Suchergebnisse

A research paper on gender conflicts over agricultural plot allocation in rural Zimbabwe. ; The shortage of land in rural areas, which is a consequence of historical circumstances (Ranger, 1985, Moyo, 1986) and the low rainfall in the regions where the majority of communal area people live, means that irrigated plots are indispensable to both women and men. The plots are regarded as an important part of their livelihoods from which they derive food and cash. Irrigated plots are mainly allocated to married couples (Madondo, 1992; Dikito, 1993; Chimedza, 1989). The name of the husband is usually registered because it is he who is perceived as head of the household, although in many cases it is the women who cultivate the irrigated plots. This registration practice raises questions regarding the access of married women to irrigated plots, which is the focus of this chapter. Widows often have problems with access to plots (see Dikito, 1993: 6-7).2 It will be shown that married women also face difficulties. In this chapter, I analyse three cases from an irrigation scheme in Manicaland province. In the first two cases, I look at gender conflicts over plot allocation by focusing on the images husbands and wives construct, reproduce and transform concerning each other and themselves, and the strategies they devise to cope with the situation. Husbands construct certain images concerning their wives in order to remain in control of the irrigated plot. Wives, on the other hand, devise certain strategies to sustain themselves and their children. In their conflicts, wives and husbands have recourse to traditional, semi-official and official arbitration. The third case is an example of official arbitration and explains how a government official in the irrigation scheme, representing the state agency, Agritex, decides on the two conflicts over irrigated plots. Reference is also made to policy documents to indicate the gender images which are constructed and reproduced by government officials. The three cases show the cultural and institutional impediments which help to shape plot allocation.

The three temperance cycles and their etiology are examined. Related articles on origins of drinking patterns and attitudes in western Europe from antiquity and the influence of the Roman Empire, its continued influence on modern society including American Prohibition and temperance cycles, alcohol control policies, attitudes and beverage preferences due to religion, climate, and European homeland can be found at the following IUScholarWorks links: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17452; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17143; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17139; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17148; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17149; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17485; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17484 ; Western Europeans brought their drinking patterns, formed in antiquity, to the new world. Because of vast cultural differences in these drinking norms, in combination with political and social forces, anti-alcohol and prohibition movements have occurred in the United States. These have often been part of social reform cycles, sometimes called "clean living movements," where concerns about tobacco, diet, pure water, exercise and social conditions have also been common. The current movement started in the late 1970s. It has resulted in modifications of public policy and education concerning alcohol. Some of the changes since the beginning of this reform cycle have included the raising of the legal purchase age for alcoholic beverages, warning labels on alcoholic beverages, government agencies suggesting abstinence from alcohol, severe penalties for drunken driving, and lowering of blood alcohol concentration for impaired driving. Although the per capita consumption of alcohol has continued to decline since 1980 among the populace as a whole, and among underage drinkers, there has actually been an increase in alcohol related problems, other than vehicular crashes, among youth despite these measures. This current wave of anti-alcohol reform appears to have begun to wane. This is symbolized by increased publications of research showing an association between health and longevity with small amounts of alcohol, recent federal guidelines encouraging moderate drinking and the lowering of drinking age in one state. It is now time to rethink restrictive policies and educational programs implemented during the past 15 years and develop more sensible and balanced approaches to alcohol education and public policy in the United States of America.

Miombo woodlands are the most extensive vegetation type in Africa south of the equator. These dry tropical woodlands cover some 2.5 million hectares and are home to over 40 million people. Miombo products are very important to the livelihoods and basic needs of an additional 15 million urban Africans. The book demonstrates how much livelihood strategies of rural communities depend on miombo goods and services, and indicates the strong differentiation of uses within communities and in space and time. The ecological constraints to human activity in the region are clearly articulated, ranging from nutrient-poor soils to the presence of the tsetse fly. The authors also trace the host of policies that have influenced miombo woodlands and their uses, from pre-colonial times to the present. The current importance of miombo products in markets, both locally and globally, is documented in a chapter on trade patterns. Options for management are outlined, including silvicultural treatment, fire management and grazing regimes. Institutional arrangements, both local and state, for the management of the woodlands are investigated, and the authors examine how local communities can be empowered to manage and benefit from the woodlands. The final chapter proposes a conceptual model of how all the diverse social, economic, political and ecological processes interact to shape how the household and woodland situations are changing. This conceptual framework is then used to identify key issues for research, which will reduce gaps in current understanding and facilitate formulation of new management strategies, policies and institutions. The Miombo in Transition is a resource for researchers, with over 250 pages reviewing and synthesising over 400 studies. There are numerous figures, tables and plates. The book contains contributions by a number of researchers, and yet has managed to ensure coherence, close linking of chapters and complete coverage of material through authors' workshops and tight editorial control. Each chapter was reviewed by international experts both in draft and final format, resulting in the high quality of the final produc

