Suchergebnisse

MARCIVE ORDER RECORD ; Shipping List Date: 01/23/2003 ; Shipping List #: 2003-0092-M ; Mode of access: Internet.

The distribution of government task is divided into two kinds, the absolute task performed by the central government; and concurrent task (the task of choice and mandatory) that are a joint task between the central and local governments. Based on Law Number 23 the Year 2014 on Regional Government, the task of housing and settlement area is a mandatory task (basic service) of the (central and local) government tasks. However, there is a policy change that states that providing housing is not only a government (central and local) task, but also requires the involvement of other government agencies associated with this task, thus have to create a separate unit of work in handling it. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze various policies and institutional coordination in the field of Housing and Settlement Area with the approach of Law of Governance, then provide solutions to efforts in increasing the institutional capacity so as not to overlap.

During the last few years, there has been a wide competition among less favoured regions to attract additional productive capacity. The aim of these policies was to compensate the losses in employment in traditionnal sectors by attracting foreign owned branch plants. However the effectiveness of these policies has been rather limited. Branch plant cannot be considered as autonomous production units. They tend to have a technological strategy defined by their parent firm. Most of the time, this signifies the absence of in-house R&D and limited contacts with local markets. It is likely that this situation prevents the transfer of technology into the local economy. Moreover firms with headquarters located overseas may also disinvest from their host country and move to another region to benefit from other financial assistances. In recent years, new initiatives emerged. Policy makers are trying to build local business networks instead of attracting existing plants. One of the aim of this research paper is to explain the issue facing public authorities which sponsorize these initiatives. We will draw upon case studies made of projects which were coordinated by an association located in Bourges (city located in the Centre of France). The program has been launched in 1996 to alleviate the problems of transition from military to civil industries. The goals of the association are threefold : - For many years firms activities have been dedicated to military related markets. To avoid the closures of their establishments, locally based companies that have been dependent on stable and protective military contracts, need to find new markets. The first aim of the association is to identify these new potential markets. - The second is to foster local inter-firm collaboration. - The third is to establish an information center. We will try to identify barriers to collaboration and reasons which explain firms interest in local networks (Some of the firms which have joined the programme are affiliated companies). Before this empirical study, we will describe the notion of networks and discuss their role in innovation.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA's dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.