Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: The UK government has an ambitious goal to reduce carbon emissions from the housing stock through energy efficiency improvements. This single policy goal is a strong driver for change in the housing system, but comes with positive and negative "unintended consequences" across a broad range of outcomes for health, equity and environmental sustainability. The resulting policies are also already experiencing under-performance through a failure to consider housing as a complex system. This research aimed to move from considering disparate objectives of housing policies in isolation to mapping the links between environmental, economic, social and health outcomes as a complex system. We aimed to support a broad range of housing policy stakeholders to improve their understanding of housing as a complex system through a collaborative learning process. METHODS: We used participatory system dynamics modelling to develop a qualitative causal theory linking housing, energy and wellbeing. Qualitative interviews were followed by two interactive workshops to develop the model, involving representatives from national and local government, housing industries, non-government organisations, communities and academia. RESULTS: More than 50 stakeholders from 37 organisations participated. The process resulted in a shared understanding of wellbeing as it relates to housing; an agreed set of criteria against which to assess to future policy options; and a comprehensive set of causal loop diagrams describing the housing, energy and wellbeing system. The causal loop diagrams cover seven interconnected themes: community connection and quality of neighbourhoods; energy efficiency and climate change; fuel poverty and indoor temperature; household crowding; housing affordability; land ownership, value and development patterns; and ventilation and indoor air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: The collaborative learning process and the model have been useful for shifting the thinking of a wide range of housing stakeholders towards a more integrated approach to housing. The qualitative model has begun to improve the assessment of future policy options across a broad range of outcomes. Future work is needed to validate the model and increase its utility through computer simulation incorporating best quality data and evidence. Combining system dynamics modelling with other methods for weighing up policy options, as well as methods to support shifts in the conceptual frameworks underpinning policy, will be necessary to achieve shared housing goals across physical, mental, environmental, economic and social wellbeing.

ABSTRACT: To maximize the benefits of decentralization in accordance with the mandate of the Act. No. 32 of 2004 so the arrangement of the New Autonomous Region became one of the important issues that are still focusing of the Government. PP. 129 of 2000 about the Formation Requirements and Criteria for Expansion, Elimination, and Regional Merger later replaced by Regulation 78 of 2007 about Procedures for the Establishment, Abolition, and Region Merging.The efforts regional division is seen as a breakthrough to accelerate development through improving the quality of and easy access to the public service for the people. Considering the regional autonomy objective is to improve the welfare of the community, get closer to public services, and strengthen regional competitiveness. This research is intended to answer the question about what is extending impact of division policy on the social economic conditions of the society in sub district Gemehof Talaud islands.This research used a descriptive-Evaluative, with a quantitative approach. Informants in this research are 15 people that were taken by proportion 5 villages: 1 rural village is in the center of town, each village in north, south, east, and west. Instrument this research is using data collection with interview. Analyze the data with quantitative analysis.The results showed: 1) Impact of the policy of regional expansion program, 2) implementation of the policy of regional expansion program. Based on the this research results conclusion that: division policy districts Talaud islands in the form of implementation programs for infrastructure development, community empowerment and community service, especially in the sub district Gemeh of Talaud islands.Based on the results of this research, the conclusion are: 1). To improve the social economic conditions of rural communities, particularly in Sub district Gemeh, it would require concerted effort of the government together with other stakeholders to work together to improve the development of rural community infrastructure, empowering people and providing excellent service to community.2) considering the division policy had a positive effect and significantly to the improvement of social economic conditions of the people, then the government needs to deal with programs that touch directly to the community that needs as an integral part of regional divisions implemented destination itself.Keywords: Impact of Regional Expansion Policy

Indonesia, as a multicultural country, has a high potential of conflicts among forming elements of its multiculturalism. To minimize potential of conflicts, it is necessary to construct space of co-existence for several identities. State, as an all-encompassing and all-embracing institution should be able to present policies that provide the space. Policy interventions can be taken in preventive, curative, and preservative domains. The problem is that in Indonesia centralistic era many state policies were being monocultural, containing misrecognition, even authoritarian. The situation adds conflict potential. The combination between monocultural policy and State failure in guarding policy becomes key variable in several multiethnic conflict in various regions of Indonesia. In context of centralized politics, East Kotawaringin (Kotim) proved a victorious success in ethnic conflict resolution. Sampit conflict between Dayak and Madurese in 2001 which is known as the most cruel and bloody conflict and claimed a huge amount of victims cleanses Madurese Ethnic from Sampit due to be killed, fled into the forests, or refuge outside Sampit even Central Borneo. Yet the conflict was resolved without leaving some significant problems. Unlike conflict resolutions in other regions e.g. West Borneo dan Ambon where conflict resolutions were intervened by Jakarta, Kotim succeeded in enactment of Local Regulation No 5 Year 2004 on Handling of impacted inhabitants of Ethnic Conflict. In the mentioned Local Regulation the rights of each conflicting party are recognized. Political recognition must be realized or included in a public policy (government or state), so that each party obtain legal certainty. In preparing a public policy concerning inter-group relations in a multicultural society required the participation of each group, so the product of public policy can be understood and accepted by all groups. Implementation of the Regulation involved maximum participation of citizens, community leaders and members of Local Government. The role of Central Government is very minimalist. While conflict resolution in many other regions leaves some serious problems—e.g. lack of formal return for victims in West Borneo ethnic conflict, or fragmentation of areas which homogenous identity of religion post Ambon Conflict—Kotim is able to preserve peaceful atmosphere among heterogenous identity and multicultural community. Key words: local regulation, conflict resolution, political recognition