Objetive. To determine the direct financial requirements for providing health care to the elderly in Mexico along with an estimation of the current expenditures from services provided to this same population. Material and methods. Health care needs for the elderly were estimated from the censuses and the database of the National Health Survey II. In addition, service use trends for the aged were obtained from health sector statistical yearbooks. Finally, the amounts of expenditures were estimated by two methods: a) using a formula that considers hospital discharges, daily bed costs and length of stay; and b) inferring hospital expenditures and ambulatory visits from the numbers of hospital discharges. Results. Currently health care needs of the aged outnumber the amount of resources and the capacity of the health care sector to meet these needs. Our estimates for the year 1994 show that 4.9% of the total budget available to public health care institutions was dedicated to hospital services provided to the elderly. Conclusions. In Mexico, the aged population health needs are already a priority, due to the particular nature of their needs and demand. Taking care of this population demands an important fraction of the resources spent in hospital services. To correctly plan and allocate resources for providing health care to this population developing a research agenda is an important requirement. ; Objetivo. Determinar el financiamiento directo de la atención a la salud de los adultos mayores en México y hacer una estimación de los gastos que este servicio implica. Material y métodos. Se estimaron las necesidades de atención a la salud de los ancianos con base en estadísticas censales y en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud II. Enseguida se estimaron las tendencias en el uso de servicios entre los adultos mayores, de acuerdo con la información emitida por distintas instituciones del sector salud. Finalmente, después de haber analizado la aplicación de distintos modelos de atención a la salud de los ancianos en otros ...

This thesis project explores. in poetry, the effects of atomic testing and unrestrained pesticide use on the people who lived in or near Utah in the fifties and sixties. Nuclear testing began in Nevada in 1951, the year I was born in south-east Idaho, where my family lived under radiation tainted clouds for a decade along with the Utah downwinders. My father died of lung cancer caused from breathing pesticide-laden air in 1962, the year Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring. These two dates stand out in my mind as important markers in my quest to discover why I think and act the way I do now. I was taught to respect and never question authority. I found in my research that this unquestioning obedience to the rules of church and government has always been prevalent in Utah society. It seems that women are most oppressed because their behavior is strictly enforced by the men who dominate their lives. I go back in my writing to the fifties, when fear of foreign powers was intense. and our trust was misplaced. I go back to the sixties, when trust and fear took on new dimensions. And I come out in the nineties, in a new world that is not so new, but is one that I understand better for having gone back and answered the questions I should have asked years ago. I begin my poetry selections with "Cooked," which sets the scene for the atomic age of unwarranted trust. "Wild Turkeys" is next. and brings us up to date on the old pesticide story. "Examinations. Human Kind," explores the question of human survival from the standpoint of a leftover down winder, and "Rock Chucks, Birds, and Lizards" takes a more universal view. this time of chemical effects on other creatures in the environment. "The Cellar" is a saga that goes back to what some congressmen have recently been calling "the good old days of family values." and "Caesarean" encompasses the modern view of the old issues that are still affecting our lives today.

