Suchergebnisse

Artykuł jest komentarzem do nowej książki Andrzeja Nowaka Pierwsza zdrada Zachodu. 1920 – zapomniany appeasement (Kraków 2015). Monografia ta daje nową analizę międzynarodowych aspektów wojny polsko-sowieckiej (1919–1920). Znaczenie tej wojny było i jest bardzo często spychane na margines historii Europy, podczas gdy były to zmagania decydujące dla przyszłości kontynentu europejskiego, a przede wszystkim ładu wersalskiego. Nie sposób sobie nie wyobrazić jego załamania i sowietyzacji przynajmniej wschodniej i środkowej części Europy, gdyby wojna ta zakończyła się klęską armii polskiej. Książka Nowaka nie jest jednak analityczną monografią wojny polsko-sowieckiej, lecz studium nad ustosunkowaniem zwycięskich mocarstw Zachodu wobec tego konfliktu. Wśród tych mocarstw decydujące znaczenie odrywała Wielka Brytania. Autor doszedł do przekonania, iż w polityce tej wolno widzieć prefigurację późniejszego appeasementu z lat trzydziestych XX w. Rząd Zjednoczonego Królestwa czynił w 1920 r. wszystko, aby doprowadzić do ugody polsko-sowieckiej, która w istocie rzeczy byłaby równoznaczna z hegemonią sowiecką nad odbudowaną Polską. Zwycięstwo armii polskiej w bitwie nad Wisłą udaremniło ten plan. Monografia ma w tytule sformułowanie "zdrada", ale książka – jak napisał we wstępie do niej jej Autor – nie jest "traktatem moralnym". Nie jest usiłowaniem sądu nad twórcami polityki mocarstw cudzoziemskich, które nie mają obowiązku służyć interesom Polski. Jest wyłącznie analizą pewnego zjawiska z polityki międzynarodowej. A zjawisko to nie jest zamkniętą kartą historii. Może się ono powtórzyć w naszych czasach. Książkę może spotkać zarzut, że jest polonocentryczna. Tak wszakże nie jest, bowiem Autor ma świadomość uwarunkowań polityki brytyjskiej i zawsze stosuje zasadę audiatur et altera pars. Książka Nowaka udokumentowana została nieznanymi (lub słabo zbadanymi) archiwaliami brytyjskimi. Autor wprowadza pojęcie brytyjskiego appeasementu wobec sowieckiej Rosji w roku 1920. Daje wnikliwą rekonstrukcję podejścia elit Zachodu do odrodzonej Polski, analizuje dzieje dwudziestowiecznej wyobraźni politycznej. Ukazuje także znaczenie polskiego zwycięstwa nad Wisłą w nowym świetle. Za jego sprawą ład wersalski został ocalony i uzupełniony pokojem ryskim (1921), czego często nie dostrzega historiografia narodów Zachodu. The First Treachery of the West. On the book by Andrzej NowakThe paper is a review of the new book by Andrzej Nowak Pierwsza zdrada Zachodu. 1920 – zapomniany appeasement (2015). The monograph provides a new analysis of the international aspects of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920). The conflict has often been marginalised in the history of Europe, while being decisive for the future shape of the European continent, and first and foremost for the Versailles governance. A collapse of the Versailles governance and sovietisation of at least Eastern and Central Europe are difficult to imagine but would have become a reality if the Polish-Soviet War had ended with a defeat for the Polish army. Nowak proposes a study of attitude of the winning Western superpowers to that conflict rather than an analytical monograph. Among the superpowers, Great Britain had the decisive voice. The author perceives the British policy as a prefiguration of appeasement applied in the 1930s. In 1920, the government of the United Kingdom used every effort to facilitate a Polish-Soviet settlement, what in fact would have turned into Soviet hegemony over reborn Poland. The victory of the Polish army in the Battle of Warsaw thwarted the plan. In spite of the word "treachery" in the title and as mentioned by the author in the introduction, the monograph is not a "treatise on morality". No attempt is made to judge the architects of foreign policies pursued by the world's superpowers, which have no obligation to serve the interest of Poland. The author merely undertakes an analysis of a phenomenon in international relations, which does not only belong to history, but continues to resonate throughout the world today. The book may be unfairly considered too Polocentric, yet the author shows awareness of the reality in which the British foreign policy was shaped, and always applies the audiatur et altera pars principle. The work is based on unknown or little examined British archive records. The author introduces the concept of appeasement towards the Soviet Russia in 1920. The book provides a thorough analysis of the attitude of Western elites to reborn Poland, and in this sense constitutes a review of the 20th century political imagination. It casts a new light on Poland's victory in the Battle of Warsaw. Owing to this victory, the Versailles governance was saved and strengthened by the Treaty of Riga (1921) – a fact which remains unnoticed in the historiography of Western nations.

El presente artículo es un estado de la cuestión sobre una de las líneas de investigación más significativas de la memoria colectiva, a saber: el registro identitario. Específicamente, se hace una revisión de las investigaciones sobre políticas de memoria en relacióncon la construcción de identidades nacionales. Para su desarrollo, se examina una serie de trabajos que dan cuenta de las relaciones entre memoria e identidad, para luego estudiar la identidad nacional a partir de las construcciones políticas de la memoria colectiva. Lasinvestigaciones se suelen centrar en países que han sufrido conflictos armados internos, dictaduras, guerras internacionales u otro tipo de conflictos identitarios. Algunos de estos escenarios nacionales son: Israel, Rusia, las exrepúblicas de la urss, los países de la antigua Cortina de Hierro en Europa Oriental, Francia, Alemania e Italia — principales protagonistas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial—, España y los países del Cono Sur de América Latina. En Colombia, aunque los discursos identitarios de carácter nacional hansido débiles, se ha apelado a la memoria como una forma de construir identidades refractarias a la solución política del conflicto armado, algunas de carácter victimista que intentan mantener y legitimar un statu quo y unas formas de dominación política instauradas desde la Independencia. Con base en estas experiencias, se plantean algunas conclusiones generales y propositivas del carácter político e ideológico de la memoria y la necesidad de abrirse a otros usos que permitan transformaciones sociales, una mayor democracia y la construcción de paz. ; The article presents a literature review of one of the most significant research lines regarding collective memory: the memory identity record. More specifically, it reviews research on politics of memory in relation to the construction of national identities. To thateffect, the article examines a series of research projects describing the relations between memory and identity and studying national identity on the basis of the political constructions of collective memory. This type of research tends to focus on countries that haveexperienced internal armed conflicts, dictatorships, international wars, or other types of identity conflicts. Some of these national scenarios are: Israel; Russia; the former republics of the ussr; the former Iron Curtain countries in Eastern Europe; France, Germany,and Italy — the protagonists of World War II—; Spain; and the Southern Cone countries in Latin America. Although nationally-oriented identity discourses have been scarce in Colombia, memory has been used as a way to build identities contrary to the politicalsolution to the armed conflict, some of which adopt a victim mentality and attempt to maintain and legitimize the status quo and certain forms of political domination established since Independence. On the basis of these experiences, the article sets forth a series of conclusions and proposals regarding the political and ideological nature of memory and the need to move toward other uses of memory that allow for social transformations,enhanced democracy, and peacebuilding. ; Este artigo é um estado da questão sobre uma das linhas de pesquisa mais significativas da memória coletiva: o registro identitário. Especificamente, faz-se uma revisão das pesquisas sobre políticas de memória com relação à construção de identidades nacionais. Para seu desenvolvimento, examina-se uma série de pesquisas que mostram as relações entre memória e identidade para, em seguida, estudar a identidade nacional a partir das construções políticas da memória coletiva. As pesquisas costumam se focar em países que têm sofrido conflitos armados internos, ditaduras, guerras internacionais ou outro tipo de conflitos identitários. Alguns desses cenários nacionais são: Israel, Russa, asex-repúblicas da urss, os países da antiga Cortina de Ferro no Leste Europeu, França, Alemanha e Itália —principais protagonistas da Segunda Guerra Mundial—, Espanha e os países do Cone Sul da América Latina. Na Colômbia, embora os discursos identitáriosde caráter nacional sejam fracos, tem-se apelado para a memória como uma forma de construir identidades refratárias para a solução política do conflito armado, algumas de caráter vitimista que tentam manter e legitimar um statu quo e umas formas de dominação política instauradas desde a Independência. Com base nessas experiências, apresentam--se algumas conclusões gerais e propositivas do caráter político e ideológico da memória e a necessidade de se abrir a outros usos que permitam transformações sociais, uma maior democracia e a construção da paz.

