Suchergebnisse

Resumo: A política sanitária de isolamento compulsório adotada nos anos 1920 para controle da hanseníase ("lepra"), foi mote da tese de Daniele Bezerra. A pesquisa nos arquivos do Hospital-Colônia Itapuã (Viamão/RS), seguida de observação flutuante e registro fotográfico nas ruínas daquela microcidade, com atenção às narrativas verbo-visuais de seus poucos habitantes, converteu aquelas memórias difíceis em "monumentos-refratários" (Bezerra, 2019). Considerando a dimensão coletiva do cemitério, propomos uma narrativa visual das fotografias tumulares, que inscrevem esses vestígios como fantasmagorias e redobram a invisibilização de presenças socialmente indesejáveis. O simbolismo da lápide como lugar de memória (Nora, 1981) permite propor uma epistemologia daquelas "imagens órfãs" (Bruno, 2018), que resistem e "interrogam nosso tempo presente" (Samain, 2012). Considerando a noção de pessoa (Mauss, 2011) que subjaz a máscara mortuária, e a fotografia como "aparecimento de uma distância" (Benjamin, 1989) e como "ressurreição" (Barthes, 2010), compartilhamos da preocupação de Didi-Huberman (2013) sobre o risco de musealização do passado na forma de domesticação da violência institucional.Palavras-chave: Narrativas verbo-visuais. Memória e esquecimento. Políticas sanitárias e invisibilidade. TUMULAR PHOTOGRAPHIES IN AN OLD COLONY OF SANITARY ISOLATION: SURVIVALS OF A DISAPPEARING PAST Abstract: The health policy of compulsory isolation adopted in the 1920s for leprosy control was the motto of Daniele Bezerra's thesis, co-author of this article. Research in the archives of the Hospital-Colônia Itapuã (Viamão/RS), followed by floating observation and photographic recording in the ruins of that microcity, with attention to the verb-visual narratives of its few inhabitants, converted those difficult memories into "refratting -monuments" (Bezerra, 2019). Considering the collective dimension of the cemetery, we propose a visual narrative of the tomb photographs, which inscribe these vestiges as phantasmagoria and redouble the invisibilization of socially undesirable presences. The symbolism of the gravestone as a place of memory (Nora, 1981) allows us to propose an epistemology of those "orphan images" (Bruno, 2018) that resist and "question our present time" (Samain, 2012). Considering the notion of the person (Mauss, 2011) that underlies the mortuary mask, and photography as "the appearance of a distance" (Benjamin, 1989) and as "resurrection" (Barthes, 2010), we share Didi-Huberman's (2013) concern about the risk of musealization of the past in the form of domestication of institutional violence.Keywords: Verb-visual narratives. Memory and oblivion; Health policies and invisibility.

Resumo: Cheguei à casa de D. Zeinha com algumas fotos nas mãos. Queria ouvir o que poderiam me contar. Licinha, sua filha, logo falou: nossa comunidade não tem memória. A prosa foi avançando. Esse aqui é tio Izidoro. Vovó Julia aqui. Emocionada Licinha vai até outro cômodo e volta com uma pasta com mais fotografias. Provoquei: viu só, quanta memória. Ela arrematou: é, a memória estava toda empoeirada na sacola. A experiência a que se propõe esta pesquisa tem lugar no Alto da Bela Vista, em Itaparica (BA) e envolve os moradores do entorno do terreiro Omo Ilê Agboulá e o culto aos ancestrais, Babá-Egùn. A ideia é comtemplar presenças e ausências acionadas por imagens. Eu não alcancei este tempo. Escutei isso repetidas vezes. A frase parece trazer a tona a astúcia das fotografias contra uma razão linear. As potencialidades de associação entre o fazer etnográfico e as narrativas geradas com as fotografias permeiam as reflexões a serem compartilhadas neste artigo. Palavras Chaves: Ancestralidade. Fotografia. Memória. I DID NOT REACH THAT TIMEPHOTOGRAPHY AND ANCESTRY AT ALTO DA BELA VISTA, ITAPARICA (BAHIA) Abstract: I arrived at Ms. Zeinha's house with some pictures in hands. I wanted to hear what they could tell me. Licinha, her daughter, has soon spoken: our community doesn't have memory. The prose was going on. This is uncle Izidoro. Grandma Julia here. Thrilled, Licinha goes to another room and come back with a folder with more photos. I provoked: look at these, there are a lot of memory. She answered: yes, all this memory was dusty in a bag. The experience this research describes has place at Alto da Bela vista, Itaparica (Bahia), and involves the surrounding habitants of the terreiro Omo Illê Agboulá and the ancestors cult, Babá-Egùn. The idea is to look on presences and absences activated by images. I did not reach that time. I heard that repeated times. This sentence seems to bring up the astuteness of photography against a linear rationality. The potentialities of the combination between ethnography and the narratives created with the pictures surround the reflections shared in this article.Keywords: Ancestry. Photography. Memory.

