Suchergebnisse

"German public servants are not appropriately represented in many international organizations. With these organizations increasingly using internal promotion to fill their management posts, the Federal German Government should do more to help young professionals and change from a reactive to a proactive, strategically oriented personnel policy for Germans in international organizations. At the same time, the general conditions for returning professionals should be improved. Germany has enough high-quality undergraduate and post-graduate courses and internships to prepare young professionals for work in the development field, but they are not sufficiently geared to occupational integration. Many young professionals fail to take adequate account in their career planning of the need, given the very limited number of permanent posts in international organizations, so to structure their training that they also have job prospects in other institutions at home and abroad. The training provided by secondary schools and universities should be backed by the early provision of careers guidance. In this, schools and universities should cooperate closely with the Büro Führungskräfte zu Internationalen Organisationen (Office for Managers in International Organizations – BFIO) of the Zentralstelle der Arbeitsvermittlung (Central Employment Agency – ZAV). The instruments of Germany's international personnel policy at middle, higher and top management levels should be complemented by an instrument to promote the advancement of young professionals that follows on directly from the programme of Beigeordnete Sachverständige zu Internationalen Organisationen (Experts Assigned to International Organizations, or BS Programme, a Federal Government programme that assists young professionals). The BS Programme should be expanded. At the same time, Germans working in the United Nations (UN) agencies and European Union (EU) institutions should be linked more closely to Germany and familiarized with the German development agenda through the installation of counterpart structures in the relevant German government departments,
through even closer attention from the Permanent Representatives and through the promotion of the development of networks." (excerpt)

The article discusses accountability in governance of local energy and IT systems. The aim is to focus on accountability of local policy making regarding technical systems by comparing consequences when new forms of governance are developed. Governance steering demands and ensures a clear division of responsibility regarding what a network is responsible for, but not regarding who is accountable for the decision making and implementation. On the other hand, in a steering context characterized by government, it is clear who is responsible and accountable for decisions, but the specific issues for which different actors can be accountable are unclear. We argue that demands for clarifications of accountability emerges from the complex modern governance. ; This is an electronic version of an article published in:Elin Wihlborg and Jenny Palm, Who is Governing What? Governing Local Technical Systems-an Issue of Accountability, 2008, Local Government Studies, (34), 3, 349-362.Local Government Studies is available online at InformaworldTM: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003930802044544Copyright: Taylor & Francishttp://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/default.asp

Democracy is often described as a system in which a majority of electors choose one out of a number of competing parties to form a government & carry out its program. Unfortunately, spontaneous majorities rarely form in support of one party. We generalize from a 'government' to a 'median' mandate, in which the median elector chooses the pivotal party in parliament, which then translates his or her preferences into public policy. To check this we investigate how accurately parliaments & governments represent the Left-Right position of the median voter in each of 20 parliamentary democracies. Distortions depend on the type of electoral arrangement, being relatively smaller under proportional representation than under single-member districts. Distortions do not equate to biased representation, however. Once we consider how distortions at one step or one time are compensated by distortions in the opposite direction at another, overall representation of the median voter position is reasonably accurate. 7 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

В статье рассматривается экономическая политика в отношении экономики субъекта Российской Федерации и муниципального образования (экономики административной территории). Объектом обсуждения выступают государственные и муниципальные органы управления. Предметом исследования является деятельность государственных и муниципальных органов по разработке и осуществлению экономической административной территории. Цель работы определить механизм переложения общегосударственной экономической политики, ее трансформации в экономические политики регионов и муниципальных образований, исходя из их конкретных условий жизнедеятельности. Предлагается рассматривать государственную и муниципальную экономическую политику в отношении административной территории как совокупность экономических политик федерального центра, субъекта РФ и местного самоуправления. Конкурентное развитие в целом административной территории становится базовой целью этих политик в рамках оптимального развития страны. Такой подход потребует дополнительных параметров жизнедеятельности административной территории и методики оценки результатов ее экономической политики. ; The article deals with the economic policy in respect of the territorial entity of the Russian Federation and municipal units (economics of administrative territory). Public and municipal governing bodies are the object of discussion. The research topic is the activity of public and municipal bodies on the development and realization of the economic policy of an administrative territory. The authors define the mechanism of setting the state economic policy (its transformation) to the economic policy of regions and municipal units according to their life conditions. It is proposed to consider the public and municipal economic policy in regard to the administrative territory as a combination of economic policies of the federal center, the territorial entity of the Russian Federation and the local government. The competitive development of the administrative territory in whole becomes the core objective of these policies within the framework of the optimal country development. This approach will demand supplementary parameters of the life activity of the administrative territory and the method of evaluation of its economic policy results.