The aim of the research is to study the origins of the actual direction of the museum activities development in Ukraine — museum sociology, which has been described in the significant array of publications starting from the early 1990's. Those publications are focused on different aspects of learning of needs, motivations, expectations, behaviors, a social-demographic portrait and categories of the museum audience. It has been shown that the attention of the Ukrainian museum staff to the discussed aspects is not only limited by year 1991. The scientific heritage of the academician of All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Fedor Schmitt (1877-1937) has been analyzed by the author of the study in order to separate aspects of his activity that can become the certain foundations of the study of the museums audience (museum sociology) both in the days of the scientist and in modern Ukraine. The Soviet system not only denied his progressive views, but condemned them to death. It has been summarized by the author that most Schmitt's papers on the issues of the museum audience were published during the scientist's work in Kharkiv in 1912-1921. It is quite predictable that the issue of the museum audience was studied by the heritage saver and art scientist. Beginning of Ukrainian school of museology, where the leader was Mykola Bilyashivsky, the director of Kiev Museum of Antiquities and Arts (National History Museum of Ukraine), happened within the Archaeological Commission under the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It was led by F. Schmitt. The draft charter of commission, designed by him, pushed to the study of the theory and practice of museology in all its spheres. Schmitt's ideas on museums that had to be built on the territory of the Russian Empire, which suffered from the First World War, were formed under the influence of his travels to cultural centers of Europe. Although none of F. Schmitt works before the beginning of 1920s included direct mentioning of the sociological studies in the museum, but he outlined the foundations for the study of social-demographic, psychological parameters, an attitude of various social and professional groups to the museum, the impact of the museum on the society and vice versa and so on. In the middle 1920s, working outside Ukraine already, the scientists saw that the value of sociology was understood by the government. The situation changed in less than 10 years, when attacks on intellectuals began. It is possible to make the conclusion that part of Schmitt's scientific heritage and his steps in practical museum activities can be used as certain foundations of the modern Ukrainian Museum Sociology. Works, published by Schmitt, have never been reissued. However, his original views on the audience should attract the attention of the Ukrainian museum staff. It is also actual as there exists the lack of knowledge about the lower chronological bound of the arising interest of the Ukrainian museum staff to the study of the audience, at least in the 20th century. ; Статья посвящена исследованию истоков актуального направления современной музейной деятельности в Украине – музейной социологии с начала 1990-х гг. отражена в значительном массиве публикаций по различным аспектам изучения потребностей, мотиваций, ожиданий, типов поведения, социально-демографического портрета и социальных категорий аудитории музеев. Показано, что внимание украинских музейщиков к пониманию потребностей, мотиваций и взаимодействия с действительными и потенциальными посетителями имеет рамки, выходящие за 1990-е гг. Исходя из указанного, в предлагаемой статье проанализировано научное наследие академика ВУАН Шмита Ф. (1877-1937) для выделения вех его деятельности, что можно рассматривать как определенные основания изучения аудитории музеев (музейной социологии), в т. ч. в Украине. сделано обобщение, что большая часть работ, которые затронули проблематику изучения аудитории музеев, были опубликованы Шмиту Ф. во время «харьковского периода» (1912-1921) деятельности ученого. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню витоків актуального напрямку сучасної музейної діяльності в Україні – музейній соціології, що з поч. 1990-х рр. відображено у значному масиві публікацій із різних аспектів вивчення потреб, мотивацій, очікувань, типів поведінки, соціально-демографічного портрета і соціальних категорій аудиторії музеїв. Узагальнено, що увага українських музейників до розуміння потреб, мотивацій і взаємодії з дійсними та потенційними відвідувачами має рамки, що виходять за 1990-ті рр. Виходячи із зазначеного, у пропонованій статті проаналізовано наукову спадщину академіка ВУАН Шміта Ф. (1877–1937) для виокремлення віх його діяльності, що можна розглядати як певні підвалини вивчення аудиторії музеїв (музейної соціології), у т. ч. в Україні. Узагальнено, що більша частина праць, які торкнулися проблематики вивчення аудиторії музеїв, були опубліковані Шмітом Ф. під час «харківського періоду» (1912–1921) діяльності вченого.

The article deals with the problems of radiological and economic efficiency of decontamination procedures as a measure of eliminating radioactive contamination in scarcely populated residential areas of Fukushima Prefecture (Japan).The objective of the research was to identify and compare with officially declared results the real effects of the decontamination measures on improving the radiation situation and reducing radiation doses for the population in Fukushima region. There was another objective of estimating the expected decontamination expenditure for these territories and the economic efficiency of this measure in accordance with the official international recommendations. The results of such kind of survey for Japan and actual values of the prevented doses due to the decontamination have not been published before. The key objective of this research was to assess the need for decontamination in sparsely populated areas of Fukushima Prefecture taking into account relatively low radiation background in these areas and significant associated financial losses.The initial data for the research have been taken from the Environment Ministry (Japan) reports on the restoration progress in the NPP area. The data on the current radiation situation in Japan have been taken from the Japan Nuclear Regulatory Commission Internet publications. A mathematical modeling of the radiation situation in remediation territories near Fukushima-1 NPP was carried out in the research taking into account the simultaneous impact of several natural and anthropogenic factors. This mathematical model is described in the article. Some empirical dependencies obtained after the Chernobyl accident were also used in it.As the results of the research, the estimated values of actual, predicted and prevented by the decontamination and the resettlement measures doses to residents in one specific Fukushima prefecture municipality were presented.The total and average financial costs per unit of prevented exposure dose for different emergency measures scenarios were estimated, including longterm and short-term evacuation and decontamination. The estimated values of the decontamination and the resettlement effectiveness were presented based on the comparison of the public costs and benefits.The author goes on argue that radiological effectiveness of the decontamination measures was very low. He noted that the measures were inconsistent with the principles of cost optimization in the world radiation protection standards. However, at the same time, the decontamination measures made it possible to prevent possible high costs to the government, and some positive social effects were finally achieved. ; В статье рассмотрены вопросы оценки радиологической и экономической эффективности дезактивации, как меры ликвидации последствий радиационного загрязнения в малонаселенных жилых районах префектуры Фукусима (Япония). Целью проводимого исследования ставилось выявление реальных эффектов по улучшению радиационной обстановки и снижению доз облучения для населения за счет проводимых мероприятий по дезактивации радиационно загрязненных территорий и их сравнение с официально заявленными показателями.На основании полученных результатов ставилась также задача оценить ожидаемую стоимость затрат на дезактивацию рассматриваемых в статье территорий и ее экономическую эффективность в соответствии с официальными международными рекомендациями.Ранее результаты подобных исследований по Японии не публиковались как и данные о реальной величине предотвращенной дозы облучения за счет проводимых мероприятий по дезактивации. Ключевой целью исследования ставилось оценить саму необходимость проведения дезактивации в малонаселенных районах префектуры Фукусима ввиду в связи с относительно невысокими значениями радиационного фона на этих территориях и значительными сопутствующими финансовыми затратами.В качестве исходных материалов для исследования использовались данные из регулярно публикуемых в открытом доступе Министерством защиты окружающей среды Японии отчетов и презентаций о ходе восстановительных работ в зонах эвакуации в окрестностях АЭС «Фукусима-1», а также данные о текущей радиационной обстановке на территории Японии, которые открыто публикуется Комиссией по ядерному регулированию Японии. В ходе исследования проводилось физико-математическое моделирование изменения радиационной обстановки в одном из районов в окрестностях АЭС «Фукусима-1», обусловленное одновременного воздействия ряда природных и антропогенных факторов. При разработке математической модели, описываемой в статье, использовались также эмпирические зависимости, полученные сторонними исследователями в результате анализа последствий аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС 1986 года.По результатам исследования были получены оценки текущих, прогнозируемых, а также предотвращенных за счет проведенной дезактивации и временного отселения доз облучения жителей одного из муниципалитетов префектуры Фукусима. Оценены суммарные и усредненные финансовые затраты на единицу предотвращенной дозы облучения для различных сценариев проведения мероприятий по защите населения, включая долгосрочную и краткосрочную эвакуацию и дезактивацию загрязненных территорий. Представлены оценки эффективности дезактивации и отселения жителей муниципалитета на основе сопоставления связанных с ними затрат и выгод для государства.Автор приводит свои доводы о низкой радиологической эффективности проводимых мероприятий по дезактивации и их несоответствии общепринятым в мировой практике принципам оптимизации затрат при предотвращении облучения населения. В то же время, признается, что в данном случае дезактивация позволила предотвратить возможные большие затраты для государства и достигла отдельных положительных социальных эффектов.