The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct the development of a socialized interpretation of shame in the Western philosophical tradition from antiquity up to the 17th century. Along with the standard methods of conducting research in the history of philosophy (critical, comparative, hermeneutical, etc.), the author resorts to a strategy of identifying the historical sources and rudimentary forms of contemporary theoretical approaches to understanding moral phenomena. With regard to shame, there are three such approaches, or three interpretations: socialized (identifying shame with negative feelings about a real or imagined loss of face), anthropological (identifying shame with a painful reaction to the generic imperfection of a person in the sphere of corporeality) and desocialized (identifying shame with negative feelings of an individual generated by the awareness of the worthlessness of his own moral character). Studying the development of each of them requires an understanding of how they historically interacted with each other. The first detailed description of shame from the socialized perspective was proposed by Aristotle. In it, shame appears as a fear of disrepute or suffering from it, that is, a negative feeling that presupposes that other people know that an individual has committed an objectively vicious act or that he does not have some objectively valuable quality. Aristotle viewed shame as a less perfect moral trait than virtue (in contemporary socialized conceptions of shame, guilt is usually its more perfect alternative). Thomas Aquinas relies on the Aristotelian understanding of shame, but: a) connects it with the anthropological interpretation proposed by Augustine, b) makes a special emphasis on the fact that shame is appropriate only in the case of the sinfulness of the act. The early modern socialized conceptions of shame are characterized by a movement from doubt about the reasonableness of this feeling to its partial or complete rehabilitation. At the same time, R. Descartes, B. Spinoza and J. Locke, unlike Aristotle and Thomas, approve of shame not only because it is an imperfect counterpart of virtue, but also in connection with its positive social role (as a means of social discipline and an expression of sociability). Although early modern thinkers discuss moral emotions of self-assessment that are not mediated by the "eye of others" (repentance, remorse), they do not oppose them to shame

Статья посвящена проблеме формирования когнитивного инструментария студентов вуза в процессе познавательной деятельности в условиях технологического обучения. Когнитивная дидактика исходит из того, что каждый человек обладает индивидуальным набором инструментов (внешних и внутренних). Актуальность исследуемой проблемы связана с необходимостью решить вопрос об оптимальной переработке информации, получаемой обучающимися. Автором предлагается идея реализации и исследования мыслительных операций обучающихся в определенной последовательности: представление знаний → структурирование знаний → преобразование знаний во взаимосвязи с основными инструментами мышления как высшей ступени человеческого познания: понятием, суждением и умозаключением. Главным отличием когнитивной дидактики является то, что в ней особое внимание уделяется изучению и развитию познавательных структур и инструментария познания. В качестве методики проведения исследования предлагается использовать диагностику по Дж. Брунеру для определения типов мышления и уровня креативности. Установлено, что реализация использованной методики способствует исследованию базовых типов мышления обучаемых: предметного, образного, знакового и символического. Полученные сведения позволят каждому преподавателю перестроить методику обучения своей дисциплине с ориентацией на личностные особенности когнитивного инструментария каждого обучающегося в отдельности и всей группы в целом.
The article is devoted to the formation of cognitive tools at university students in the process of cognitive activity in technological training. Cognitive didactics comes from the fact that each person has an individual set of tools (external and internal). The relevance of the problem under consideration is conditioned by the necessity to solve the problem of effective processing of information by students. The author proposes the idea of implementation and research of students' mental operations in a specific sequence: representation of knowledge → structuring of the knowledge → transformation of the knowledge in connection with the main tools of thinking as the highest level of human cognition (concept, judgment and conclusion). The main distinction of cognitive didactics is the fact that it focuses on the study and development of cognitive structures and tools. The method employed in the study the diagnostics according to Jerome Bruner's method to determine the types of thinking and levels of creativity. The author established that the implementation of the employed method contributes to the study of basic types of thinking of students: objective, figurative, sign-oriented and symbolic. The data obtained can help teachers to restructure the teaching methods of a specific discipline, taking into consideration some personal characteristics of cognitive tools of each student individually and throughout the group.

