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Based on capital stock, in total, over six trillion euros less was invested in the European Union between 1999 and 2007 than in the non-European OECD countries, including the US, Canada, and Japan. In the euro area, investment was more than 7.5 trillion euros less than in non-European OECD countries. In virtually all EU member states, gross fixed assets (capital stock) are older than the OECD average and also demonstrate slower growth. This is particularly true for industry, which is expected to play a key role in Europe's recovery. In order to achieve a higher growth rate, Europe must tackle this lack of investment across the board. Just implement investment programs in individual countries, such as the southern European crisis countries is not enough. In order to launch a broad investment offensive across the EU as a whole, specific steps must be taken. With a view to tackling the lack of investment in the long term, measures include an efficient competition policy and investmentfriendly tax policy.

This monograph examines Russia's policy toward the Caspian Sea region as Moscow attempts to counterbalance growing American involvement within what it perceives to be its zone of privileged interest. It focuses on the recent expansion of the Caspian Flotilla and the rationale behind it. Moscow has sought to counterbalance the growing involvement of other actors in the region, which has led to rising tension between Russia and its southern neighbors. The primary objectives of the research are to examine Russian perceptions of threat and security in the Caspian region and assess the implications for other actors. This monograph analyzes the drivers of the increasing competition for influence, focusing on developments within the energy sector, and assesses the implications of Russia's consolidation of its dominance for security and stability in the region. This issue is important because a clear understanding of Russian strategic thinking and threat perception in the Caspian Sea is vital in order to facilitate effective U.S. policy in the wider Caucasus and Central Asian region. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1486/thumbnail.jpg

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Forest Enhancement (REDD+) has become a central focus of global climate change mitigation efforts. Even though the international demand for forest-based carbon sequestration is the key driver of REDD+, forest protection strategies must be implemented on the ground. This cross-scale nature of REDD+ explains why scholars and policy makers increasingly favor nested governance arrangements over either fully centralized or fully decentralized REDD+ governance. The focus of the literature on nested REDD+ governance has mostly been on monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon emission reductions across sub-national, national, and international levels. We build on Ostrom's principle of 'nested enterprises' to argue that REDD+ must be designed to systematically and formally link national policy reforms with the organization and execution of sub-national (regional and local) forest conservation efforts led by forest users. We also contribute new insights on the political dimensions of nestedness in REDD+, with important roles for inter-community forestry associations and forest rights movements.

The published version of the article is available in Marine Policy ; In the context of the abolition of traditional subsidies, this paper discusses the persistence of the major remaining subsidy scheme in Norwegian fisheries: exemption from fuel taxes. This reimbursement scheme stems from the late1980s, and has persisted since then under different governments. This paper gives the background to this support against theoretical predictions of the subsidy's effects on fishing behavior and profitability. For 2011, the estimated exempted fuel taxes for the fishing fleet was NOK 999.0 million, amounting to 6.3 percent of the landed value, against NOK 772.7 million (6.4 per cent of landed value) in 2007. The Norwegian scheme is also discussed in relation to similar arrangements in other countries. The national fishing fleet is heterogeneous with respect to oil consumption in transport and fishing operations. Hence, the effect of the fuel subsidy is different for different fleet components. The implications of abolishing this subsidy for the fishing fleet in general and for different vessel groups, as well as its policy implications, are discussed.

Implementation of administrative policy updates voters in the election forgovernor and vice governor. This reseacrh aims to determine the administrative policyimplementation and updating of voter lists of data by the Voting Committee (VC)during the General Election of Governor and Deputy Governor of West Kalimantan in2007. This study used qualitative methods, the research instruments and procedures fordata collection using interviews, observation, and documentary. Subjects wereorganizers of the elections for governor and vice governor from regional electoralcommission (REC) until the voting committee (VC). The result of the research showedthat the implementation of the policy update data administration and voter lists had notbeen effective. The occurrence of the double voters and the swelling number of voters atsome polling stations (PS). The data base used in determining population provisionalvoters list (PVL) inaccurate and lack of coordination of the parties involved in theprocess of updating the data and voter lists.Key words:Policy implementation, data updating process, election of Governor andDeputy Governor. coordination

Research on spatial segregation has suggested that social mix may be a temporary phase in class displacement, where relations between different groups are at best divided or 'tectonic', for instance in England. Political and policy discourses, by contrast, tend to uncritically valorize social mix as a means to breaking up concentrations of poverty and providing neighbourhoods with a middle-class voice. In the literature, little attention has been paid to power dynamics in socially mixed neighbourhoods and the implications this may have for understanding theory and policy. The five articles that make up this symposium address the ways in which social and ethnic groups interact in major cities in Europe and North America and, as the title suggests, this involves taking into account power relations, domination and negotiation between the different groups. There is a need to connect the experience of the deployment of power within neighbourhoods (and between them) with the discussions of power mechanisms at work in wider urban processes.

International audience ; The goal of this paper is to make an assessment of the correlation between monetary stabilitynamely price stability-and macro financial euphoria in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC).Our methodological approach which combines econometrics, graphical and historical analyses, shows that the relationship between the selected indicators of macro financial exuberance and inflation is not obvious in all of CEMAC apart from the Central African Republic (CAF).Nonetheless, since we consider CAF is the only country in CEMAC to be constantly in a situation of political instability, we may assume that the positive correlation between euphoria and inflation in that country has little or nothing to do with monetary policy performances. This enables us to give an empirical justificationit is the originality of this researchthe persistent situation in liquidity excess and the credit rationing in CEMAC Zone. It even raises the question of whether lower inflation in CEMAC may be more associated to "Good Luck" than "Good Policy" hypothesis.

