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Poor survival and treatment failure of patients with cancer are mainly due to resistance to therapy. Tribbles homologue 2 (TRIB2) has recently been identified as a protein that promotes resistance to several anti-cancer drugs. In this study, RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used with the aim of characterizing the impact of TRIB2 on the expression of genes and developing pharmacological strategies to revert these TRIB2-mediated changes, thereby overcoming therapy resistance. We show that two naturally occurring alkaloids, harmine and piperlongumine, inverse the gene expression profile produced by TRIB2 and sensitize cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. Our data suggest that harmine and piperlongumine or similar compounds might have the potential to overcome TRIB2-mediated therapy resistance in cancer patients. ; This project has received funding from the 'European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 748585

The family background characteristics of 756 male heroin users were examined to determine the effects of selected family risk factors on the timing of onset of emancipation and drug use, on pre-addiction incarcerations and on educational attainment. These risk factors included family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, family drug use, parental history of alcoholism, parental absence, and family history of incarceration. The two measures of age of emancipation were age on leaving school and age on leaving home. Age of onset of regular use was measured for the following drugs: tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and heroin. Incarceration measures included the occurrence of juvenile detention and the time spent in prison prior to first addiction. Educational attainment was a score on a California State achievement test. Larger family size, higher birth order, parental alcoholism and parental absence were found to have a cumulatively negative effect on how young the respondents were when they first left home and when they first used particular drugs regularly, on their level of tested academic achievement, and on their probability of juvenile detention. Implications for social policies designed to prevent drug abuse are discussed.

China has serious environmental problems but China has begun to address some of them. The data for environmental assesments of China's forests are sparse at best, therefore, the authors survey general impressions before focusing on one representative topic, the loss of biodiveristy that necessarily occurs as China deplete its natural forests. China's large expanse of natural forest may support the largest range of biodiversity as well. Managed forests support some environmental services and they play a crucial role in controlling erosion, but they are not as important as natural forests for the protection of critical habitats and general biodiversity. The central government has identified the enviroment as a focal policy issue for the twenty-first century, and it has begun enforcing compliance with environmental regulations on polluting industries. It is insufficient to presume that comprehensive rules such as increasing forest cover in general, or even saving all natural forests, will solve all forestry problems. Beter data and more thorough analyses are needed to assess the relative magnitudes of these problems and the most effective means of addressing them.

Objective. The objective of this article is to provide evidence about the effectiveness of drug law enforcement as a tool for reducing other types of crime. Considerable resources are devoted to enforcing our nation's drug laws, but existing research suggests that intensifying drug law enforcement may serve to increase, rather than decrease, crime. Method. Using data for 62 counties in New York State for 1996-2000, we estimate a set of models that evaluate the effects of recent drug arrests on reported rates of assault, robbery, burglary, & larceny. The estimated statistical model includes controls for fixed effects, time effects, autocorrelation, & heteroskedasticity. Results. The consistency of results is striking -- there is no model in which drug arrests are found to have a significant negative relationship with crime. All crimes are positively related to arrests for the manufacture & sale of "hard drugs." Increases in total per capita drug arrests & arrests for "hard drug" possession are accompanied by higher rates for all crimes except assault. Increased arrests for the manufacture or sale of marijuana are associated with increases in larcenies. Conclusions. The empirical findings raise serious questions about the effectiveness of drug enforcement as a crime-control measure & suggest that significant social costs may arise from existing approaches to drug control. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper describes the characteristics of separate and consolidated drug/alcohol clinics and evaluates the treatment of their clients. Consolidation refers to the existence of an explicit policy of treating alcoholics in drug abuse clinics; treatment refers both to the treatments made available to the clients and to the outcome of these treatments. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in client level treatment process between separate and consolidated clinic level drug/alcohol treatment strategies. A total of 31,964 subjects from 267 drug abuse treatment facilities are studied by means of two way analysis of variance. The primary difference between separate and consolidated clinics is in the availability of services—clinics espousing a policy of treating both drug and alcohol subjects tend to offer a wider range of services than do clinics without such a policy. The data confirm the null hypothesis. Initial differences between the two types of clinics are explained by differences in characteristics—especially variations in the availability of services. The implications of these findings for administration and treatment are discussed.

The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one. ; The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one.

The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one. ; The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one.

The responsibility of assisting the poor through public policy has increasingly fallen on the shoulders of local governments. Historically, the federal government had played a very strong role in ensuring a basic quality of life for most poor urban residents.This policy brief examines local residents' perceptions of whether local governments in Southern California are doing enough to meet the needs of the poor.

Five counties (Kern, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco) that demonstrate both variations and similarities in their implementation of Proposition 36 (e.g., treatment approaches, urine testing) and patient mix have been selected to participate in a study assessing how California's Proposition 36 is affecting the drug treatment system and patient outcomes. Except for San Francisco, treatment admissions increased during the first year of Proposition 36 implementation over the prior year (27% in Kern, 21% in Riverside, 17% in Sacramento, and 16% in San Diego), mostly in outpatient drug-free programs. Compared to non-Proposition 36 patients, Proposition 36 patients were more likely to be men, first-time admissions, treated in outpatient drug-free programs, employed full-time, and users of methamphetamine or marijuana. They were less likely to be treated in residential programs or methadone maintenance programs and fewer reported heroin use or injection drug use. Guided by the multilevel open systems framework, the study examines key issues of Proposition 36 that influence treatment systems and outcomes and empirically identifies "best practice" approaches in treating drug-abusing offenders.

The rise of drug abuse is inseparable from the existence of illicit drug trafficking carried out by drug dealers.In fact, the most severe punishment, in the form of death penalty, needs to be given to reduce the prevalenceof drug abuse in Indonesia. However, the death penalty for drug dealers in Indonesia is still very minimal, soit is necessary to apply the premium remedium principle that is used by judges in giving the death penaltysince drug trafficking is considered detrimental to the interests of the state. Through the Normative-EmpiricalLegal Research method and the legislation approach, a study was obtained on the importance of applying thedeath penalty for drug dealers in Indonesia. Even this action does not violate human rights because the safetyof the nation's youth is more important, but. However, in its application, this death penalty still raises thepros and cons in societyKeywords: Premium remedium; drug dealers; death penalty; human rights