This study examines the constructions of leprosy in Colombia from the late nineteenth century to the 1930s. In the nineteenth century Colombian physicians constructed leprosy as highly infectious and threatening and adopted rigid segregation of lepers to prevent its propagation. At the same time, medicine was becoming a profession in Colombia, and physicians used leprosy to build their cultural and scientific authority. In order to assert their power, doctors exaggerated the number of leprosy sufferers, and unfolded a nationalist rhetoric. Colombian isolation policies had their roots in Spanish medieval traditions and in international examples. Colombian physicians were aware of European scientific developments. In the 1870s, the Norwegian physician Gerhard A. Hansen postulated what later came to be known as Mycobacterium leprae as the causative agent of leprosy. In 1897, the first international conference on leprosy declared leprosy a disease produced by Hansens bacillus. Meanwhile, Westerners discovered leprosy in their colonial territories during their imperialist expansion of the late nineteenth century. They developed a racialist image of leprosy as a disease afflicting inferior peoples, and instituted an international movement to build leprosaria in which to isolate patients. Colombian doctors also adopted a colonialist attitude towards their own leprous population. In the early twentieth century, the Colombian government, took charge of leprosaria, imposing severe regulations related to compulsory isolation. The state and the physicians treated leprosy as a disease apart, reinforcing prejudices of medieval origin. They tried to transform the town-lazarettos, which had been built by patients themselves in the 1870s, into colonies exclusively for lepers. Patients actively resisted the medicalization of leprosy, and non-leprous people remained within the lazarettos during this period. In the 1930s, the medical rhetoric started to change. As a result of improvements in leprosy therapy, doctors began to regard leprosy as a curable disease and to reject compulsory isolation for patients in all stages of infection. The physicians emphasis shifted from isolation to prevention and research. Scientific prevailed over social reform, and physicians and the government gave priority to searching for a vaccine instead of improving the general living conditions of the population. ; Ph. D.

Educational hypermedia has been heralded as providing instruction that accommodates learners' individual differences, allowing them to learn in accordance with their unique needs, desires, and preferences. Advocates of hypermedia point to learner control, multimedia capability, and parallels to theories of human memory as evidence for educational hypermedia1s efficacy. While intuitively appealing, empirical research has not confirmed (or rejected) this assumption. Nor is there compelling evidence to suggest that learners who posses different cognitive styles benefit equally from educational hypermedia environments. This study reports on an examination of cognitive style field dependence/independence and learner control of presentation mode within an educational hypermedia environment. Participants were 122 high school juniors and seniors enrolled in classes whose curricula dealt with the political process. The experimental sites were three high schools located in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Learners classified as field dependent and field independent were asked to explore a commercial hypermedia program concerning the presidential primary election process. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the program, a control group which utilized the commercially designed multimedia presentations and a treatment group that offered the choice of single-channel presentations in addition to the multiple-channel presentations. After interacting with the program participants completed a ten item post test consisting of five recall and five problem-solving questions. Their actions within the hypermedia environment were automatically tracked by the computer. Data analysis consisted of a 3 x 2 ANOVA to examine interaction between field dependency and learner control of presentation mode as measured by the post test. Field dependency was correlated with frequency of multiple-channel selections. A secondary analysis examined main effects and interactions on the recall and problem-solving questions separately utilizing a 3 x 2 ANOVA. Data analysis revealed no correlation between field dependency and frequency of multimedia selections. The study found no significant interaction between field dependency and control (program or learner) of presentation mode as measured by the ten item post test. Separate analysis of the recall and problem-solving questions also revealed no significant interaction. ; Ph. D.

17 páginas, 13 figuras.-- Artículo de revisión. ; [ES] Los avances en investigación, tecnología y aplicaciones de las operaciones detersivas aumentan rápidamente. Estos siguen provocando, como durante las últimas décadas, repercusiones en muy diversos campos (domésticos, industriales, sanitarios, energéticos, medioambientales, legislativos). Para controlar en lo posible estas repercusiones, resulta necesario valorar los conocimientos actuales sobre los mecanismos de la detergencia. Este artículo de información comienza revisando los elementos esenciales de las operaciones detersivas (sustrato, suciedad, baño). A continuación discute varios factores químicofísicos clave para la eficacia en el lavado de artículos textiles. Estos factores son: a) eliminación de suciedades oleosas líquidas (por «rolling-up», o por microemulsificación); b) separación de partículas sólidas (por interacciones interfaciales y electrostáticas); c) efectos de antirredeposición (por solubilización, emulsificación o suspensión); d) influencia de la dureza del agua; y e) condiciones físicas del lavado (temperatura, agitación, tiempo). El artículo termina estableciendo la necesidad de mantener una estrecha colaboración entre expertos de diferentes campos para optimizar las operaciones detersivas, así como las repercusiones de las mismas. ; [EN] Advances on research, technology and applications for detergent processes increase rapidly. They keep provoking, as during last decades, repercussions on several fields (domestic, industrial, sanitary, energetic, environmental, legislative). To control as much as possible these repercussions, it is necessary to assess the actual knowledge about detergency mechanisms. This informative article starts by reviewing the essential elements for detergent processes (substrate, soil, cleaning bath). Subsequently several physico-chemical key factors for effectiveness of the textile washing are discussed. These factors are: a) removal of liquid oily soils (by rolling-up, or by spontaneous microemulsification); b) separation of solid particles (by interfacial or electrostatic interactions); c) antiredeposition effects (by solubilization, emulsification or suspension); d) water hardness influence; e) washing physical conditions (temperature, agitation, time). The article ends by establishing the necessity for maintaining close collaboration among experts on different fields to optimize both detergent processes and their repercussions. ; Peer reviewed