The literature on financial regulation has typically emphasized the role of the powerful financial industry in shaping regulatory outcomes. However, capture theories cannot explain the prominence of financial consumer protection in post-crisis reform agendas. By contrast, this article argues that, despite their collective action disadvantage, a polymorphous network of civil society organizations was able to gain momentum after the financial crisis and to influence the financial reform process. In this policy window, where decision-makers were looking out for an alternative source of expertise, a transnationally connected civil society (TCS) network successfully mobilized to place consumer protection on reform agendas in tandem with public entrepreneurs and on the back of a popular backlash against big finance. This argument will be explored through a comparative study of the impact of transnational pressures on policy-makers in Europe and the US in the immediate aftermath of the crisis. In the conclusion, the article shortly discusses the substance of the financial reforms that have been undertaken.

The present paper examines the household economies of male industrial workers of India after their sudden retrenchment. They had been victims of a defective industrial policy, and they did not get compensation as per the recruitment policy of the Government of India. As they were ill-prepared for retrenchment, they have struggled over extended periods. In a desperate attempt at household survival, their wives chose the sex trade. These women used a brothel in Kolkata to ply the sex trade as floating sex workers. They operated in a clandestine manner as the brothel was restricted to daytime use. They used their earnings to manage their households while their husbands were still unemployed. Thus, in an era of women's empowerment, women appeared to have no employment alternatives during crisis periods. As a result, the relationship between women and household management during a household's economic crisis has emerged as a new theme in the discourse on future socio-economic relations and the status of women.

Cooperation between public and non-governmental organizations – a mean to stronger democracy and higher quality of public policies in Poland This article focuses on cooperation between public and civil society organizations (SCOs) – particularly non-governmental organizations (NGOs) – in the field of public policy design, implementation and evaluation. Theoretical deliberations on forms and nature of intersectoral interactions have been supplemented with practical remarks on possibilities of strengthening such processes in Poland. The text begins with a description of historical and political background for an increased participation of NGOs in governance processes, followed by a general presentation of potential gains and possible threats, which such involvement brings to all interested parties. Further on, the article explores possible forms of intersectoral cooperation with a special attention to polish experiences in this domain. Final passages are a presentation of possible actions potentially leading to advance in collaboration between public and non-governmental organizations, hence strengthening participation of civil society in all key elements of public policy-making cycle.

This article analyzes West German energy policy and negotiations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Archival sources from the West German government show that long-term energy diplomacy became a carefully built link which guaranteed cooperation even during political crises, such as the one in 1980/81. This article argues that energy diplomacy catalyzed Brandt's Ostpolitik. In particular, natural gas pipelines implied mutual trust within a stable relationship, which led to further collaborations, including cooperation in nuclear power. It points out that, from this perspective, 1973 was not exactly a turning point, and some grandiose plans in the years after the first oil crisis failed. Furthermore the article shows how the second oil crisis in 1979 increased cooperation cooperation between West Germany and the Soviet Union, although this strained West Germany's relationship with the United States. Archival documents reveal that energy policy matters remained well-calculated and persistent. Thus, the Soviet Union became a more reliable partner than many Arab countries.

The Working Group III (WGIII) contribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) assesses literature on the scientific, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of mitigation of climate change. It builds upon the WGIII contribution to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) and previous reports and incorporates subsequent new findings and research. Throughout, the focus is on the implications of its findings for policy, without being prescriptive about the particular policies that governments and other important participants in the policy process should adopt. In light of the IPCC's mandate, authors in WGIII were guided by several principles when assembling this assessment: (1) to be explicit about mitigation options, (2) to be explicit about their costs and about their risks and opportunities vis-a-vis other development priorities, (3) and to be explicit about the underlying criteria, concepts, and methods for evaluating alternative policies. This summary offers the main findings of the report.

In accordance with South African policy documents and legislation (Department of Social Development, 2004; Children's Act 38 of 2005, Section 2(a)White Paper for Social Welfare, 1997) social work service delivery to families where child abuse and neglect occur, must be focused mainly on family preservation through rendering preventative and early intervention services thereby preventing statutory services. Preventative services are, as directed by the ISDM (Department of Social Development, 2006), the primary level of service delivery, by linking families to resources which can limit risky behaviour and to implement a developmental welfare policy. Strong focus is placed on the development of resources in communities to support families and to build capacity, before family crises could develop (Department of Social Development, 2006). Within this context the purpose of this article is to investigate the support (prevention) services available to at-risk families at family welfare organisations to prevent the removal of children and to enhance family preservation.

The objective of this work is analyzing the development of some places since people's educational and family formation. Basing on family and school, for example, we explain into this research that electoral behavior is a voters' probable evidence of reflexive aptitude about development of some places. Results demonstrate that index of educational level and revenue allows these voters think about political and ideological characteristics of some places where they are. We can say that these people are able to think about strategies to develop the place where they live. In general, we also observe that voters and partisan policy are far one to another and voters, a priori, do not consider that the participation in electoral actions is important. Discussions on this work start from this question: are there any elements responsible to formalize a connection between voters and partisan policy? Then this work tries to answer this question based on theoretical debates about the subject and exemplifying realities before studied.

The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.