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The Church, as a human institution, is affected by every soc & cultural change which occurs in its environment. Of all human institutions, however, the Church is probably the most conservative. The current awakening of religious interest throughout the US presents the Church with many opportunities & confronts it with potential dangers. The danger exists that emphasis on quantitative growth will obscure the need for qualitative excellence. A well-educated laity will embarrass the church whose educ'al standards for the clergy fall below those for business & the professions. Though the churches speak boldly for liberal reform, they lag behind Gov, the armed services, sports, & industry in implementing liberal programs. It is not certain that the Church speaks relevantly to an Ur dominated culture. It is certain that the churches have overlooked many opportunities in the inner-city areas. Though denominational ties have lost much meaning among laymen, many denominations aggressively perpetuate their separate existences. Unions between diff'ly organized denominations, rather than reunions within splintered denominations, indicate real accomplishment in soc adjustment. AA.

Rattling the "superstate skeleton" has become the principal pastime of those who oppose the establishment of regional agencies for the development of the natural resources of the nation. While the superstate argument was used against TVA during its early existence, it forms no part of the present thinking of the people of the Tennessee Valley and their public institutions which have collaborated with TVA for the past thirteen years in the development and utilization of the resources of the region. Any needed proof of the fallacy of the argument that TVA has undermined state and local institutions in the Tennessee Valley is provided by the testimony of the governors of the seven states on the coöperative and profitable relations between their states and TVA.Such misunderstanding as still prevails outside the Valley regarding TVA and its relationships with state and local governments seems to arise, in large measure, from the sedulous spreading of misinformation on the nature of TVA's grant of powers.

Looking over the political scene of contemporary Europe, we observe that the European states are aligned in two fundamentally antagonistic camps of political institutions and ideals. Democracy and liberal institutions are still in force in Great Britain, the Irish Free State, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, in Switzerland, and in Czechoslovakia; while autocracies at present embrace Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary; also among the Baltic states, at least Latvia and Estonia may be so classified. As for Spain and Greece, notwithstanding that democratic constitutions are nominally still in existence, it is at least open to doubt whether or not they at the present moment should be classified as democracies. By far the greater part of European territory and of European population is under dictatorial rule of one type or another. It might seem, therefore, appropriate to weigh the possibilities of a further expansion of the systems of government which, loosely but rather adequately, are termed dictatorships or autocracies.

In this period during which all political institutions are being tested as never before by the searching criticism of an awakened world and by application to the well-nigh insoluble problems left by the World War, the constitutions which have been developed by the post-war states of Europe possess a peculiar interest to the student of public affairs. They are the results of the conscious effort of the statesmen of these new commonwealths to combine with the historic institutions of their own lands those features of the public law and the political practises of the older democracies which experience has proven to be workable, to be conducive of good government, and to make possible a more or less popular control over affairs of state. The product of a season when democracy is the fashion, all of these instruments are filled with rules and phrases which have a familiar ring in American ears, despite a more than occasional Gallic or native accent.

In the historical development of individual nations revolutions come and go as tremendous earthquakes, upsetting the standing order and creating new constellations and configurations. After an earthquake on former plains new mountain ranges arise and, vice versa, enormous peaks suddenly disappear; quite so in the case of a revolution, which overturns century old institutions and organizations. At the time when the upheaval occurs, it often seems that the whole social structure is destroyed forever and that something entirely new is being created. And yet, everyone who has studied history knows very well that even in revolutions we have a constant evolution, that much of the old order remains and that the new institutions have many attachments in the past, no matter how completely new they may seem at the moment of their political birth.Take the French Revolution of 1789 as a most vivid example. It might have seemed to contemporaries that the whole former French state and government, the social as well as the economic structure, had disappeared and were utterly destroyed.

Students of the history and working of representative legislative institutions in every part of the world where these institutions are in existence are under indebtedness to Professor Redlich for the thoroughness and completeness with which he has performed a task never before attempted by any historian of the house of commons. In his scholarly book, published in German in 1905, and now more generally available through Mr. Steinthal's admirable translation into English, supplemented by a chapter of twenty-one pages by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, Professor Redlich has traced the history of house of commons procedure from the earliest days down to the important time-economizing changes which were made in the first and second sessions of the parliament elected in January, 1906.As far as my knowledge goes there are now in existence only two modern books—only two books published since the reform act of 1832—in which any detailed history of parliamentary procedure at Westminster is to be found.