This thesis is a historical case study of the Ute Indians of eastern Utah. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how federal Indian education policy is implemented at the local level. Ute children attend school in the Uintah and Duchesne county school districts. The thesis traces Ute experiences in public schools during crucial transitions in federal policy. From 1900 to 1930, the federal government sought to enroll Indians in public schools in order to teach them white ways. Indian enrollment increased in the 1940s and 1950s when federal funding made the attendance of Ute children lucrative to the school districts. After the reservation boarding school closed in 1952, nearly all of the Ute children attended public schools and faced a school system that was hostile to their culture. A key transition occurred in the 1970s when federal policy shifted to one of self-determination. The Indian Education Act of 1972 made mandatory the direct participation by Indian parents in the implementation of federally funded programs. Many parents failed to grasp the new opportunity. The Ute Tribal Education Division became heavily involved in running Ute history and language classes in the public schools under Title IV of the Indian Education Act of 1972 and under Title VII of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Despite the existence of a policy that advocated self determination, Utes were not really allowed to determine how federal money was spent. The 1972 Indian Education Act established an advisory role for parents rather than an administrative one. Local school districts still controlled the purse strings. Programs run under this act were not integrated into the core curriculum of local schools. Federal Indian education policy changed from decade to decade but local attitudes remained essentially the same, blunting each policy's effectiveness. When the federal government desired assimilation, local residents and Indians fought that goal. When the federal government switched to a policy of self-determination, misunderstanding and outright hostility kept it from fulfillment at the local level. In addition to problems associated with local attitudes, federal legislation also proved unworkable because it gave Indians no real power to make the school districts listen to them.

In the 1990s Taiwan began to pose a complex new challenge to the international community. At issue is Taiwan's attempt to revise the so-called "one China" policy as it had been previously understood. By seeking to be treated as a distinct state that was distinct from mainland China, Taiwan was embarking on a new approach that confronted the Beijing government. After looking at the origins and development of Taiwan's new the author considersthe legal implications of its international position and examines the development of Taiwan's foreign policy that has been called "flexible" and "pragmatic" diplomacy. (DÜI-Sen)

The problems faced by urban Australia became more prevalent in the years prior to publication of this 1995 book. They sprang from the public cost of urban growth, the negative environmental impact of cities, the importance of global competitiveness, tensions between the three tiers of government and declining standards of living in our cities. This book, written by a team of leading authors, offers an exploration of key issues in the debates about our cities. Incisive and up-to-date, it will be an important contribution to discussion about urban planning and policy. Edited by Patrick Troy, Professor of Urban Research at the Australian National University, Australian Cities describes the options and limitations of Australian urban planning practice. It will be read by students and academics in urban studies, political science, sociology, town planning and public policy as well as policy-makers and professionals

Assesses proposals for nuclear disarmament recently presented by prominent individuals, nongovernmental organizations, and governments; recommends that nuclear weapons should be retained as part of a flexible portfolio of US military capabilities.

The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission mechanism in Indonesia through exchange rate channel on period 1990:2-2007:1. This research use time series secondary data take from BI, BPS and IFS from many publications. Analysis technique that used was properties of Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model: Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VD) The result of this research indicated that transmission mechanism of monetary policy through exchange rate channel work effectively with time lag about 16 quarterly. Exchange rates variable in this channel can be experience final target (inflations) about 19.69 % and interest rates differential about 43.36%. The result of this research is useful for Government and Bank of Indonesia to formulate and implementations the monetary policy effectively. This study result also can be used as reference for the researchers that want to hold further research.