Los Sistemas de Bicicletas Públicas (SBP), integrados a los sistemas de transporte público urbano, han mostrado beneficios ambientales y socioeconómicos importantes en todo el mundo. Estos desarrollos requieren de la disponibilidad de leyes y normas estructuradas y adecuadas, como un pilar fundamental para implementación de dichos sistemas de transporte en las ciudades. En relación con lo anterior, el desconocimiento del marco legal y normativo, y su suficiencia, constituye un problema en la toma de decisiones en las etapas de gestión, planeación, implementación y operación de los SBP, considerados limpios y sostenibles. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar y valorar la legislación y normativa aplicables a los SBP como sistema de transporte público en Colombia. La metodología se orientó al contraste, mediante la utilización de una matriz cualitativa, de la legislación y normativa frente a la protección al ambiente, la equidad social y el valor económico, como elementos que definen un sistema de transporte sostenible. Los resultados señalan carencias en la legislación y normativa; principalmente en los aspectos relativos a la regulación de la operación y la prestación del servicio; la planeación, gestión, diseño, y financiación de la infraestructura; y los planes, proyectos y programas para la implementación de los SBP. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de proveer una legislación y normativa que fortalezcan la política pública nacional, mediante la creación de normas nacionales y otras con extensión a entes territoriales y municipales, que subsanen los vacíos identificados, y promuevan la implementación de los SBP, principalmente en ciudades medias e intermedias de Colombia. ; Public Bicycle Systems (SBP), integrated into urban public transport systems, have shown significant environmental and socioeconomic benefits throughout the world. These developments require the availability of laws and structured and appropriate rules, as a fundamental pillar for the implementation of such transportation systems in cities. With the above, the ignorance of the legal and regulatory framework, and its sufficiency constitutes a problem in the decision-making process in the stages of management, planning, implementation and operation of the SBP considered clean and sustainable. In this context, this work aims to identify and assess the legislation and regulations applicable to the SBP as a public transport system in Colombia. The methodology was oriented to the contrast, employing the use of a qualitative matrix, of the legislation and regulations against the protection of the environment, social equity, and economic value, as elements that define a sustainable transport system. The results indicate shortcomings in legislation and regulations; mainly in the aspects related to the control of the operation and the provision of the service; the planning, management, design, and financing of the infrastructure; and the plans, projects, and programs for the implementation of the SBP. It concludes on the need to provide legislation and regulations that strengthen the national public policy, through the creation of national standards and others with extension to territorial and municipal entities, to fill in the gaps identified, and promote the implementation of the SBP, mainly in medium and intermediate cities of Colombia. ; Os Sistemas de Bicicletas Públicas (SBP), integrados aos sistemas de transporte público urbano, tem benefícios ambientais e socioeconômicos importantes em todo o mundo. Estes desenvolvimentos requerem de disponibilidades das leis e normas estruturadas e adequadas, como um pilar fundamental para a implementação de ditos sistemas de transporte nas cidades. Em relação com o anterior, o desconhecimento do marco jurídico e normativo, e sua suficiência, constitui um problema na toma de decisões nas etapas de gestão, planejamento, implementação e operação dos SBP, considerados limpos e sustentáveis. Em este contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar e valorizar a legislação e a normativa aplicável ao SBP como sistema de transporte público na Colômbia. A metodologia foi orientada para o contraste, através da utilização de uma matriz qualitativa, da legislação e da normativa frente à proteção ao ambiente, à equidade social e o valor econômico, como elementos que definem um sistema de transporte sustentável. Os resultados indicam carências na legislação e normativa; principalmente nos aspectos relativos à regulação da operação e à prestação do serviço; o planejamento, gestão, design e financiamento da infraestrutura; e os planos, projetos e programas para a implementação dos SBP. Conclui-se sobre a necessidade de fornecer uma legislação e normativa que fortaleçam a política pública nacional, através da criação de normas nacionais e outras com extensão a entes territoriais e municipais, que corrijam os vazios identificados, e promovam a implementação dos SBP, principalmente em cidades medias e intermédias de Colômbia.

Part of Current, Contemporary Art from Scotland, curated by Sophia Hao and leading Chinese curator Wang Nanming. A major solo Museum Exhibition, including lectures, talks, workshops, gallery talks, in China and Scotland. This solo exhibition was the culmination of an extended project in China spanning multi venues over 4 years. The Curators in China and Scotland invite me to initiate a project that would engage Chinese audiences with this form of practice creating a novel creative dialogue in the Shanghai context, acknowledging me as one of the leading artists based in Scotland whose research has addressed socially engaged practice internationally for the past 20 years. The exhibition was presented alongside a solo exhibition by Bruce McLean. This was the first project conceived since the modification of my Real Life tattoo that has formed a critical component of my 'durational performance project' over the past 25 years. The research activity for this took shape when I had a new addition made to this tattoo that now reads, 'Real Life is Dead'. This reignites the critical contextual relationships I have explored since 1994, when the original tattoo was made in new ways, concerning the social, economic, geographic, historical, cultural paradigms addressed in relation to the audience. It proposes a question, Can the propositional Death of Real Life be understood in a positive, forward facing manner articulated through an interactive exhibition, or does it merely reflect a nihilistic race to the bottom of culture and the human race. Can this new paradigm be a tool. The exhibition makes the end of this first phase of the project and the start of the next iteration, with each component marking the passing of time and all the various incarnations of this work, shown all over the world. The exhibition included many components, the heavily treated film of the tattooing, projected 8 metres wide, and 4 m high, 23 Whale Paintings, each standing for one year on the Real Life Project, 276 vinyl records, each standing for one month of the project, 8395 Posters for each day of the project declaring Real Life is Dead/Long Live Real Life with images of the tattooed body 23 years apart, before and after. Banners were constructed by factories in China in a traditional manner, with silk tassels and embroidered lettering, all in both Chinese (Mandarin) and English. A commercially produced shop sign reads Real Life is Dead on one side and Long Live Real Life on the other. The visitor is invited to 'spin me round' in both languages caught forever between the positive and negative. Video Juke Boxes punctuate the space offering a series of videos I've made over the lifetime of the project, introducing and contextualising the Real Life project for this new audience. The Chinese Scottish Real Life Orchestra performs at the launch of the show and the artist is present to initiate workshops and collaboration where the visitors are invited to 'Paint what you think'. An interesting proposition for the cultural climate in the local area. This project has been produced by Cooper Gallery at DJCAD, University of Dundee, funded by the Scottish Government, involving an earlier site visit to Shanghai and various other group exhibitions, research lectures, symposia and research over this period. This involved initiating social engagement and participation with the Chinese public in a context where this remains an unusual and novel strategy. Some works for the show were rejected by the state censor. GSA Director, Tom Inns visited the exhibition in Shanghai and also visited Academy of Arts in Shanghai SADA who's students had engaged with the project at the Museum thus enhancing the international presence of GSA. I initiated a collaboration with GSA students throughout the development, realisation and production of this project, and this formed a component of the final exhibition. I continue to initiate and nurture external relationships and the project was supported financially by Creative Scotland, The Scottish Government and the British Council. The exhibition in Shanghai was supported and launched with speeches from Martin McDermott, the First Secretary Scottish Affairs, British Embassy, Beijing, representing the Scottish Government in China, and Nick Marchand, Director of Arts & Creative Industries, British Council, China. Meetings with potential touring partners Orlando Edwards, Consul, Cultural and Education Wuhan. All of these distinguished and influential visitors were well aware of the importance of my work through GSA and how the research and practice feeds back in to the institution.

