Suchergebnisse

The Dnieper River has long played an important part in the development of local economy, including the transport sector. However, it was not until the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power plants in the 20th century that it was possible to make extensive use of the river's resources and to improve the navigation conditions. Water transport in Ukraine began to decline with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent political and economic transformations. Today, the depreciated infrastructure is one of the barriers to the development of inland water transport. However, the ongoing work to restore the Dnieper transport importance will enable Ukraine to take advantage of its geographical location that coincides with important trade routes connecting Europe with Asia. The purpose of this paper is to present the economic context of the Dnieper Cascade operation as well as its limiting and development factors by analysing literature resources, statistical data and legal documents.

Le 24 février 2022, Moscou lançait une offensive militaire contre l'Ukraine. Dès le lendemain, de nombreuses voix s'élevaient dans le monde appelant à envoyer les dirigeants russes potentiellement coupables des crimes les plus graves commis durant cette guerre devant les juges de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI). Depuis sa création en 1998 et son entrée en vigueur en 2002, cette juridiction pénale internationale permanente est devenue le symbole de la lutte contre l'impunité des puissants. Son fonctionnement n'est toutefois pas exempt de limites .

AbstractThe interaction of international investment agreements and public health is marked by ambivalence. Investment treaties can help attract investment into the health sector but also enable international legal claims by foreign investors against public health measures. This paper seeks to better understand their relationship by systematically mapping the purpose of health inclusions in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) between 1959 and 2021. We find that health‐related clauses, present in 18% of all BITs, are used both as a shield and a sword. Most health mentions protect host countries from claims against public health measures, yet an increasing number of recent BITs, primarily from developing countries, also pursue an offensive public health agenda by advancing health safety at work and health‐related corporate social responsibility of investors.

How can we systematically conceptualize equidistant diplomacy? This article argues that while 'equidistant diplomacy' has its own tactical utility to signal and shape a state's image of political neutrality to the target states, it is not indicative of the state strategy. This is because state strategy is generally determined by material capabilities and is categorized as balancing, bandwagoning, and hedging. Rather, equidistant diplomacy is perception managementmerely an independent diplomatic tactic aimed at signaling a neutral image through three main tools: paralleling, downplaying, and broadcasting. This diplomatic tactic is most likely to be part of 'hedging' behavior. However, states can similarly employ equidistant diplomacy for balancing or bandwagoning if they desire to project a neutral image and their target states do not force them to alter this tactic with diplomatic or material sanctions. With this conceptual framework, Singapore's diplomatic behavior vis-a-vis the United States and China from the 1990s will be examined.