The political reform process that gathered momentum in eastern and south-eastern Europe during 1987 and 1988 was accompanied by a growing exodus of ethnic and cultural Germans (Aussiedler) who sought resettlement in West Germany. The Aussiedler were welcomed enthusiastically by Chancellor Kohl as fellow German compatriots who would be a benefit to the economy. The opposition SPD voiced its concerns over the government's motives for maintaining the open-door Aussiedler immigration policy and over the likely integration difficulties. The government sought to respond to public concerns in 1988 by reassessing its Aussiedler policy. It decided firstly to continue the open-door Aussiedler policy (as a constitutional right), secondly to implement an Aussiedler integration assistance programme and thirdly to seek to persuade potential Aussiedler not to emigrate to West Germany. The thesis adopts a multi-disciplinary approach to analysing the government's open-door Aussiedler policy during the period 1988 to 1992, formulating the political and public concerns over the Aussiedler policy into three main research questions. These questions analyse: 1. Whether the government's declared motives for maintaining the open-door Aussiedler policy were justified. 2. Whether the government's optimism over the ability of Aussiedler to successfully integrate into the employment market was justified. 3. Whether the government's policy of seeking to persuade potential Soviet Aussiedler to remain in their country, by negotiating on the re-creation of an autonomous German Volga republic, was viable. The findings for these three main questions allow for an assessment of government Aussiedler policy for the period 1988 - 1992. The thesis argues that there was evidence during the period of study to support the argument that the Aussiedler group was to a degree instrumentalised by the government to serve its own political, economic and nationalistic purposes. Government confidence concerning Aussiedler employment integration proved to be too optimistic, as Aussiedler had specific causes of unemployment. Furthermore, the attempt to negotiate the re-creation of an autonomous German republic in Russia was unsuccessful. The exodus has continued.

AbstractTraditionally, auditors have been slow to adopt new technologies in their profession. One proposed explanation for this phenomenon is a psychological factors model, which hypothesizes that auditors have a personality structure that makes them reluctant to accept change and innovation. We tested this model by assessing personality traits related to "Openness to Experience" in auditors and comparing their trait strength to that of the general population. Contrary to the model's predictions, auditors as a group exhibited average to above average levels of Openness‐related traits. Additional tests indicated that "influential" auditors (partners and those in large firms) had higher levels of Openness than their less influential colleagues, making it unlikely that innovation‐resistant auditors act as technological gatekeepers in the profession. We conclude that auditors in general, and influential auditors in particular, have the psychological resources necessary to accept change and innovation in their profession. Future research should focus on social/organizational factors as an explanation for the slow adoption of new auditing technologies.RésuméTraditionnellement, les vérificateurs comptables sont lents à adopter de nouvelles technologies. L'article propose d'expliquer ce phénomène par des facteurs psychologiques, ce qui présuppose que c'est la structure de leur personnalité qui les rend réfractaires au changement et à l'innovation. Nous avons testé ce modèle psychologique en évaluant les traits de la personnalité reliés à "l'ouverture à l'expérience" chez les vérificateurs par rapport à la population en général. Contrairement aux attentes, les vérificateurs — en tant que groupe — se sont situés dans la moyenne et même au‐dessus de la moyenne. Des tests supplémentaires ont indiqué que les vérificateurs "influents" (les associés et ceux qui travaillent dans des grandes firmes) affichaient un degré d'ouverture plus grand que leurs collègues moins en vue, ce qui rend improbable que les vérificateurs résistant à l'innovation fassent obstruction au changement technologique. Conclusion: les vérificateurs en général, et les vérificateurs influents en particulier, sont dotés des ressources psychologiques nécessaires à l'acceptation du changement et de l'innovation dans leur profession. Une prochaine recherche devrait se concentrer sur les facteurs sociaux/organisationnels pour expliquer la lenteur d'adoption des nouvelles techniques de vérification.