This research seeks to establish a theoretical bridge that would allow to transit between two worlds and two realities, the reality of stage arts (performative/live) and the reality of public social policy —which come together around a common social interest—, in order to generate knowledge that allows to define criteria for the design and implementation of public policies, which take into account approaches that are useful for establishing actions that would achieve the transformation of a deteriorated society regarding fundamental human aspects[1]. This research is the result of an inter- and trans-disciplinary process, where, in addition to an intersection of different disciplines, the space of art and the space of the social and social policy get intertwined, expanding our understanding of art and politics through the discovery of a performative dimension in social affairs and a political dimension in performative arts, in the field of art as a factor of social and political transformation.Keywords: peace building; armed conflict; arts; construction of the social fabric; resilience; trauma.[1] Although death tends to be normalized and to lose its social and political significance in a country where people chronically live together with acts of violence and savagery, acts of resistance are evidenced too, such as Kilele, which return the faith that it is possible to achieve social transformation and a real transition toward reconciliation, peaceful coexistence, and respect, at least, for life and for the autonomy of the Other. ; Esta investigación busca establecer un puente teórico que permita el tránsito entre dos mundos y realidades, la realidad de las artes escénicas (performativas/vivas) y la de la política pública social –que se encuentran en torno a un interés común en lo social–, con el fin de generar un conocimiento que permita la definición de criterios para el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas que tengan en cuenta enfoques que pueden ser muy útiles para establecer acciones que logren transformar una sociedad deteriorada en aspectos humanos fundamentales[1]. La investigación es el resultado de un proceso inter y transdisciplinar, donde además del cruce de diferentes disciplinas, se da el entrecruzamiento del espacio del arte y del espacio de lo social, de la política social, expandiéndose el arte y la política, encontrando una dimensión performática de lo social y una dimensión política de las artes performativas, en el campo del arte como factor de transformación social y política.Palabras clave: construcción de paz, conflicto armado, artes, construcción del tejido social, resilencia, trauma.[1] Aunque la muerte tiende a normalizarse y perder su significado social y político en un país donde crónicamente se convive con actos de violencia y salvajismo, se evidencian actos de resistencia como Kilele que devuelven la fe en que es posible la transformación social y una verdadera transición hacia la reconciliación, la convivencia pacífica y el respeto, al menos, a la vida y autonomía del otro. ; Esta pesquisa procura estabelecer uma ponte teórica que permita o transito entre dois mundos e realidades, a realidade das artes cênicas (performativas/vivas) e a realidade da política publica social –que se encontram em volta dum interesse comum no social-, com o fim de gerar um conhecimento que permita a definição de critérios para o desenho e implementação de políticas publicas, que tenham em conta perspectivas que possam ser úteis para estabelecer ações, que cheguem a transformar uma sociedade deteriorada em elementos humanos fundamentais[1]. A pesquisa é o resultado dum processo inter e trans-disciplinar, onde alem do cruzamento de diferentes disciplinas, se da o entrecruzamento do espaço da arte e do espaço do social, da política social, se expandindo a arte e a política, achando uma dimensão performática do social e uma dimensão política das artes performativas, no campo da arte como fator de transformação social e política.Palavras Chave: construção da paz, conflito armado, artes, construção do tecido social, resiliência, trauma.[1] Embora a morte tenha tendência à normalização, e assim perder seu significado social e político num pais onde cronicamente se convive com atos selvagens e de violência, evidenciam-se atos de resistência como Kilele que devolvem a fé em que é possível a transformação social e uma verdadeira transição para a reconciliação, a convivência pacífica e o respeito, pelo menos, à vida e autonomia do Outro.

ABSTRAK Zakat merupakan salah satu rukun Islam yang pelaksanaannya didasarkan pada syariat / hukum Islam. Selain sebagai ibadah ritual, zakat juga merupakan ibadah sosial dan memiliki dimensi politik dikaitkan dengan keterlibatan negara dalam pengelolaannya. Pengelolaan zakat telah mengarah pada struktur yang formal, kolektif, terorganisir dan permanen sejak masa Nabi Muhammad shallallahu "alaihi wa sallam. Seiring perkembangan wilayah kekuasaan Islam, tingkat perekonomian yang semakin maju dan struktur pemerintahan yang semakin kompleks, kebijakan pengelolaan zakat berubah secara dinamis sesuai perubahan zaman. Bentuk pengelolaan zakat dan keterlibatan negara dalam pengelolaan zakat pun bermacam-macam. Pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia juga mengalami perkembangan yang sedemikian rupa. Sebagai negara yang memiliki populasi penduduk Muslim terbesar di dunia, persoalan zakat pun menjadi tak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan sosial masyarakat Indonesia. Negara Indonesia bukanlah negara agama / negara Islam, di mana syariat agama Islam dijadikan sebagai landasan konstitusi negara, melainkan negara demokrasi yang menjadikan nilai-nilai keagamaan sebagai landasan konstitusi. Di negara-negara yang menjadikan agama Islam sebagai landasan konstitusi negara, pelaksanaan zakat adalah suatu kewajiban. Ada pemaksaan dari negara kepada warga negara untuk membayar zakat dan terdapat sanksi atas kelalaian pembayaran zakat. Di negara-negara ini, zakat dimasukkan dalam sistem keuangan negara, bahkan bisa dikatakan sebagai pajak wajib umat Islam karena negara tersebut tidak membebankan pajak kepada pemeluk agama Islam kecuali zakat. Dalam penulisan makalah ini, penulis memfokuskan permasalahan pada rumusan masalah : "Apa peran negara dalam pengelolaan zakat umat Islam di Indonesia?". Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Negara tidak memaksa terhadap warga negara Indonesia dalam membayar zakat karena pembayaran zakat di Indonesia adalah bersifat sukarela. Namun, negara berperan dalam hal pengelolaan zakat karena berhubungan dengan kepentingan umum di mana dana zakat dari umat Islam dikumpulkan dan dikelola dan agar tujuan dari pengelolaan tersebut tercapai dan tidak ada hak umat Islam yang dilanggar. Dalam hal pengelolaan zakat umat Islam di Indonesia, negara berperan sebagai regulator, pengelola dan pengawas. Kata kunci : Peran negara, pengelolaan zakat 1 ABSTRACT Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam that its implementation is based on sharia / Islamic law. Aside from being a ritual worship, zakat is also a social worship and has a political dimension linked to the involvement of the state in its management. Zakat management has led to a formal, collective, organized and permanent structure since the time of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. As the development of Islamic territory, the increasingly advanced level of the economy and the increasingly complex government structure, zakat management policies changed dynamically according to the changing times. Forms of zakat management and state involvement in the management of zakat also vary. The management of zakat in Indonesia has also developed in such a way. As a country that has the largest Muslim population in the world, the issue of zakat became inseparable from the social life of Indonesian society. The State of Indonesia is not a state of religion / Islamic state, where Islamic Shari'a is used as the foundation of the constitution of the state, but a democracy that makes religious values the foundation of the constitution. In countries which make Islam the foundation of the state constitution, the implementation of zakat is an obligation. There is coercion from the state to the citizens to pay zakat and there are sanctions for the negligence of zakat payment. In these countries, zakat is incorporated into the state's financial system, it can even be regarded as a compulsory tax for Muslims because it does not impose tax on Muslims except zakat. In writing this paper, the authors focus the problem on : "What is the role of the state in the management of Muslims" zakat in Indonesia?". Based on the results of the discussion, the authors conclude that the state does not force against the citizens of Indonesia in paying zakat because the payment of zakat in Indonesia is voluntary. However, the state plays a role in the management of zakat because it deals with the public interest in which zakat funds from Muslims are collected and managed and for the purpose of the management is achieved and no rights of Muslims are violated. In terms of Islamic zakat management in Indonesia, the state acts as regulator, manager and supervisor. Keywords: Role of state, Management of zakat