Abstract. After confirming that impoundment of large reservoirs could cause earthquakes, studies on reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) have had a considerable scientific incentive. Most of the studies determined that the vertical load increase due to reservoir load, and the reduction of effective force due to the increase in pore pressure, can modify the stress field in the reservoir region, possibly triggering earthquakes. In addition, the RTS is conditioned by several factors such as pre-existing tectonic stresses, reservoir height/weight, area-specific geological and hydromechanical conditions, constructive interaction between the orientation of seismotectonic forces, and additional load caused by the reservoir. One of the major challenges in studying RTS is to identify and correlate the factors in the area of influence of the reservoir, capable of influencing the RTS process itself. A spatial seismicity-triggered reservoir database was created to facilitate the research in this field, based on the specifications of the national spatial data infrastructure (INDE), and to assemble data pertinent to the RTS study in the area of reservoirs. In this context, this work presents the procedures and results found in the data processing of seismotectonic factors (dam height, reservoir capacity, lithology, and seismicity) and compared first to the dams that triggered earthquakes and secondly to the Brazilian dam list. The list has been updated with four more cases, making a total of 30 cases. The results indicate that the occurrence of RTS increases significantly with dam height since dams less than 50 m high cause only 2 % of earthquakes while those higher than 100 m cause about 54 %. The reservoir volume also plays a role, and it was estimated that RTS occurrence requires a limiting minimum value of 1×10-4 km3. There was no clear correlation between the geology and geological provinces with RTS. The delayed response time of the reservoirs represents 43 % of the total; that is, almost half of them have hydraulic behavior. The highest magnitude, 4.2, was observed at a reservoir with a volume greater than 10−3 km3. As a practical outcome, to assist the analysis by the general community, the web viewer RISBRA (Reservoir Induced Seismicity in Brazil) was developed to serve as an interactive platform for Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity Database (BDSDR) data.

Purpose
This study sought to assess the process of initiating a sustainable recycling program at the University of Jordan. It illustrates the potentials of recycling, perceived awareness of recycling by the students and staff, as well as challenges to a sustainable waste recycling program. This study aims to identify the barriers and challenges that face a sustainable waste recycling program at the University of Jordan.


Design/methodology/approach
The study consisted of investigating waste recycling potential on campus, inspecting general environmental awareness toward recycling and running an experimental recycling study on part of the campus. A waste characterization study was conducted to assess the current waste status and recycling extent. A questionnaire survey was carried out to obtain information on the students' and staffs' awareness of waste recycling and management on campus. In the experimental recycling study, seventy units of waste segregation bins were distributed on campus. The recycling efficiency was evaluated at two schools; the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine. The administrative support and collaboration while running the recycling program were also observed.


Findings
Overall, waste recycling at the University of Jordan has an appreciable opportunity and potential. A substantial amount of waste can be diverted from going to the landfill. Data showed general positive recycling rates except for plastic. Also, the recycling rates show great potential for enhancing. The recycling at the University of Jordan faces several barriers and obstacles. The greatest barrier was identified as the lack of cooperation of the administrative system on campus. The administrative support for the recycling program was strong only at the initiation of the recycling program. Administrative support has a vital influence on the recycling program. It has the potential of boosting it or bringing it to halt. Future studies should focus on investigating recycling efficiency for the entire campus and focus more on increasing pro-environmental behavior among students and staff in higher education institutions.


Originality/value
The value of this research lies in it being conducted in a large campus university in a developing country. Also, the study used a diagnostic approach that is based on evaluating an environmental sustainability program as it evolves inside a higher education institution. The study illustrates the challenges that face universities in developing countries while adopting green campus initiatives.