Book reviewed in this article: The Scar of Race, by Paul M. Sniderman and Thomas Piazza. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, 193 pages. Cloth, $18.95. Scandinavia in a New Europe, by Thomas P. Boje and Sven E. Olsson Hort (eds.). Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press, 1993, 427 pages. Cloth, $49.95. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory, by James W. Messerschmidt. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993, 236 pages. Cloth, $59.50; paper, $22.95. Max Weber's Comparative‐Historical Sociology, by Stephen Kalberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 221 pages. Paper, $18.95. Public Television for Sale: Media, the Market, and the Public Sphere, by William Hoynes. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994, 207 pages. Cloth, $55.00; paper, $1 8.95. Paradoxes of Gender, by Judith Lorber. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994, 424 pages. Cloth, $30.00. Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post‐Vietnam America, by James William Gibson. New York: Hill and Wang/Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994, 357 pages. Cloth, $23.00. Gender and the Academic Experience: Berkeley Women Sociologists, edited by Kathryn P. Meadow Orlans and Ruth A. Wallace. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 266 pages. Cloth, $35.00; paper, $14.95. Social Organizations: Interaction Inside, Outside and Between Organizations, by Goran Ahrne. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1994, 180 pages. Paper, $18.95. Power and Profits: US, Policy in Central America, by Ronald W. Cox. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1994, 189 pages. Cloth, $29.00. The Social Control of Religious Zeal: A Study of Organizational Contradictions, by Jon Miller. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994, 238 pages. Cloth, $48.00. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, by Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, and Martin Trow. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1994, 180 pages. Cloth, $55.00; paper, $21.95. Public Religions in the Modern World, by Jose Casanova. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, 320 pages. Paper, $17.95. From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia, and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1994, 256 pages. Paper, $19.95.

[ES]El análisis de varios expedientes judiciales de las primeras décadas de la administración española de lo que es hoy Bolivia, conservados en el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Cochabamba, permite poner en entredicho el concepto de mitimaes aceptado convencionalmente por muchos investigadores del imperio inca. El análisis revela que tanto los mitimaes (población desplazada permanentemente) como los mitayos (trabajadores por turno para el Estado) y otras categorías sociales formaban parte complementaria de un mismo sistema de producción, al menos en esa parte del imperio inca; los mitimaes no eran allí expresión de una organización económica imperial entendida como separada y contraria a la organización de las etnias o naciones que el Imperio comprendía. Los documentos de Cochabamba hacen pensar que la definición más comúnmente aceptada del término mitimaes entre los especialistas se corresponde mejor con la de los mitimaes de la época española temprana que con la situación real de los mitimaes en el periodo incaico. ; [EN]The analysis of a number of lawsuit files from the early decades of the Spanish administration of what is now Bolivia, kept in the archives of the city of Cochabamba, reveals a concept of mitimaes that runs counter to the conventional wisdom about this term that has been accepted and divulged by many a researcher of the Incan empire. The mitimaes were people who lived in places other than those of their ethnic origin. Those mentioned in the Cochabamba files were part and parcel, together with the mitayos (or corvée laborers for the state) and other social categories, of a single system of production, at least in that area of the Empire; there the mitimaes were not a category that belonged in an imperial organization that was separate from and opposite to the organization of the central Andean peoples that the Incas had incorporated. The Cochabamba documents make the analyst to consider that the most commonly accepted understanding of the term mitimaes among Andeanists fits the political, social and economic conditions in the early decades of Spanish rule rather than those in the Inca period.