В статье рассмотрены теоретические вопросы, связанные с природой образования дефицита бюджета государства. Проведён краткий экскурс в историю развития основополагающих принципов формирования бюджетной системы России, позволяющий глубже понять природу дефицита бюджета, проблемы и урегулирование дефицита бюджета Российской Федерации, его роль в современном обществе. Раскрыты причины возникновения и образования дефицита бюджета государства. Определены основные бюджетные разновидности дефицита. Дана характеристика основным факторам, влияющим на возникновение дефицита: политическим, природным, экономическим, а также существующим ныне разновидностям дефицита первичному, структурному, операционному и квазифискальному. Рассмотрены активные и пассивные формы дефицита, а также способы покрытия возникающего дефицита. В значительной степени на пополнение бюджета любого государства влияет сбалансированная система налогообложения. В статье сфокусировано внимание на том, что одним из важнейших экономических регуляторов, функционирующим в общественном производстве и обслуживающего все его сферы и сектора, а также основой финансово-кредитного механизма государственного регулирования экономики является многогранная налоговая система. Сделан акцент на том, что мощным инструментом управления экономики в условиях рынка являются налоги и вся налоговая система, её гибкость и мобильность. Раскрывается социально-экономическая сущность налогов. Авторами показана взаимосвязь и взаимозависимость гибкой, мобильной системы налогообложения с финансовой системой государства, её эффективное функционирование во всём народном хозяйстве. Обращено внимание на взаимозависимость эффективного функционирования всего народного хозяйства от того, насколько правильно построена система налогообложения. В статье раскрыта основополагающая сущность налогообложения как экономического рычага, при помощи которого государство воздействует на рыночную экономику в условиях рыночных отношениях. Рассмотрен мировой опыт проявления бюджетного дефицита как отрицательный, так и положительный. Авторы не обошли вниманием и проблему «скрытого» дефицита бюджета, который возникает в результате «неумелого» составления государственного бюджета без учёта сложившейся экономической ситуации. Раскрыта социально-экономическая значимость дефицита бюджета, его основные противоречия, приведена характеристика его природы и влияния на общее состояние малого и среднего предпринимательства и на общее состояние экономики всего государства. ; The article deals with theoretical issues related to the nature of the formation of the state budget deficit. The authors make short excursion into the history of the development of the fundamental principles of the formation of the budgetary system of Russia, which allows to better understand the nature of the budget deficit, the problems and the settlement of the budget deficit of the Russian Federation, its role in modern society. The reasons for the emergence and formation of the state budget deficit are revealed. The main budget deficit types are identified. The authors characterize the main factors affecting the emergence of a deficit: political, natural, economic, as well as existing types of deficits primary, structural, operational and quasi-fiscal. The article considers active and passive forms of deficiency, as well as ways of covering the emerging deficit. To a large extent, a balanced tax system influences the budget of any state. The article focuses attention on the fact that multifaceted tax system i. one of the most important economic regulators functioning in public production and servicing all of its spheres and sectors, as well as the basis of the financial and credit mechanism of state regulation of the economy. The emphasis is on the fact that taxes and the entire tax system, its flexibility and mobility are a powerful tool for managing the economy under the market conditions. The socioeconomic essence of taxes is disclosed. The authors show the interconnection and interdependence of a flexible, mobile taxation system with the financial system of the state, its effective functioning throughout the national economy. Attention is drawn to the interdependence of the effective functioning of the entire national economy on how well the system of taxation is built. The article reveals the fundamental essence of taxation as an economic lever by means of which the state influences the market economy in the conditions of market relations. The world experience of the manifestation of the budget deficit, both negative and positive, is considered. The authors did not ignore the problem of the "hidden" budget deficit, which arises as a result of the "inept" budgeting without taking into account the current economic situation. The article describes socio-economic significance of the budget deficit, its main contradictions, characterizes its nature and its impact on the overall state of small and medium-sized businesses and on the economy of the entire state.

The representation of the aborigines, whether due to aboriginal artists or based on an outside perspective, is an integral part of the construction of an identity, in particular when the act of creation is conceived as a mode of cultural transmission (in order to find their ancestral spirits). The first step to approaching the works of the aboriginal artists consists of multiplying points of view on the question of the cultural identity (the political dimension of self-affirmation) and the questioning of their intent to be considered an artist. The fact that the aboriginal artist regards himself as an artist, had already been attempted in the non-aboriginal community. However, this position has not been without controversy. After the ethnographical turn (contextual turn into specific identity), the aboriginal artist is obliged to think about his/her status, the way to create and the reason why (s)he would become an artist. The approach chosen by the four artists studied here has not led them to learn anything (act of construction or building of themselves) ; it is rather a question of unlearning, in order to associate with the cultural juxtaposition and the simultaneity of the others in the global and mobile world. Therefore, the artist as an aborigine-traveler causes a short-circuit in the interpretations. In this perspective, each presentation at the museum builds a relationship with the 'visitor-viewer' in a temporary or parallel space as it relates to the real space.This research is based at the same time on the analysis of the socio-cultural situation of the four artists (Rahic Talif, Walis Labai, Sapud Kacaw et Chang En-Man), the aesthetic analysis of their works and the historical analysis of the context of production, diffusion and exhibition of the aboriginal works in general between 1895 and 2017. By relying on a sociocultural and artistic representation, our research is designed to build a strategic vision for the post-colonial studies between art and ethnography. Developing a practice of the qualitative analysis, we wish to focus on three fundamental questions : How were the works of the aboriginal artists represented and « framed » in a control of identity discourse? How does the aboriginal artist consider the traceability of his/her feeling of belonging (like a trackable identity) through his/her representation? How does this representation introduce a short circuit of the cultural interpretations in the different modes of expression, perception, evolution and reception? ; La représentation des aborigènes qu'elle soit due à des artistes aborigènes ou à un regard extérieur fait partie de la construction d'une identité, notamment lorsque l'acte de création est pensé comme un mode de transmission culturelle (afin de retrouver leurs esprits ancestraux), la première étape pour aborder les œuvres des artistes aborigènes consiste à multiplier les points de vue sur la question de l'identité culturelle (la dimension politique d'affirmation de soi) et à remettre en question leur intention d'être artiste. Le fait que l'artiste aborigène se pense comme artiste dénote déjà une tentative d'inscription dans un monde social non aborigène. Cette posture ne va cependant pas sans tensions. Après le tournant ethnographique (tournant contextuel et identitaire), l'artiste aborigène s'est obligé à réfléchir à son statut, à sa manière de créer et au pourquoi de ce choix de devenir un artiste. La voie choisie par les quatre artistes étudiés ici ne les a pas conduits à apprendre des choses (acte de construire ou se construire). Il s'agit plutôt d'un effort de désapprendre, afin d'exprimer la juxtaposition culturelle et la simultanéité de l'Autre dans un monde global et mobile. En conséquence, l'artiste en tant qu'aborigène-voyageur provoque un court-circuit des interprétations. Dans cette perspective, chaque présentation au musée noue une relation avec le visiteur ou le spectateur dans un espace temporaire ou parallèle à l'espace réel.Cette recherche s'appuie à la fois sur l'analyse de la situation socio-culturelle de quatre artistes aborigènes ( Rahic Talif, Walis Labai, Sapud Kacaw et Chang En-Man ), l'analyse esthétique de leurs oeuvres et l'analyse historique du contexte de production, de diffusion et d'exposition des œuvres aborigène en général entre 1895 et 2017. Elle tente de cerner une vision post-coloniale entre l'art et l'ethnographie et de développer une pratique de l'analyse qualitative bâtie sur trois questions fondamentales : comment les oeuvres des artistes aborigènes ont-elles été représentées et « encadrées » dans un discours identitaire ? Comment l'artiste aborigène met-il en lumière la traçabilité de son appartenance (comme identité traçable) à travers sa représentation ? Comment cette représentation introduit-elle un court-circuit des interprétations culturelles dans les modes de réception ?