Tertiary education attendance in Brazil varies remarkably among different population groups. In order to decrease inequalities and increase the proportion of minorities in public universities, many institutions of higher education in Brazil have implemented affirmative action policies since the 2000s. The main objective of this paper was to analyze different counterfactual affirmative action policies at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) based on simulations, measuring the proportion of minorities and the level of academic performance at this institution under each scenario. The current quota policy of 50% for students from public secondary schools, divided between four main groups (non-poor/non-minority; poor/non-minority; non-poor/minority; poor/minority), was shown to be well-designed to promote higher proportions of minorities among the student body. However, if academic performance is also taken into account, the best options would be either a quota policy of 50% divided between poor and non-poor students or a bonus policy based on a linear function of course competitiveness with an average bonus of 6%.

Wer trug die Verantwortung für den tausendfachen Mord an Menschen mit psychischer, geistiger oder körperlicher Beeinträchtigung im Nationalsozialismus? Wie waren Institutionen und Akteure untereinander vernetzt? Die Heil- und Pflegeanstalten nehmen als Tatorte im Rahmen der NS-"Euthanasie" eine zentrale Rolle ein: Medizinisches Personal tötete dort durch Medikamentengaben, Vernachlässigung und Nahrungsentzug, dazu wurden die Transporte in die Tötungsanstalten über die staatlichen Anstalten abgewickelt. Dieser Band beleuchtet am Beispiel Mittel- und Oberfrankens das institutionelle Geflecht der medizinischen Einrichtungen und die unterschiedlichen Interessen der Entscheidungsträger zwischen medizinischer Hilfe, wirtschaftlichen Belangen und der ideologisch überzeugten Mittäterschaft im Rahmen der nationalsozialistischen Krankenmorde. Mit Beiträgen von Matthias Klaus Braun | Thomas Greif | Andreas Stefan Hofmann | Matthias Honold | Katrin Kasparek | Andrea M. Kluxen | Armin Kroder | Marcus Mühlnikel

The article examines the preconditions for the formation of the cultural policy of Transnistria, stipulated by the socio-cultural situation, socio-economic, demographic and ethnocultural characteristics of the region. The need to establish local priorities is substantiated due to the existing motley composition of the multinational population of Transnistria, which was formed as a result of the assimilation and consolidation of various ethnic groups living in the multicultural republic. The instruments of cultural policy used in Transnistria, formed under the conditions of political unrecognition and economic instability of the country, are considered in a historical context, taking into account financial, legislative, administrative, structural and human resources.The study showed that the institution of presidency has the greatest influence on the cultural policy of Transnistria, which largely determines the state of the infrastructure and the development vector of the cultural space of the region as a whole.The study results in recommendations to introduce such regulators of influence on the cultural space of the region, which will correlate the issues of the influence of sociocultural factors on socio-economic development, by combining the value of traditional cultures with modernization, cultural diversity with ethnocultural identity, taking into account the peculiarity of the mentality of ethnocultural groups of multiethnic Transnistria. ; В статье рассматриваются предпосылки формирования культурной политики Приднестровья, обусловленные социально-культурной ситуацией, социально-экономическими, демографическими и этнокультурными характеристиками региона. Обосновывается необходимость установления локальных приоритетов, обусловленных сложившимся пестрым составом многонационального населения Приднестровья, который образовался в результате процессов ассимиляции и консолидации различных этносов, проживающих в поликультурной республике. Инструменты культурной политики, применяемые в Приднестровье, формируемые в условиях политической непризнанности и экономической нестабильности страны, рассматриваются в историческом контексте с учетом финансовых, законодательных, административных, структурных и кадровых ресурсов.Исследование показало, что наибольшее влияние на культурную политику Приднестровья оказывает институт президентства, который и определяет в значительной степени состояние инфраструктуры и вектор развития культурного пространства региона в целом.Итогом исследования являются рекомендации по внедрению таких регуляторов влияния на культурное пространство региона, которые будут соотносить вопросы влияния социокультурных факторов на социально-экономическое развитие путем сочетания ценности традиционных культур с модернизацией, культурного многообразия с этнокультурной идентичностью, с учетом своеобразия менталитета этнокультурных групп полиэтничного Приднестровья.

