words, the everyday politics of emotions allows an exploration of who gets to express emotions, what emotions are perceived as (il)legitimate or (un)desirable, how emotions are circulated and under what circumstances. Consequently, we identify two thematic strands which emerge as central to an interrogation of 'everyday' emotions in international relations and which run through each of the contributions: first, an exploration of the relationship between individual and collective emotions and, second, a focus on the role of embodiment within emotions research and its relationship with the dynamics and structures of power.

China's increasing capabilities are a central focus of modern day US security concerns. The International Relations literature is a key forum for analyses of the so-called 'China threat' and yet it remains relatively quiet on the role of ideas in the construction and perpetuation of the dangers that country is understood to present. This article reveals that throughout history 'threats' from China towards the United States, rather than objectively verifiable phenomena, have always been social constructions of American design and thus more than calculations of material forces. Specifically, it argues that powerful and pervasive American representations of China have been repeatedly and purposefully responsible for creating a threatening identity. It also demonstrates that these representations have enabled and justified US China policies which themselves have reaffirmed the identities of both China and the United States, protecting the latter when seemingly threatened by the former. Three case studies from across the full duration of Sino-American relations expose the centrality of ideas to historical and contemporary understandings of China 'threats', and to the American foreign policies formulated in response. Copyright © 2013, British International Studies Association.

The paper tries to shed light on the conceptual link between international crises like the one following September 11, 2001, the Asian financial crisis of 1997/1998, the end of the Cold War or major international conflicts, and processes of change in the international system. It argues that cultural structures rest on their continuous instantiation through social practices, thereby making them coterminous with process. Process is constituted by meaningful acts of social agents, and can thus only be grasped by analysing meaning. Meaning is transmitted by language. Meaningful language is never reducible to individual speakers; it is a social act. In the paper, I call this process discourse. Linking Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with the theory of hegemony developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, I will finally be able to show how hegemonic discourses serve as the nexus between crises and cultural structures and how they make cultural change possible. ; Der Artikel untersucht den theoretischen Zusammenhang zwischen internationalen Krisen wie der Asienkrise, dem Ende des Kalten Kriegs oder den Folgen des 11. September 2001 und Prozessen des kulturellen Wandels in der internationalen Politik. Das Ausgangsargument lautet, dass sich kulturelle Strukturen im politischen Prozess permanent neu bilden; Kultur wird durch den sozialen Interaktionsprozess konstituiert. Durch Sprache erzeugte Bedeutung verleiht dem Prozess seine sozialwissenschaftlich analysierbare Substanz. Sprache ist niemals als isolierter Akt, sondern immer als soziale Handlung zu verstehen. In dem Artikel wird dieser Zusammenhang mit dem Begriff des Diskurses beschrieben. Als Analyseraster werden Einsichten der Kritischen Diskursanalyse mit der Theorie der Hegemonie von Ernesto Laclau und Chantal Mouffe verbunden.

Relevance. One of the most vulnerable aspects of the development of the Russian economy is its technological and innovative component. This aspect of the Russian economy was tried to reanimate and increase its effectiveness after the 2008 crisis, in order to move from a raw material model of economic growth to a model of advanced technological development. In 2022, Russia has no choice but to carry out a structural transformation of the economy, for the success of which it is vital to intensify and increase the efficiency of innovation. In this regard, the role of state financial regulation of innovation activities for the transition period is increasing.The purpose of this study is to substantiate approaches to state financial regulation of innovative development of the economy in the context of international sanctions and to clarify specific conditions for intensifying innovations in the non-state sector of the economy.Objectives: review of the scientific literature on the impact of sanctions on the dynamics of innovative activity; analysis of innovative activity in Russia over the past 10 years; justification of the methods and instruments of state financial regulation of innovations in the current conditions for Russia.Methodology. The article uses methods of analysis and synthesis of information, an overview analysis of scientific literature, horizontal and graphic analysis of Rosstat data on the innovative development of Russia.Results. The results of the work was the systematization of methods and instruments of state financial regulation in the context of international sanctions, as well as the justification of specific conditions for the successful innovative development of Russia in the current geopolitical situation.Conclusion. The Government should use a standard set of financial incentives for innovation activity, but to develop the non-governmental sector and improve the effectiveness of innovation activities, it is also necessary to create additional conditions for creating a favorable institutional environment in which appropriate private initiatives will be possible.

East Asian governments have long recognized that national security must incorporate a reduction of their vulnerability to the disruption of essential imports. The rapid economic growth of China and India has intensified competition for increasingly scarce resources, elevating resource security once again to the top of the international agenda. Issues that were previously regarded as 'technical' have been 'securitized' as state elites perceived possible conflicts over availability and pricing of natural resources as threats to national security.International institutions have the potential to contribute to the defusing of tensions over the supply of commodities by providing, through various means, assurances regarding the behaviour of partners. Only the global institutions concerned with commodities trade, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), have legally binding arrangements and the authority to impose sanctions on states that fail to comply with their obligations. But both have weaknesses: the IEA's membership is limited; the WTO's rules relating to raw materials trade are far from comprehensive. Most of the regional institutions in this field seldom go beyond information exchange or the setting of aspirational targets. At the bilateral level, government attempts to enhance resource security through minerals chapters in preferential trade agreements have had little success. Bilateral investment treaties are the only instances of cooperation at the sub-global level that incorporate legally-binding provisions.The cooperation on resources issues in which countries have engaged has reflected the core characteristics of Asia-Pacific bilateral and regional intergovernmental institutions. The shallowness of cooperation reflects perceptions on the part of state elites that their interests in the resources sector are best served by national rather than collective action and that current cooperative arrangements fail to provide sufficient incentives to prevent states from succumbing to opportunistic behaviour in the event of a short-term clash of interests. The potential gains to be made from a cooperative approach to resource security remain largely unrealized.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: War is the major problem facing mankind as no other societal affliction can match it in terms of human suffering and loss of life. Throughout recorded history theorists have attempted to formulate a method of preventing wars but none have succeeded. John G. Stoessinger, Professor of Political Science at Hunter College, City University of New York, has formulated a theory of peacekeeping that shows some promise for success. The purpose of this paper is to examine Stoessinger's theory in order to determine its distinctiveness, originality, and utility. METHODS: Research has combined comparative and case study methods with the comparative approach being utilized a great majority of the time. Findings have been presented in the traditional narrative style favored in the discipline of international relations. Several of Stoessinger's books were compared in order to find the origins and content of his theory. In addition, Stoessinger's theory was compared to the work of other theorists in order to discover the originality and distinctiveness of Stoessinger's work. Several of Stoessinger's own case studies were partially restructured to illustrate the utility of his peacekeeping theory. Theoretical points of reference were used to define Stoessinger's approach and contribution to the discipline. Again, these reference points and Stoessinger's theory were subjected to the comparative method of analysis. FINDINGS: This thesis concluded that Stoessinger combined the traditional and behavioral approaches to write a mid-range theory of international relations. His peacekeeping theory is based on perception and therefore lies within the psychological realm - an area which has not yet been popularized by the discipline. Stoessinger's theory was found to be distinctive and original. It was discovered that Stoessinger's propositions have not had much impact on the discipline with possible reasons for the unpopularity of his theory being his personal life problems, matters of style, and the psychological aspect of his theory. Final conclusions pointed out that Stoessinger's theory may give partial solutions to the problem of war.