Hitzewellen sind für die meisten durch Naturkatastrophen hervorgerufenen Personenschäden in den westlichen (Post-)Industriegesellschaften verantwortlich. Infolge der zu erwartenden Klimaerwärmung, aber auch aufgrund der alternden Gesellschaft sowie der zunehmenden Urbanisierung, ist davon auszugehen dass die auf Hitzestress zurückzuführende Mortalität in Zukunft noch weiter ansteigen wird. Um die zukünftige Vulnerabilität der Bevölkerung gegenüber Hitzewellen zu senken, sind für Entscheidungsträger in Planung und Politik Erkenntnisse über die räumliche Verteilung von Hitzeeinwirkung und die besonders hitzeanfällige Bevölkerung von hoher Bedeutung. Bedauerlicher Weise wird die zukünftige Bevölkerungsverteilung und die Stadtlandschaft bei den aktuell verfügbaren Abschätzungen des Klimawandels noch nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird ein innovativer Ansatz verfolgt, die zukünftige Situation in der Metropolregion Hamburg (2050) auf Grundlage des Proxy-Parameters der "Urban Vulnerability Climate Zones" (UVCZ) zu modellieren. Beim UVCZ-Ansatz handelt es sich um eine räumliche Klassifikation städtischer Areale auf der Grundlage der Differenzierung von Landschaft, Lokalklima sowie der Prognose zukünftiger Wohnbevölkerung. Die zugrunde liegenden Annahmen über die zukünftige Wohnbevölkerung wurden auf Basis der gegenwärtigen räumlich ungleichen Verteilung von Bevölkerungsgruppen verschiedenen Alters, Einkommen und Wohndichten in den verschiedenen UVCZ-Klassen getroffen und getestet. Hierdurch eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit, die zukünftige Stadtstruktur bzw. urbane Landnutzung auf Grundlage eines auf zellulären Automaten basierenden Verfahrens zu simulieren, wobei von einem zukünftigen Klimaszenario (MPI RCP 4.5), einer stabilen sozio-ökonomischen Weiterentwicklung sowie vier unterschiedlichen räumlichen Entwicklungsszenarien ausgegangen wurde (a) Weiter so wie bisher, b) Konzentration der Stadtentwicklung auf eine starke Innenentwicklung, c) Dezentrale Konzentration auf suburbane Zentren im Umland sowie d) Unkontrollierte Suburbanisierung). Dabei wurden sowohl absolute, als auch relative Vulnerabilitätsprognosen auf Basis eines Indexverfahrens angestellt. Obgleich eine Bevölkerungszunahme auch eine Folgewirkung für die modellierten Stadtentwicklungsszenarien erkennen lässt, ist eine räumliche Konzentration der zukünftigen Stadtentwicklung auf eine starke Innenentwicklung die vorteilhafteste Strategie, wenn die relative Vulnerabilität der Bevölkerung möglichst auf einem niedrigen Niveau bleiben soll. Die moderateste Zunahme an absoluter Vulnerabilität ergibt sich mit dem "Weiter so wie bisher"-Stadtentwicklungsszenario. Unabhängig vom betrachteten Stadtentwicklungsszenario werden die höchsten Vulnerabilitäts-Werte mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in den östlichen Teile der Kernstadt Hamburg auftreten, vor allem aufgrund des dort höherer Konzentration des Alters der Wohnbevölkerung sowie der dortigen Sozialstruktur der Bewohnerschaft. In den Außenbezirken der Metropolregion Hamburg ist eine Zunahme der Vulnerabilität vor allem in den östlichen und südlichen Arealen zu erwarten – insbesondere aufgrund der höheren durchschnittlichen Temperaturminima, den Maximaltemperaturen sowie der weniger flächendeckend ausgebauten Gesundheitsinfrastruktur. Weitergehende Analysen zeigen, dass basierend auf extremen Annahmen der zukünftigen globalen Klimaentwicklung bis zu 225% erhöhte Vulnerabilitäten erzeugen würden, während die Zunahme der älteren Bevölkerung um eine halbe Standardabweichung eine Zunahme der durchschnittlichen Vulnerabilität um nur 18% bewirkt. Obgleich die Modellierung der zukünftigen Vulnerabilität mit einer hohen Unsicherheit behaftet ist, eröffnet der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Ansatz zur Modellierung zukünftiger Zustände mithilfe zellulärer Automaten neue Möglichkeiten für Entscheidungsträger, verschiedene Entwicklungsszenarien auf kleinräumiger Ebene zu simulieren. Das vorgestellte Vorgehen kann auf andere urbane Regionen weltweit übertragen werden. ; Heat waves are responsible for most of the human losses, inflicted by natural disasters, in post-industrial countries. Due to rising temperatures, aging population and increasing urbanization, the heat-related mortality in the future might be even higher. In order to lower future population's vulnerability to heat waves, the decision makers need to know where the highest heat impact will occur and the heat-vulnerable people will live. Unfortunately, current future vulnerability to climate change assessments does not fully address the future population and urban landscape. This study takes an innovative approach to model future conditions (2050) in Greater Hamburg, Germany, via the proxy parameter, the Urban Vulnerability Climate Zones (UVCZ). UVCZ is a spatial classification of the urban areas by landscape, climate and, based on verified hypothesis – population. The hypothesis has been verified through statistical analysis which showed uneven distribution of population groups with different age, income and density among the potential housing UVCZ classes. This enabled to model future conditions, through four future UVCZ spatial allocations, simulated by cellular automata-based future land use modeling software under one climate (MPI RCP 4.5), one socio-economic and four urban development (business as usual, concentration, de-central concentration and uncontrolled urban sprawl) scenarios. Future conditions were composed into relative and absolute vulnerability indices. Although the low projected population increase would cause limited effect on extreme urban development scenarios, the concentration scenario would be the most favorable in case of lowest average relative vulnerability while the lowest absolute vulnerability would be typical for the business as usual scenario. In most of the cases, the eastern areas of Hamburg City would experience the highest relative vulnerability, mainly due to higher concentration of older population and welfare recipients. Along the outskirts of Greater Hamburg, the eastern and southern areas would also be vulnerable, because of higher monthly average minimum, maximum temperatures and the long distance to the closest healthcare facility. The sensitivity analysis has shown that climate data from other global climate model would cause 225% higher average vulnerability, meanwhile the increase of older population by 0,5 of standard deviation would cause higher average vulnerability by only 18%. Although the modeling of future vulnerability has high uncertainty, this new approach to model future conditions, operated by cellular automata, opens new doors for decision makers to pilot multiple scenarios at the building block scale. The provided framework can be used in other urban areas around the world.

Spatial planning plays a key role in policy decision-making given its influence on the future changes over the land systems and subsequently on the quality, quantity and spatial distribution of the ecosystem services (ES) that they provide. A variety of strategies and instruments has been applied for integrating environmental objectives as well as concerns regarding the impacts generated by development planning policies. Thus, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is considered today as a key instrument that helps to integrate environmental and sustainability issues in decision-making creating conditions for sustainable development along with a transparent and participatory process. Here, the ES approach gains relevance by offering a more holistic integration of the socio-ecological system and facilitating the communication and understanding of diverse stakeholders and decision makers during the planning process. However, despite the advantages offered by the ES approach, there is still a low level of explicit integration in both the spatial planning regulations and practical applications. This research addresses the issue of integrating the ES approach in SEA at different scales in order to identify the possibilities and challenges for implementing this integrated framework in real-world spatial planning. This study was carried out in Chile where three main methodological steps were followed: 1) identification of the multiple actors related to the spatial planning and environmental assessment process as well as the networks among them based on the ES and SEA understanding, 2) exploration whether this integration is currently present at some point in the planning system and how ES have been considered so far in the development of spatial plans at different scales, and 3) participatory identification and prioritization of ecosystem services for scenario development in regional planning. The main findings suggest that: 1) a common understanding related to SEA and especially to ES is still in an initial stage in Chile when the context of multiple actors is considered. Additionally, a lack of institutional guidelines and methodological support is considered the main challenge for integration, 2) ES were always present across each SEA stage and planning scale. Moreover, a relation is suggested between specific ES and the scope and focus of the different spatial planning instruments, and 3) the most important land-uses in terms of supplying a range of ES, benefits and beneficiaries were wetlands and native forest. In addition, provisioning ES was the most representative section after a prioritization process but closely followed by regulating ES. It can be concluded that ES are clearly necessary for achieving a number of development objectives and dealing with a range of environmental problems. However, a critical aspect is the lack of an explicit consideration, which might decrease the potential advantages offered by the integrated framework ES-SEA. Furthermore, preconditions exist in Chile for integrating ES in SEA and the spatial planning practice, but they strongly depend on an appropriate governance scheme that encourages a close science-policy interaction as well as collaborative work and learning. ; Die Raumplanung spielt eine wesentliche Rolle in politischen Entscheidungsprozessen, da sie einen Einfluss auf zukünftige Änderungen der Landsysteme hat und damit auch auf die Qualität, Quantität und räumliche Verteilung der Ökosystemleistungen (ES) beeinflusst, die von den Landsystemen bereitgestellt werden. Verschiedene Strategien und Instrumente wurden eingesetzt, um sowohl Umweltziele zu integrieren als auch Bedenken wegen der Auswirkungen durch die Raumplanungspolitik zu berücksichtigen. Daher wird die strategische Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (SEA) heutzutage als wichtiges Instrument gesehen, welches es ermöglicht, Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsthemen in Entscheidungsprozesse einzubeziehen und somit die Voraussetzung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung mit transparenten und partizipativen Prozessen schafft. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt der ES-Ansatz an Relevanz, da er stärker eine ganzheitliche Integration des sozio-ökologischen Systems ermöglicht und die Kommunikation und das Verständnis verschiedener Interessengruppen und Entscheidungsträger während des Planungsprozesses vereinfacht. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Integration des ES-Ansatzes in der SEA auf verschiedenen Ebenen, um Möglichkeiten und Herausforderung der Umsetzung dieses integrierten Rahmenwerks in der realen Raumplanung zu identifizieren. Diese Studie wurde in Chile mittels drei wesentlicher methodischer Schritte durchgeführt: 1) Identifizierung der verschiedenen Akteure, die an der Raumplanung und dem Umweltbewertungsprozess beteiligt sind sowie die Identifizierung der Netzwerke zwischen ihnen, welche auf dem Verständnis des ES-Ansatzes und der SEA beruhen, 2) Überprüfung, ob die Integration bereits teilweise im Planungssystem vorzufinden ist und wie die ES bisher in der Entwicklung von Raumplänen auf verschiedenen Ebenen berücksichtigt wurden, 3) partizipative Identifizierung und Priorisierung der ES für die Szenarienentwicklung in der Regionalplanung. Die Hauptergebnisse zeigen, 1) dass sich in Chile ein gemeinsames Verständnis der SEA und vor allem der ES noch in der Anfangsphase befindet, wenn man den Kontext verschiedener Akteure berücksichtigt. Außerdem kann ein Fehlen institutioneller Richtlinien und methodischer Unterstützung als wichtigste Herausforderung der Integration identifiziert werden, 2) dass die ES in den verschiedenen SEA-Phasen und Planungsebenen stets vorhanden waren. Außerdem kann ein Zusammenhang zwischen bestimmter ES und dem Umfang sowie der Ausrichtung verschiedener Raumplanungsinstrumente angenommen werden, und 3) dass die wichtigsten Landnutzungen, welche eine Reihe von ES zur Verfügung stellen, Feuchtgebiete und heimische Wälder sind. Zudem waren die bereitstellenden ES nach einem Priorisierungprozess am meisten vertreten, dicht gefolgt von den regulierenden ES. Folglich ist die Integration des ES-Ansatzes eindeutig notwendig, um eine Anzahl von Entwicklungszielen zu erreichen und um eine Reihe von Umweltproblemen zu behandeln. Jedoch ist es als kritisch anzusehen, dass die ausdrückliche Berücksichtigung des ES-Ansatzes fehlt, sodass die möglichen Vorteile des integrierten Rahmenwerks ES-SEA verringert werden könnten. Zudem sind die Voraussetzungen für die Integration der ES in die SEA in der Raumplanungspraxis in Chile gegeben, jedoch sind sie stark von einem geeigneten Regelungssystem abhängig, welches eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik sowie den Wissensaustausch fördert.