Contributor(s): Dr Stephen Roberts, Dr Leeza Osipenko, Professor Barbara Prainsack, Dr James Somauroo | With more and more information about us available electronically and online, this episode of LSE IQ asks, 'Is big data good for our health?'
Advances in bio-medical technologies, along with electronic health records and the information we generate through our mobile phones, Smart Watches or Fit bits, our social media posts and search engine queries, mean that there is a torrent of information about our bodies, our health and our diseases out there.
Alongside this, the tremendous growth in computing power and data storage means that this 'Big Data' can be stored and aggregated and then analysed by sophisticated algorithms for connections, comparisons and insights.
The promise of all of this is that big data will create opportunities for medical breakthroughs, help tailor medical interventions to us as individuals and create technologies that will speed up and improve healthcare.
And, of course, during the COVID-19 pandemic we've also seen some countries use data, generated from people's mobile phones, to track and trace the disease.
All of this poses opportunities for the tech giants and others who want to be part of the goldrush for our data - and to then sell solutions back to us
What are the risks in handing over our most personal data? Will it allow big data to deliver on its hype? And is it a fair exchange?
In this episode, Oliver Johnson speaks to Dr Leeza Osipenko, Senior Lecturer in Practice in LSE's Department of Health Policy; Professor Barbara Prainsack, Professor of Comparative Policy Analysis at the University of Vienna and Professor Sociology at King's College London; Dr Stephen L. Roberts, LSE Fellow in Global Health Policy in LSE's Department of Health Policy; and Dr James Somauroo, founder of the healthtech agency somX and presenter of The Health-Tech Podcast.

Research
Blockchain's potential to improve clinical trials by Leeza Osipenko
Big Data, Algorithmic Governmentality and the Regulation of Pandemic Risk by Stephen Roberts
Personalized Medicine: Empowered Patients in the 21st Century? by Barbara Prainsack


Contributors
Dr Leeza Osipenko
Professor Barbara Prainsack
Dr Stephen L. Roberts
Dr James Somauroo

PurposeWhile the current anti-globalisation wave is considered as a regional and cyclical relapse among Western countries, the new era of globalisation has shifted away from stagnant developed economies towards the rising prosperity of emerging Asia, where it is attracting substantial global inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Focussing on Vietnam, the country that is seen as Asia's next economic tiger, the question of how important intellectual properties (IP) protection is in the international competition for FDI inflows is still unsettled, especially on the under-researched topic of trademarks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes on the business history approach, which allows rich evidence from the dynamic and evolving natures of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to drive the research process, so that international business scholars can test models rigorously. The evidence provided in this paper is essentially qualitative and combines trademark registrations data, with trade and FDI statistics between 1986 and 2016, also draws on companies' archives, industry reports and related newspaper articles.FindingsThis paper provides the chronology of intellectual property right (IPR) legal landscapes and the dynamic co-evolution of trademarks and FDI inflows in Vietnam. Three trademark protection strategies for MNEs and their patterns here are addressed. The paper also argues that trademarks bring new insights and IP protection strategy for pharmaceutical MNEs for the case of Vietnam is as important in trademarks as it is in patents. In emerging markets with strong incentives for FDI such as Vietnam, MNEs are not necessarily put off by weak IPR, but rather create alternative strategies for dealing with the lack of IP protection in these emerging market settings.Originality/valueThis study challenges the stream of thoughts that view trademarks as a "neglected intangible asset" among different IPRs, while in fact, trademarks advance MNEs' knowledge by ensuring competitiveness and long-run survival in emerging markets. This paper is among the first few attempts to look at pharmaceutical industry through the lens of trademarks, moving away from the traditional patent-focussed approach. It extends the understanding of OLI paradigm and highlights that MNEs need to possess Oa and Op advantages not only at the beginning of internationalisation process but rather evolving through the time to cope with imitation risks in the host country.

The article aims to study the formation and affirmation of A.A. Rusov`s personality as a Ukrainian intellectual and his appearance in the world of the Ukrainian national elite at the post-reform period of the 1860s and 1870s. It is used a personalistic approach, historical-genetic and historical-typological methods. Using archival and published documentary sources, the author shows that A. Rusov got interested in intellectual work since his adolescence and youth. The influential factors of his outlook formation were as follows: his parents influence, gymnasium secondary education, academic and students environment at St. Vladimir Kyiv University. It was found out that while doing Slavic Studies, Alexander Alexandrovich, who was a Russian by ethnic origin, became interested in studying the Ukrainian people, their language, folklore, ethnography, culture. Due to those changes he became a conscious Ukrainian who then joined the Ukrainian national movement. It is revealed A. Rusov's participation in the various national and cultural activities of the Kyiv Old Community and its legal branch – the Southwestern Department of the Russian Geographical Society. It is traced that in the 1870's the main vectors of the intellectual interests of the scientist and public figure were determined. Firstly, they were Slavic Studies, pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical activities. Then he was fond of local and regional statistical researches, determined by his interest to the comprehensive study of the Ukrainian people in the context of so called peoplelovers` (the Narodolubtsies`) worldview. It is proved that in the late 1870's A. A. Rusov became a prominent figure of the Ukrainian national movement who participated in ideological discussions between the Ukrainian "peoplelovers", liberals and the Russian social-revolutionary Narodniks. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian intellectual and public figure companied for the rights of the Ukrainians to speak their own language, get national education, science, develop culture, implement progressive land taxation and carry on comprehensive study about the Ukrainian people using statistical surveys. The originality and scientific novelty of the article consists in presentation of factual historical knowledge about A. A. Rusov as a Ukrainian intellectual, who joined the world of the national elite generation and combined scholarly studies and social practices of national culture in his activity.