The article deals with the specifics which for mauthority of the prikazy, voivodes and gubnye institutions in the 17th century Muscovite State interms of anti-criminal activities that consist in maintaining public order and taking part incriminal procedure. The largest works copein relation tocombating crime was done by the Robbery prikaz that ran gubnye izby and set up a gubnoy starosta corps (by means of elections and appointments). Apart from the Robbery prikaz, law-enforcement duties, to a great extent, were also implemented by the Zemskiy and Sysknoy prikaz. Special attention with in this article is paid to the issue of voivodes competence formation in connection with anti-criminal policy, their duties were determined by «nakazy» from the centre and consisted both in maintaining law and order and arranging search and investigation into the cases under their jurisdiction. The article also addresses the lack of definite separation of duties within the jurisdiction context, e.g., political off enders could be and if needed had to be traced by police services of all levels, but an investigation was generally conducted at the prikaz level where as a judgment could be delivered at the highest power level. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности формирования полномочий приказов, воевод и губных учреждений в Московском государстве XVIIстолетия в сфере антикриминальной деятельности, заключающиеся в охране общественного порядка и участию в уголовно-процессуальном производстве. Наибольший объем работы по борьбе с преступностью выполнял Разбойный приказ, который руководил губными избами, формировал (путем выборов и назначением) корпус губных старост. Помимо Разбойного приказа, правоохранительные функции в значительном объеме осуществляли также Земский и Сыскной приказы.Особое внимание в статье уделено вопросу формирования компетенции воевод в сфере антикриминальной политики, их функции определялись «наказами» из центра и заключались как в поддержании правопорядка, так и в организации розыска и следствия по делам, которые находились в их юрисдикции.Обращается внимание на отсутствие однозначного разграничения функций в юрисдикционном контексте, например, розыск политических преступников могли и при необходимости должны были осуществлять правоохранительные органы всех уровней, но следствие проводили, как правило, на уровне приказов, а вынесение приговора могло состояться на высшем властном уровне.

This paper studies the effect of institutions on opportunity entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean during the period 2005-2016. An entrepreneurial model is proposed, using governance indicators and an index of government efficiency as institutional proxies along with other explanatory variables. Through an unbalanced panel, the results show a positive and significant effect in each institutional variable in relation to the entrepreneurial activity, confirming the importance of the institutional role for opportunity entrepreneurship. In conclusion, the countries that intend to promote this type of entrepreneurial activity should generate and maintain a transparent and diligent institutional environment that allows entrepreneurs to take advantage of business opportunities. ; Este artículo estudia el efecto de las instituciones en los emprendimientos por oportunidad en América Latina y el Caribe durante el periodo 2005-2016. Se propone un modelo de emprendimiento, en el que se emplean indicadores de gobernabilidad y un índice de eficiencia gubernamental como proxies institucionales junto con otras variables explicativas. A través de un panel desbalanceado, los resultados muestran la existencia de un efecto positivo y significativo en cada una de las variables institucionales con relación a la actividad emprendedora, confirmando la importancia del papel institucional en el emprendimiento por oportunidad. En conclusión, aquellas naciones que pretendan fomentar este tipo de actividad emprendedora deberán generar y conservar un entorno institucional transparente y diligente, permitiendo a los emprendedores aprovechar las oportunidades de negocio. ; Este artigo estuda o efeito das instituições nos empreendimentos por oportunidade na América Latina e no Caribe durante o período 2005-2016. Propõe-se um modelo de empreendimento em que sejam empregados indicadores de governabilidade e um índice de eficiência governamental como proxies institucionais junto com outras variáveis explicativas. Por meio de um painel desbalanceado, os resultados mostram a existência de um efeito positivo e significativo em cada uma das variáveis institucionais quanto à atividade empreendedora, o que confirma a importância do papel institucional no empreendimento por oportunidade. Em conclusão, aquelas nações que pretendam fomentar esse tipo de atividade empreendedora deverão gerar e conservar um ambiente institucional transparente e diligente, que permita aos empreendedores aproveitarem as oportunidades de negócio.

Current report aims to identify major existing gaps in the four socio-economic dimensions (economic, human, environmental, and institutional) and to reveal those gaps which could potentially hinder social and economic integration of neighbor states with the EU. To achieve this, the authors aim to assess the existing trends in the size of the gaps across countries and problem areas, taking into consideration the specific origin of the gap between EU15/EU12, on the one hand, and FSU republics, EU candidates and West Balkan countries, on the other hand. The paper is structured as follows: (1) An analysis of the historic roots and origins of the development gap, and its evolvement over time. (2) A review of literature sources, draft analysis of primary statistical data, and qualitative explanations of gaps and divergences in selected development issues across four socio-economic dimensions: * level of economic development and convergence rates based on real GDP (application of methodology testing β and σ convergence to the set of countries analyzed); * quality of life and its components (poverty, inequality, health status and Heath care, access to fresh water and sanitation facilities, subjective perceptions of well-being); * human capital and labor market development, including level of education and public spending on education, its accessibility and quality, main differences in labor market development (employment participation rates and levels of unemployment, new jobs creation and labor protection legislation); * innovation potential, including R&D, information and communication technologies, and institutional environment; * environmental performance in terms of environmental stresses, efforts aimed at their reduction, and institutional capacity; * business climate, political institutions, and other institutional indicators (econometric analysis). (3) A test econometric analysis of development gaps across selected dimensions by using a Principal Components Method (PCM). The results are further presented in the form of ranks of countries analyzed reflecting their distances from EU15 in respective aggregate averages. Special attention is paid to gender-related development issues. Respective issues in human capital and labor market study, as well as variables included into PCM analysis were supplemented with relative gender data. Several preliminary conclusions finalize the report.