With the uprising awareness for climate change and environmental protection, climate responsive building design is recognised to be a key factor for a sustainable and secure global energy future. Although the developed world has done some progress to implement innovative strategies to reduce the energy demand of buildings, developing countries are only starting to tap into saving potentials. In the future, energy demand will increase in developing countries because of population growth, fast urbanisation and increasing welfare. Energy will be consumed more and more by buildings in the fast growing urban centres. Like other developing countries, Nepal's weak energy supply system cannot fulfil the growing demand, which, consequently, leads to regular power cuts and supply shortages. This has an adverse impact on daily life and economic growth. The lack of awareness and regulations on energy efficiency is worsening the energy demand-supply gap. On the other hand, the knowledge about effective measures to reduce building energy consumption through climate-responsive design and efficient technologies is low. The aim of this PhD research is to fill this knowledge gap by providing recommendations for transforming the buildings sector of Nepal towards more energy efficiency. This study lays important groundwork for developing standards and regulations on energy efficiency in buildings for Nepal by focusing on three essential areas: 1. Vernacular knowledge, 2. Climate and design, 3. Energy-efficient design. The results of this research show that vernacular architecture of Nepal is very well adapted to the local climate. Traditional houses within the same climate zone have similar passive design features that should be also applied to modern buildings in order to reduce the energy demand for heating and cooling. The climatic diversity within the Nepalese territory led to the development of a bioclimatic zoning which is an essential prerequisite for the introduction of a building energy conservation code. Using the bioclimatic approach, five elevation-based bioclimatic zones were identified. A simulation-based study on energy saving potentials through passive design in hotel buildings quantified energy and cost savings. Average energy savings of 37% can be reached by optimising design features like window-to-wall ratio, orientation, shading and thermal mass. Increasing insulation of the exterior building envelope up to a cost-effective level can result into energy savings between 26% and 50% depending on the climate zone. The results of the simulation study also led to the development of a catalogue of important passive design strategies and optimum insulation levels for each bioclimatic zone. Finally, the energy efficiency scenario for the residential sector in Nepal estimates a reduction in energy demand growth for space conditioning by 23% until 2040. This has shown that the consideration of climate-responsive design and energy efficiency can slow down the energy demand growth of the fast growing building sector. Concluding, a wide catalogues of suitable policy strategies is proposed to foster energy efficiency in buildings in Nepal that will ensure a resource-efficient and sustainable development path for the country. ; Die Folgen des Klimawandels und steigendes Umweltbewusstsein haben dazu geführt, dass Energieeffizienz und klimagerechtes Bauen als Schlüsselfaktor für eine nachhaltige globale Energiezukunft gesehen werden. Obwohl die Industrieländer schon einige Fortschritte in der Umsetzung innovativer Strategien zur Reduzierung des Gebäudeenergiebedarfs gemacht haben, beginnen die Entwicklungsländer erst langsam solche Einsparpotenziale zu erschließen. Der globale Energiebedarf wird aufgrund des Bevölkerungswachstums, der stetigen Urbanisierung und des zunehmenden Wohlstandes vor allen in Entwicklungsländern steigen. Energie wird dabei mehr und mehr von Gebäuden in den schnell wachsenden urbanen Zentren verbraucht. Wie andere Entwicklungsländer, kann Nepals schwache Energieversorgung die wachsende Nachfrage nicht erfüllen, was zu regelmäßigen Stromausfällen und Energielieferengpässen führt. Dies hat einen negativen Einfluss auf das tägliche Leben und das Wirtschaftswachstum. Das Fehlen von Bestimmungen und Standards für Energieeffizienz und das mangelnde Bewusstsein für diese Fragen werden langfristig die Versorgungslücke verschlechtern. Auf der anderen Seite, ist die Wissensbasis über wirksame Maßnahmen zu Reduzierung des Gebäudeenergieverbrauchs durch klimagerechtes Bauen und effiziente Technologien sehr gering. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, mit der Entwicklung von technischen und regulativen Empfehlungen diese Wissenslücke zu füllen. Mit dem Fokus auf traditionellem Wissen, Klimazonierung und energieeffizientem Gebäudedesign legt diese Forschungsarbeit wichtige Grundlagen für die Entwicklung von Standards und Vorschriften zur Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden im Kontext des Entwicklungslandes Nepal. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung zeigen, dass die traditionellen Bauweisen in Nepal sehr gut an das lokale Klima angepasst sind. Traditionelle Häuser in der gleichen Klimazone verwenden ähnliche passive Designkonzepte, die auf moderne Gebäude übertragen werden könnten, um deren Energiebedarf für Raumklimatisierung zu senken. Die klimatische Vielfalt innerhalb des Landes erforderte die Entwicklung einer bioklimatischen Zonierung für das Bauen, die zur Einführung einer Energieeinsparbauverordnung unbedingt notwendig ist. Mit Hilfe des bioklimatischen Ansatzes und der anschließenden Validierung durch thermische Gebäudesimulation, wurden fünf Klimazonen nach topografischer Höhe vorgeschlagen. Eine simulationsbasierte Studie zur Energieeffizienz in Hotelgebäuden ergab erhebliche Energie- und Kosteneinsparpotenziale. Durch die Optimierung des Fensterflächenanteils, der Ausrichtung, Verschattung und thermischen Masse können durchschnittlich 37% der Heiz- und Kühlenergie gespart werden. Kosteneffektive Dämmmaßnahmen führen abhängig von der Klimazone zu Energieeinsparungen zwischen 26% und 50%. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationsstudie geben auch Aufschluss über die wichtigsten passiven Maßnahmen und die optimalen Dämmwerte für jede Klimazone. Des Weiteren wurden Energieeffizienz-Szenarien für den Wohngebäudesektor entwickelt. Die Umsetzung von Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen könnten den steigenden Energieverbrauch für die Raumklimatisierung in 2040 um 23% senken. Somit wurde aufgezeigt, dass die Verbesserung der Gebäudeeffizienz das Wachstum des Energiebedarfs in Nepal verlangsamen kann. Zum Abschluss wurde ein breiter Katalog von geeigneten Politikstrategien diskutiert und es wurden regulative Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden erarbeitet. Deren Umsetzung kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur ressourceneffizienten und nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Landes leisten.