The article presents a conceptual analysis of the intercultural model of development of modern cities, with an emphasis on the selection strategy and activity of axiological approach to developing models of modernization of a modern city, marked specific features of urban culture - multicultural, multipolarity interests, values, needs and opportunities for groups. Revealed that about the virtualization of the social space and the introduction of information and communication technologies, which express a qualitative difference between the interaction of the urban population as a unit of sociocultural stratification of the culture of a particular regional community, are determined by particularly significant factors influencing the formation of the modern sociocultural space of a multi-ethnic city. The tendencies of participation in the formation of the sociocultural space of Ukrainian cities by wide circles of the public with the active and consistent participation of citizens in exercising control over cultural policy are characterized and organizational conditions for sustained feedback from the public and authorities. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the practice of sociological support of the development processes of multi-ethnic Ukrainian urban communities in the context of the implementation of the European intercultural strategy are considered. The emphasis is on solving the problems of a sociological study of the needs of the urban community in the information environment and the complication of sociocultural relationships between the subjects of the processes of modernization of the cultural urban environment. The need for a systematic combination of sociological approaches based on the integration of the concepts of the city's public space, the resource concept of the city, the concept of socialization, the socio-cultural capital of the city, the concepts of sociocultural identification and urban identity is stated. The author 's case was the conclusion that the processes of maintenance practices for the development of multi-ethnic Ukrainian urban communities in the context of the European strategy for intercultural indicate significant prospects of sociological studies of social and cultural development of the Ukrainian regional multicultural cities. The article emphasizes that the following areas are relevant: the development of research criteria for potentially productive sectors of the development of the sociocultural urban environment and the factors of activation of interested social groups in the context of the implementation of strategies and objectives of the concept of interculturalism.

PurposeMotivated by the agency theory, this study aims to empirically examine the nexus between board attributes and a firm's financing decisions of non-financial listed firms in Palestine and how the previous relationship is moderated and shaped by the level of gender diversity.Design/methodology/approachMultiple regression analysis on a panel data was used. Further, we applied three different approaches of static panel data "pooled OLS, fixed effect and random effect." Fixed-effects estimator was selected as the optimal and most appropriate model. In addition, to control for the potential endogeneity problem and to profoundly analyze the study data, the authors perform the one-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Dynamic panel GMM specification was superior in generating robust findings.FindingsThe findings clearly unveil that all explanatory variables in the study model have a significant influence on the firm's financing decisions. Moreover, the results report that the impact of board size and board independence are more positive under conditions of a high level of gender diversity, whereas the influence of CEO duality on the firm's leverage level turned from negative to positive. In a nutshell, gender diversity moderates the effect of board structure on a firm's financing decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was restricted to one institutional context (Palestine); therefore, the results reflect the attributes of the Palestinian business environment. In this vein, it is possible to generate different findings in other countries, particularly in developed markets.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study can draw responsible parties and policymakers' attention in developing countries to introduce and contextualize new mechanisms that can lead to better monitoring process and help firms in attracting better resources and establishing an optimal capital structure. For instance, entities should mandate a minimum quota for the proportion of women incorporation in boardrooms.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence on the moderating role of gender diversity on the effect of board structure on firm's financing decisions, something that was predominantly neglected by the earlier studies and has not yet examined by ancestors. Thereby, to protrude nuanced understanding of this novel and unprecedented idea, this study thoroughly bridges this research gap and contributes practically and theoretically to the existing corporate governance–capital structure literature.