Along with global influences and changes brought by the ages, expectations and needs of citizens have multiplied in the vast majority of the world. For this reason, governments have to cope with problems in numerous policy areas. In this process, as unofficial public policy actors, think tanks undertake significant tasks in order to provide various policy alternatives and even solutions to governments. Therefore, the participation of think tanks in the policy-making process makes a crucial contribution to policy outputs. The number of think tanks, the policy areas in which they operate, and their global interactions are functional indicators of a country's level of development. The foremost aim of this paper is to put forth the worldwide success of think tanks in Turkey and the Czech Republic in a comparative manner. To this end, "Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports" (GGTTT Rankings) are taken as the starting point in order to conduct a 10-year perspective analysis with regards to domestic economy policies, international economy policies, education policies, foreign policies and international affairs, defence and national security policies, and university-affiliated think tanks. Furthermore, functional determinations and policy recommendations will be offered in a systematic way for the think tanks in both countries. ; Spolu s globálními vlivy a změnami přinesenými věky se v naprosté většině světa znásobila očekávání a potřeby občanů. Z tohoto důvodu se vlády musí vypořádat s problémy v mnoha oblastech politiky. V tomto procesu, jako neoficiální aktéři veřejné politiky, think tanky plní významné úkoly, aby poskytly vládám různé politické alternativy a dokonce řešení. Proto účast think tanků v procesu tvorby politiky zásadním způsobem přispívá k výstupům politiky. Počet think tanků, oblasti politiky, ve kterých působí, a jejich globální interakce jsou funkční ukazatele úrovně rozvoje země. Hlavním cílem této práce je komparativním způsobem ukázat celosvětový úspěch think tanků v Turecku a České republice. Za tímto účelem se jako výchozí bod berou "Globální zprávy o indexu tanků do myšlení" (žebříčky GGTTT) za účelem provedení 10leté perspektivní analýzy s ohledem na politiky domácí ekonomiky, politiky mezinárodní ekonomiky, politiky vzdělávání, zahraniční politiky a mezinárodní záležitosti, obrana a národní bezpečnostní politika a univerzitní think tanky. Dále budou systematicky nabízeny funkční skupiny a politická doporučení pro think tanky v obou zemích.

The investigators visited the site on 9/10th July. They found that the accident occurred in a minefield laid by government troops in 1991/2. The mines were irregularly spaced in 3km long lanes. PPM-2 and POMZ-2 mines were found (largely) in different parts of the field. There was "scrub" about a metre high where the accident occurred and the ground was "hard clay with some organic mix" which allowed the use of detectors. Two parallel lines of PPM-2 mines had been found with an "exploratory base line". Further lanes were being cut to confirm the direction of the mine-lines. The accident occurred in a lane that was beside another in which the location of found mines had been marked with sticks after their removal. On the other side of the accident lane, mines

During the 20th century, Russian women were assigned the triple role of social and political activists, workers, caregivers and mothers. This paper makes an overview of the main steps undertaken first by the Soviet and later by the modern Russian governments to influence family formation models and fertility levels, in order to improve the demographic situation over the period from 1917 until 2015. The overview pays close attention to such measures of demographic policy as marriage and divorce regulation, support of families through family benefits and the tax system, reconciliation of family and work spheres (maternity/paternity leaves, workplace flexibility measures), fertility promotion, childbearing and childcare support, as well as rare reproductive health protection initiatives.

Tax auditing parameters have been largely overlooked by the literature as policy-making instruments of any relevance; however, enforcement strategies are critical elements of the tax burden. In this paper, we show that, in a federal framework, tax auditing policies can serve as additional tools for regional interaction. We examine the presence of this interaction by adopting a spatial econometric approach. We employ a spatial panel autoregressive model and obtain results that are congruent with standard theory, corroborating the presence of horizontal competition between regions in their tax auditing policies. We also find that once regional governments acquire legal power, the opaque competition in enforcement policies appears to switch in part to a more transparent competition in statutory tax parameters.

In October 2011, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued guidelines prohibiting lobbyists from federal advisory committee service. Issued as a corollary to Executive Order 13490—which placed limits on lobbyist's government service—OMB's guidelines suggest that lobbyists have had undue influence over policy making. This article explores limited advisory committee literature and examines lobbyists' potential advisory process influence. Using data on lobbyists who served on advisory committees between 2009 and 2012, the article finds that while lobbyists' service has declined, some continue to serve. To conclude, the article explores first‐hand accounts from former advisory committee members to offer some perceived consequences of restricting lobbyist committee service.

Tax auditing parameters have been largely overlooked by the literature as policy-making instruments of any relevance; however, enforcement strategies are critical elements of the tax burden. In this paper we show that, in a federal framework, tax auditin policies can serve as additional tools for regional interaction. We examine the presence of this interaction by adopting a spatial econometric approach. We employ a time-space recursive model that accounts for sluggish adjustment in auditing policies and obtain results that are congruent with standard theory, corroborating the presence of horizontal competition between regions in their tax auditing policies. We also find that once regional governments acquire legal power, the opaque competition in enforcement policies disappears apparently switching to a more transparent competition in statutory tax parameters.

This is the first study that assesses the economic effects of differences in organizational design of supreme audit institutions (SAIs) on a cross-country basis. The effects on three groups of economic variables are estimated, namely on (1) fiscal policy, on (2) government effectiveness and corruption, and on (3) productivity. On the basis of up to 40 countries, differences in the independence, the mandate, the implementation record, and the organizational model of the SAIs do not seem to have any clear-cut effect on any of the three groups of dependent variables. There is only one exception: perceived levels of corruption are significantly higher if the SAI is structured along the court model of auditing. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]