El mundo de los pueblos indígenas es muy diverso tanto en sus experiencias históricas como en su situación actual y, los modos de sufrimiento social son complejos y variados. Es por ello que, para los pueblos indígenas, el pasado se suma a una compleja conjunción de limitaciones, dificultades, dolor y a la vez una voluntad ferviente de sobrevi vir, comunidades culturales atravesadas por muchas transformaciones. Ante ello, la comunidad internacional a considerado necesario proteger a los pueblos indígenas a través de una serie de acuerdos internacionales. Así, uno de los pueblos indígenas es el denominado Convenio N° 169 de la OIT, dicho convenio en su artículo 6°; dispone que los gobiernos deberán de "consultar a los pueblos interesados, mediante procedimientos apropiados y en particular a través de sus instituciones representativas, cada vez que se prevean medidas legislativas o administrativas susceptibles de afectarles directamente" Al igual que otros países adscritos a dicho convenio, el Perú, es considerado un país pluricultural, multiétnico y diverso en donde coexisten varios pueblos y grupos étnicos, organizados generalmente por comunidades campesinas y nativas. Lo expuesto anteriormente, ha quedado plasmado en el artículo 89° de nuestra carta magna vigente. Sin embargo, al redactarse este artículo nuestros legisladores no tuvieron en cuenta, que nuestro país se encontraba adscrito al convenio N° 1169 de la OIT desde diciembre de 1993. No obstante, para enmendar dicho error se fueron presentando una serie de proyectos de ley con la intención de crear una norma que contenga el Derecho a la Consulta Previa, siendo la misma aprobada el 23 de agosto de 2011; siendo aprobado posteriormente aprobado su reglamento. Sobre dicha norma han surgido serias discrepancias. Así, un grupo de especialistas consideran que el reglamento transgrede sus derechos al ponerlos en una posición de inequidad frente al Estado. Mientras que otros, sostienen que la redacción del reglamento no es definitiva y que debe interpretarse con cautela. En este contexto la presente investigación busca el determinar cuáles son los fundamentos que justifican la constitucionalidad y la necesidad de la Ley N° 29785, Ley de Consulta Previa a los Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios, con miras a establecer las bases jurídicas indispensables para dar soporte y solidez a esta norma fundamental para el desarrollo social, cultural y político de nuestro país. ; The world of indigenous peoples is very diverse both in their historical experiences and in their present situation, and the modes of social suffering are complex and varied. That is why, for indigenous peoples, the past adds to a complex conjunction of limitations, difficulties, pain and at the same time a fervent desire to survive, cultural communities undergoing many transformations. In view of this, the international community considered it necessary to protect indigenous peoples through a series of international agreements. Thus, one of the indigenous peoples is the so-called Convention No. 169 of the ILO, this Convention in its Article 6; Provides that governments should ""consult the peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, whenever legislative or administrative measures are envisaged that may directly affect them"" Like other countries attached to this agreement, Peru is considered a multicultural, multiethnic and diverse country where several peoples and ethnic groups coexist, usually organized by peasant and native communities. The foregoing has been embodied in Article 89 of our current charter. However, in drafting this article, our legislators did not take into account that our country had been bound by ILO Convention No. 1169 since December 1993. However, to amend this error, a series of bills were presented with the intention of creating a rule that contains the Right to the Previous Consultation, being the same one approved the 23 of August of 2011; Being approved subsequently its regulation was approved. Serious discrepancies have arisen over this standard. Thus, a group of specialists consider that the regulation violates their rights by placing them in a position of inequity vis-à-vis the State. While others argue that the wording of the regulation is not final and should be interpreted with caution. In this context, the present investigation seeks to determine the foundations that justify the constitutionality and the need for Law N ° 29785, Law of Prior Consultation of Indigenous or Native Peoples, with a view to establishing the indispensable legal bases to support and solidity to this fundamental norm for the social, cultural and political development of our country. ; Tesis

The actual project intends to investigate some concepts present transversely to social philosophical and political philosophical discourse of the end of modernity and beginning contemporaneity and consolidate a united front against metaphysics. The ideas of reason, history, technology, constitute a core of the saga of philosophical theory but there is a shift in their applications so far of the end of the eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. While we propose three authors to see the changes (Adorno, Arendt, Feenberg) are not these that make innovation each use of the concepts involved, but other authors like Marx-Nietzsche in the nineteenth century and Wittgenstein-Heidegger in the twentieth century. The 'philosophy of suspicion' to modern metaphysics is continuity in contemporary philosophy polyphony ranging: the critical theory of Theodor W. Adorno, Hannah Arendt's political existentialism, the critical theory of technology of Andrew Feenberg.The general objective of the project is the visualization of conceptual changes in the concepts criticizes metaphysics, reason, history and technology, from the fields of knowledge involved, social and political philosophy, philosophy of history and philosophy of technology. A more specific objective is visualizing the difference between transitional uses and post idealists uses of reason, history and technology.The final conclusions involve a conceptual advance in the fields involved in the research: Arendt is the thinker who resists not least modern uses of selected theoretical axes. Another conceptual breakthrough is that Wittgenstein far exceeds the objective fulfilled under the project, reduced to the notion of use; his theory is spread in a critique of metaphysics linked to other expressions, world, language games and forms of life. A theoretical innovation we bring is a course that involves the kind of philosophy that makes possible the dialogue between traditions and different cognitive domains, an unfocused philosophy, overflowing beyond the borders that can establish a naive epistemology; and this philosophy outside its core or focus, interacts with the rest of the humanities on one hand and the social sciences on the other. While there have sufficiently fulfilled the objectives of the project I believe that the problem may be able to continue some lines in further investigation ; El siguiente proyecto se propone investigar algunos conceptos que, transversalmente, se encuentran en el discurso filosófico político y filosófico social del fin de la modernidad y el comienzo de la contemporaneidad,y que consolidan un frente contra la metafísica. Las ideas de razón, historia y técnica constituyen un núcleo en la saga de la teoría filosófica; pero hay un desplazamiento en sus usos desde el fin del siglo XVIII hasta principios del siglo XX. Si bien proponemos tres autores para ver los cambios (Adorno, Arendt, Feenberg), no son ellos quienes efectúan la innovación de cada uso de los conceptos en juego, sino otros autores como la dupla Marx-Nietzsche en el siglo XIX y Wittgenstein-Heidegger en el siglo XX. La 'filosofía de la sospecha', ante la metafísica moderna, encuentra su continuidad en la filosofía contemporánea en una polifonía: la teoría crítica de Theodor Adorno, el existencialismo político de Hannah Arendt, la teoría crítica de la tecnología de Andrew Feenberg. El objetivo general proyecto es la visualización de los cambios conceptuales operados en los conceptos críticos de la metafísica (razón, historia y técnica) desde los campos de conocimientoinvolucrados: filosofía social y política, filosofía de la historia, filosofía de la técnica. Un objetivo más específico es visualizar la diferencia entre usos transicionales y usos postidealistas de razón, historia y técnica. Las conclusiones finales involucran un avance conceptual en los campos involucrados en la pesquisa: Arendt es la pensadora que menos resiste los usos no modernos de los ejes teóricos seleccionados. Otro avance conceptual es que Wittgenstein excede en mucho el objetivo que cumpliera en el marco del proyecto, reducido a la noción de uso; su teoría se disemina en una crítica a la metafísica ligada a otras expresiones, mundo, juegos de lenguaje y formas de vida. Aportamos como innovación teórica un supuesto que involucra el tipo de filosofía que hace posible el diálogo entre tradiciones y campos cognitivos diferenciados, una filosofía desenfocada, que desborda más allá de las fronteras que puede establecer una epistemología ingenua. Esta filosofía fuera de su núcleo o foco interactúa con el resto de las humanidades, por un lado, y con las ciencias sociales por el otro. Si bien se han cumplido suficientemente los objetivos previstos en el proyecto, consideramos que la problemática puede continuar algunas líneas en una investigación ulterior.