AbstractIntroductionIn the current "test and treat" era, HIV programmes are increasingly focusing resources on linkage to care and same‐day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to meet UNAIDS 95‐95‐95 targets. After observing sub‐optimal treatment indicators in health facilities supported by the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), we piloted a "linkage assessment" tool in facility‐based HIV testing settings to uncover barriers to same‐day linkage to care and ART initiation among newly identified people living with HIV (PLHIV) and to guide HIV programme quality improvement efforts.MethodsThe one‐page, structured linkage assessment tool was developed to capture patient‐reported barriers to same‐day linkage and ART initiation using three empirically supported categories of barriers: social, personal and structural. The tool was implemented in three health facilities, two urban and one rural, in Lusaka, Zambia from 1 November 2017 to 31 January 2018, and administered to all newly identified PLHIV declining same‐day linkage and ART. Individuals selected as many reasons as relevant. We used mixed‐effects logistic regression modelling to evaluate predictors of citing specific barriers to same‐day linkage and ART, and Fisher's Exact tests to assess differences in barrier citation by socio‐demographics and HIV testing entry point.ResultsA total of 1278 people tested HIV positive, of whom 126 (9.9%) declined same‐day linkage and ART, reporting a median of three barriers per respondent. Of these 126, 71.4% were female. Females declining same‐day ART were younger, on average, (median 28.5 years, interquartile range (IQR): 21 to 37 years) than males (median 34.5 years, IQR: 26 to 44 years). The most commonly reported barrier category was structural, "clinics were too crowded" (n = 33), followed by a social reason, "friends and family will condemn me" (n = 30). The frequency of citing personal barriers differed significantly across HIV testing point (χ2 p = 0.03). Significant predictors for citing ≥1 barrier to same‐day ART were >50 years of age (OR: 12.59, 95% CI: 6.00 to 26.41) and testing at a rural facility (OR: 9.92, 95% CI: 4.98 to 19.79).ConclusionsGiven differences observed in barriers to same‐day ART initiation reported across sex, age, testing point, and facility type, new, tailored counselling and linkage to care approaches are needed, which should be rigorously evaluated in routine programme settings.

The Social Construction of Credibility: A Foreigner in the International Protection ProcedureThis article is devoted to symbolic violence occurring in the international protection procedure. The study focuses on the stages of the procedure in which the asylum-seeker is granted a chance to speak for themselves, and yet is unable to represent their case effectively due to sociocultural differences. As a result, even if their life situation qualifies them for refugee status, migration offices and courts are likely to issue a negative decision. Cases in which the failure to represent oneself results from sociocultural differences are described in the article as instances of symbolic violence. Following Dell Hymes and Katrijn Maryns, I stress the role of language-related inequality. I also employ Harold Garfinkel's concept of degradation ceremonies in order to describe the ritual aspect of language use in statements of grounds for refusal of applications for international protection. The article is based on empirical research including a case study of an asylum-seeker family who applied for protection in Poland in the 2010s, participant observation in a free legal support centre run by a Warsaw-based NGO, and qualitative interviews with activists supporting refugees as their representatives and legal advisors. Społeczna konstrukcja wiarygodności cudzoziemca w procedurze uchodźczejPrzedmiotem artykułu jest przemoc symboliczna w postępowaniach uchodźczych. Skupiam się na etapach procedury, w których migranci przymusowi – mimo, że zgodnie z prawem udziela im się głosu – nie są w stanie skutecznie reprezentować swojej sprawy z powodu różnicy kulturowej. Nawet więc jeśli ich życiowa sytuacja uzasadnia przyznanie im statusu uchodźcy, urzędy i sądy mogą negatywnie rozpatrzyć ich sprawę. Przypadki, w których nieskuteczność w reprezentowaniu własnej sprawy wynika z różnicy społeczno-kulturowej, opisuję w kategoriach przemocy symbolicznej. Za Dellem Hymesem i Katrijn Maryns podkreślam zwłaszcza rolę nierówności językowych. Odwołuję się również do Harolda Garfinkela koncepcji ceremonii degradacji, aby opisać rytualny aspekt uzasadniania decyzji odmownych w języku urzędowym. Artykuł opiera się na badaniach empirycznych obejmujących: studium przypadku postępowania uchodźczego rodziny ubiegającej się o ochronę w Polsce w drugiej dekadzie XXI w. (analiza decyzji urzędowych i sądowych), obserwację uczestniczącą w punkcie bezpłatnej pomocy prawnej prowadzonym przez organizację pozarządową, a także wywiady jakościowe z aktywistami występującymi w roli pełnomocników w procedurach uchodźczych i udzielających porad prawnych.

