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Last days of India"s freedom struggle had many distinct features leading to the transfer of power. Among the more important of them was the trial of INA personnel who had fought against the British under Subhas Chandra Bose in East Asia with the object of achieving the Indian independence. In this trial the far-reaching and novel aspect was the national upsurge for the release of INA personnel, which directly challenged the legitimacy of the British rule. The revolutionary sentiments created by the INA issue swept the country and penetrated into the armed forces. The spirit of nationalism roused by the INA trial inspired the defence forces. The INA trial was instrumental in helping the transformation of the Indian armed forces during 1945 46 from a mercenary to a national force. This new consciousness led them to react more actively to the outstanding political issue of the country.

In this article, we analyze possible models of military modernization to Colombia from the "post-agreement" stage initiated with the guerrilla group FARC, considering implications on management and perception in the domestic, regional, and global order. We contemplate the "Multimission Force" model and the "Specialized Force" model, to conclude the latter as the best fit for Colombia and that could be mirrored to all of Latin America.

This article briefly reviews the recent history of the Spanish Armed Forces, stressing the importance of the military institution and its role in contemporary Spanish history. Following Franco's death there was an attempt to bring the command of the Armed Forces under democratic control within the constitution, a process in which General Gutiérrez Mellado played a crucial role. Since 1981, two important measures have been taken in the military sphere: "case 2/81", prosecuting the perpetrators of the attempted coup in 1981, and Spain's application to join the Atlantic Alliance (NATO), a very important step in shaping the country's future and driving the modernisation of the Spanish Armed Forces, putting them on an equal footing with their peers elsewhere in the Western world. After the socialist victory in 1982, the PSOE government changed direction, skilfully transforming its initial anti-Americanism, obtaining Spain's membership of NATO following the 1986 referendum, and profoundly changing the Armed Forces, thus eliminating military tensions. The last stage of the modernisation process was led by Aznar's government, with the professionalisation of the Armed Forces and the integration of Spain in NATO's military structure. ; El artículo realiza un breve repaso por la historia de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas destacando la importancia de la institución militar y su papel en la Historia contemporánea española. Desde de la muerte de Franco se intenta por encauzar a los mandos de las Fuerzas Armadas en la senda democrática y constitucional, siendo entonces crucial el papel del General Gutiérrez Mellado. A partir de 1981, se toman dos importantes medidas en la esfera militar: la llamada causa 2/81, para el enjuiciamiento de los responsables de la intentona golpista y la solicitud de ingreso de España en la Alianza Atlántica, paso muy importante que determinará el futuro del país y permitió la modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas, equiparándolas a las del mundo occidental. Tras la victoria socialista de 1982, fue básico el giro del PSOE, que transformando su antiamericanismo inicial con habilidad, completó el ingreso de España en la Alianza Atlántica tras el referéndum de 1986, y modificó profundamente las Fuerzas Armadas, eliminando las tensiones militares. La última etapa del proceso de modernización fue la protagonizada por el gobierno de Aznar: destacan la profesionalización de las Fuerzas Armadas y la integración de España en la estructura militar de la Alianza Atlántica.

"In this extraordinary comprehensive reference book, the authors provide a detailed picture of desert uniforms, patches, and insignia worn by the US Armed Forces in combat from Desert Storm, through Somalia, and in the more recent hard-fought campaigns of Iraq and Afghanistan."--Jacket