This study examines that segment of the population which is variously referred to as the 'old old' (Neugarten, Croty and Tobin 1964; Neugarten and Miller 1964), and the 'frail elderly' (Baker 1988; Novak 1988)--which this study will refer to as the 'most elderly'. These are people who are eighty-five years of age and older. Since Canadians are living longer and healthier lives, the questions arise: how is society preparing for a larger older population, and how are the present 'most elderly' dealing with the day-to-day exigencies of life? Since these 'most elderly' were born just before or just after the turn of the twentieth century, they lived through three major world events: the First World War and the Second World War, which were separated by a global depression. It is assumed that these milestones must have affected their lives and were instrumental in forming their current life view. Answers to these questions were sought through a formal questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. The findings of this study indicate that: (1) the older population prefer to remain in their own homes. (2) They look to the community to make available those means of aid that will allow them to continue to be independent. (3) Governments and appropriate agencies are not moving quickly enough, nor with sufficient imagination to accommodate the impending swell in the elderly population. Furthermore it is determined that the elderly are not being consulted and involved in the needed transition. Some policy changes and implementations, in accommodating the elderly, are recommended to government bodies at all levels. Finally, some specific concerns about the socially marginalized elderly are voiced, and further areas of research on this segment of the population are suggested. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .H38. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 34-02, page: 0570. Adviser: Jack Ferguson. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1995.

Problem. Not all individuals who enter a biofeedback program obtain the relief that they are seeking from their various pain-related or anxiety-related complaints. Some individuals obtain little or no relief, whereas others may eliminate their pain-related or anxiety-related complaints completely. Understanding more clearly the reasons for such variance is considered important in that such understanding may encourage the development of techniques that elicit greater biofeedback efficacy rates. This research study was an attempt to determine some of the factors that may help contribute to a successful biofeedback program. Specifically examined were interactional effects between levels of biofeedback confidence and measures of assertiveness on biofeedback treatment outcome. Method. The population included 40 patients who were referred to the biofeedback program at a military hospital in south-central Missouri. These were subjects who presented with either an anxiety-related or pain-related complaint. Subjects were administered the Gambrill Assertion Inventory, the Biofeedback Intervention Confidence Scale, and the Biofeedback Survey (pre-test/post-test). The pre-test, along with the first two instruments, were administered before treatment intervention and the post-test was administered after a standardized biofeedback treatment intervention ensued. A two-way ANCOVA design, using a fixed effects model, was utilized in the analysis of the resulting data. Results. No interactional effects between measures of assertiveness and biofeedback confidence on biofeedback treatment outcome were found. In addition, assertiveness levels did not appear to have a significant impact on biofeedback treatment outcome in terms of frequency or intensity of the presenting complaint. The only significant finding of the study, at the .05 level, was than an individual's confidence level in a biofeedback treatment program did have a significant impact upon treatment outcome in terms of "frequency" of presenting complaint. That is, a high level of biofeedback confidence had a significant impact on reducing the frequency of a presenting complaint. Conclusion. It was concluded that if a high level of confidence in a biofeedback program can have a positive and significant impact on biofeedback outcome in terms of "frequency" of presenting complaint, then increasing an individual's level of confidence in such an intervention would be viewed as cost-effective in terms of treatment.

Immigration, it has been said, is the sincerest form of flattery. That may well be, but you wouldn't know it from the current political climate. It's open season on immigrants, from Europe to the United States. In Europe, migration and the control of external borders has become an issue of high politics, rising to the top of the policy agenda, even as the European Community (EC) was focusing on abolishing internal borders. In the U.S., it too has been a red-hot topic of public debate in states, focusing yet again with the policy triptych of legal immigrants, illegal aliens, and refugees and asylees. This article reviews a wide variety of policy-oriented books and reports informed by recent scholarship, aimed at once to sharpen the policy debate and to increase public understanding of the nature of immigration and of the policy dilemmas it poses for receiving nations. While the complexity of immigration processes makes them difficult to grasp fully, how a "problem" is perceived and framed (e.g., "illegal immigration")--including conflicting ideologies, hidden and not-so-hidden agendas and assumptions that underlie many policy recommendations--largely dictates proposed solutions. Debates that serve to "define the situation" are thus critical to the policy process, and here is where rigorous research can make a difference in political discourse. Political compromises may help enact a policy, but they carry built-in contradictions that can plague the implementation process. Such complexities are among the primary sources of unintended consequences, yielding added reasons to reflect on the limits of public policies, particularly when what is sought is nothing less than to control a world on the move. Politics and policy-making, like life itself, are far more tangled and conflictual than the policy recommendations contained in the volumes reviewed here seem to suggest. Still, condemned to try to control a future they cannot predict by reacting to a past that will not be repeated, policymakers are nonetheless faced with an imperative need to act that cannot be ignored as a practical or political matter.