Importance. The goal of the strategy for sustainable development of the Russian Federation is to ensure stable indicators of economic growth, as well as to solve socio-economic, industrial, technological and environmental problems on the basis of optimal use of innovative and scientific and technical potential, updating equipment and technologies, and expanding sales markets. At the same time, the effectiveness of the innovation process itself will largely depend on the readiness of economic entities to introduce and use modern knowledge-intensive technologies, which may manifest themselves in tax policy.Objectives. Justification and clarification of the facts that tax management is an integral part of the entire tax policy and is a system of principles and methods in the development and implementation of management decisions, the choice of the tax system, the calculation of tax payments, as well as constant monitoring of their implementation.Methods. The instrumental and methodological apparatus of the research is based on the use of General scientific and special methods, including abstract-logical, monographic, computational and constructive, methods of risk analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, graphic, methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, content analysis.Results. At all times, taxes have been the most important tool of state regulation, implementing the main tasks of the state. Taxation creates tax relations that need to be properly regulated through the application of tax legislation. This interaction encourages economic entities to manage their tax payments. Therefore, they begin to apply in their activities a wide variety of methods of making managerial decisions, called tax management in the market. Tax management is a management model of tax management implemented by taxpayers in a macro-economic environment that exploits their production capacity. Tax administration, as part of the market economy management system, is a relatively new area of knowledge in Russia, which was formed in the late XX-early XXI centuries. In particular, tax management appeared in the economic environment, i.e. in practice. Attempts to generalize and develop this category took place much later.Conclusions and Relevance. The article presents the author's concept of accounting and tax management analysis in a trade organization, which reflects a number of aspects of the concept: system representation of information resources, means and sources of information, forms and methods of transmitting various data. This will be the basis for integrating the information base that meets the needs and requests of tax administration.

Roda gigi lurus merupakan jenis roda gigi yang paling umum digunakan sebagai komponen mesin. Serbuk yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan serbuk besi (Fe) 100 mesh yang kemudian dikompaksi dengan gaya 8 ton dan di sintering pada beberapa variasi suhu yaitu 800, 900, 1000, 1100 dan 1200 oC yang diambil dari 0,5-0,8 titik cair (Tm) serbuk utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat karakteristik pengaruh suhu sintering pada kekerasan, porositas dan penyusutan roda gigi lurus berbahan serbuk besi (Fe). Waktu sintering dibuat konstan yaitu 60 menit. Beberapa pengujian dilakukan untuk dapat mencapai tujuan dari penelitian ini seperti perhitungan presentase penyusutan dan porositas, pengujian porositas pada struktur mikro dengan pengamatan metalografi, dan pengujian kekerasan mikro Vickers. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seiring dengan naiknya suhu sintering maka penyusutan bertambah, porositas menurun dan nilai kekerasannya naik. Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang tidak sesuai pada nilai porositas dan kekerasan produk. Hal tersebut dikarenakan beberapa faktor diantaranya sulit mencapai keseragaman densitas, preparasi material yang tidak sempurna dan pengaturan nilai kompaksi yang berbeda-beda pada setiap sampel karena mesin press mekanik yang digunakan.Spur gears are the most common type of gears used as engine components. The powder used in this study was 100 mesh iron (Fe) powder then compacted with a force of 8 tons and sintered at several temperature variations are 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 oC taken from 0.5-0.8 melting points (Tm) main powder. This study aims to look at the characteristics of the effect of sintering temperature on hardness, porosity, and shrinkage of spur gears made from iron powder (Fe). The sintering time is made constant at 60 minutes. Several tests were conducted to achieve the objectives of this study such as the calculation of the percentage of shrinkage and porosity, porosity testing on microstructure with metallographic observations, and micro hardness testing of Vickers. The results show that as the sintering temperature increases, shrinkage increases, porosity decreases, and the hardness value increases. There are some results of research that are not suitable for the porosity and hardness value of the product. This is due to several factors including difficult to achieve uniformity of density, imperfect material preparation, and different compacting value settings in each sample due to the mechanical press machine used.