The database Cretan Institutional Inscriptions was created as part of the PhD research project in Ancient Heritage Studies Kretikai Politeiai: Cretan Institutions from VII to I century BC, carried out at the University of Venice Ca' Foscari by Irene Vagionakis from 2016 to 2019, under the supervision of Claudia Antonetti and Gabriel Bodard. The research project aimed at collecting the epigraphic sources related to the institutional elements of the many political entities of Crete, with a view to highlighting the specificity of each context in the period between the rise of the poleis and the Roman conquest of the island. The main component of the database consists of the epigraphic collection of the 600 inscriptions constituting the core of the documentary base of the study, for each of which an XML edition compliant with the TEI EpiDoc international standard was created. Each EpiDoc edition includes a descriptive and a bibliographic lemma, the text of the inscription, a selective apparatus criticus and a commentary focused on the institutional data offered by the document. In addition to the epigraphic collection, the database includes a collection of the main related literary sources, a catalogue of the attested Cretan institutions (assemblies, boards, officials, associations, civic subdivisions, social statuses, age classes, months, festivities and other celebrations, institutional practices, institutional instruments, public spaces) and a catalogue of the political entities of Crete (poleis, koina, dependent communities, extra-urban sanctuaries, hegemonic alliances). Data and SW available at https://github.com/IreneVagionakis/CretanInscriptions

Ускоренное развитие современного общества и изменение расстановки сил на мировой арене, непрерывное повышение уровня сложности профессиональных задач предъявляют особые требования к управлению военным образовательным учреждением. Важным элементом системы управления образовательной деятельностью выступает планирование. Авторами обоснована необходимость разработки программных средств, обеспечивающих информационную поддержку комплексного подхода к планированию и организации образовательной деятельности вуза в рамках единой информационно-образовательной среды (ИОС). В статье выявлены основные проблемы, возникающие при использовании информационно-образовательной среды военного вуза с учетом его специфики. Авторами представлена структурная модель электронной ИОС, позволяющая повысить скоординированность деятельности руководства военных вузов и профессорско-преподавательского состава в организации и управлении образовательной деятельности. ; A rapid development of modern society and the change in power balance on the world stage (arena), the continuous increase of professional tasks complexity, place special demands on the management of military educational institutions. Planning is an important element of the military educational activity management system. The authors substantiated the need to develop software tools that provide information support to complex (integrated) approach to planning and organization of high institutions' educational activity within the unified information and educational environment. The main problems that arise when using the information and educational environment of a military university, taking into account its specifics are identified. The authors present a structural model of electronic information and educational environment that allows to increase the coordination of the activities of the military universities leaders and teaching staff in the organization and management of educational activities.

У статті проаналізовано особливості розвитку освіти дорослих у США в часи становлення республіки та економічної модернізації країни; виявлено історичні, соціально-економічні й політичні умови та інші об'єктивні фактори, що вплинули на процес розвитку освіти дорослих США в зазначені періоди, визначено її характерні ознаки, форми та особливості фінансування, виявлено провідні типи навчальних закладів і установ, що функціонували в цей час. У результаті дослідження, зокрема, виявлено, що в період становлення республіки відбувається розквіт науки, відкриваються численні освітні заклади. Освіта дорослих, хоч і не об'єднана в єдиний рух, зазнає бурхливого розвитку. Визначальними рисами періоду економічної модернізації є індустріалізація промисловості й застосування наукових знань у сільському господарстві, що зумовило започаткування системної інституційної освіти в обох цих сферах. ; The paper analyzes the characteristics of adult education in the United States during the formation of the Republic and economic modernization of the country; finds out the historical, socio-economic and political conditions and other objective factors that have influenced the development of adult education in the United States during these periods, determines its characteristics, forms and specific features of financing, identifies the major types of educational institutions and establishments that functioned at that time. It was during this period that the science was flourishing, and many educational institutions were opened. The characteristic feature of that period was that adult education, underwent rapid development. The distinctive features of the period of economic modernization were industrial development and the use of scientific knowledge in agriculture, which led to the initiation of the systemic institutional education of workers in both these areas.