1. Chapter 1 Introduction -- 2. Chapter 2 Foundations of the good neighbourhood policy of the Republic of Poland -- 3. Chapter 3 Good neighbourhood treaties and public diplomacy: Polish activities in neighbouring states (2007–2014) -- 4. Chapter 4 The 1991 Polish-German treaty: origin, aims and implementation. Successes, failures and prospects in the context of the migration crisis in Europe -- 5. Chapter 5 Objectives and outcomes of the 1991 German-Polish Treaty on Good Neighbourhood and Friendly Cooperation in light of the intra-European dispute on the 2015–2018 migration crisis -- 6. Chapter 6 The role of the education sector in relations between Poland and Germany, 1991–2016 -- 7. Chapter 7 Security as an element of good neighbourhood policy in Central Europe. Case study: Polish-Slovak relations after 1990 -- 8. Chapter 8 Slovak-Polish relations after 1989 – Slovak perceptions -- 9. Chapter 9 Security as an element of good neighbourhood policy in Central Europe: the case of Polish-Czech relations after 1990 -- 10. Chapter 10 On human trafficking, Schengen visas and drunken workers: Czech media representations of Poland in light of three migration issues after 2013 -- 11. Chapter 11 Relations of Polish authorities with the Polish diaspora in the (post)-Soviet space -- 12. Chapter 12 The Polish-Lithuanian treaty on neighbourly relations of 1994 and the Polish-Russian treaty on neighbourly relations of 1992 in the context of international protection of the rights of national minorities -- 13. Chapter 13 Treaty on Friendship and Neighbourhood Cooperation between Poland and Russia: implementation and challenges (a Russian perspective) -- 14. Chapter 14 1994 Treaty between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Lithuania on Friendly Relations and Neighbourly Cooperation: successes and new challenges -- 15. Chapter 15 Poland and Belarus 26 years after the signing of the Treaty on Good Neighbourhood and Friendly Cooperation -- 16. Chapter 16 Treaty between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland on Good Neighbourhood, Friendly Relations and Cooperation. Implementation and today's challenges -- 17. Chapter 17 Conclusions

Данная статья содержит анализ политической роли кадрового менеджмента в органах государственной власти и местного самоуправления. Авторы делают выводы об особой роли кадровых менеджеров в реализации политики Правительства Москвы по профессиональному развитию государственных служащих. ; This article analyzes the role of personnel management in government agencies and local government. The author concludes that provides an overview of the influence of human resource management in large organizations and industries, the analysis of the role of human resource management in the organization, an overview of its major mechanisms of functioning in an emerging market in the introduction of innovative technologies to improve the efficiency of production. The authors conclude that the special role of HR managers in the implementation of the policy of the Moscow government for professional development of civil servants.

Overexploitation to meet commercial demands has threatened the existence of many species. In theory, one can adopt a portfolio of policies and measures from both the supply (i.e., encourage cultivation while punishing poaching) and demand (i.e., education of consumers) sides to achieve sustainable use. Here we examine the effects of governmental policies and measures towards the utilization of Aquilaria sinensis, a threatened species with high cultural and economic values. We found that, despite national protected status and a suite of government initiatives and granted projects to implement cultivation of the species, poaching persisted and even intensified. From the consumer side, current cultural education related to the species was not coupled with equally strong conservation education, which might have inadvertently reinforced the notion that wild-sourced materials are better, and facilitated a luxury goods-like market for wild products. It appeared that the current government portfolio of initiatives was highly skewed towards utilization, and therefore not effective for promoting the long term ecological persistence of the species. This finding is likely not unique to A. sinensis, nor limited to China. A more balanced portfolio of government initiatives to include stronger and more direct conservation measures towards highly exploited species is needed to achieve sustainable use of this species and related species.

In the Pacific, there have beenstartling news releases of governments making attempts at censoring the internet, a move seen to point towards silencing dissenting views on popular online forums. The conflicting trends between the new political forum ushered in by the new media on the one hand, and the restrictive mode of state censorship on the other hand, pose serious challenges to the broader framework of rights and freedom of expressions. The aim of this article is to examinethe regulatory approaches being developed and/or proposed in response to the emergence of new media in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). This article reviews two ways in which Pacific island governments are attempting to regulate the internet: firstly through the development of legislation to prosecute cybercriminals, and secondly through the banning of certain internet sites, most notably Facebook. Despite the disparities in internet penetration levels, the article reveals that nearly all countries in the Pacific are increasingly regulating or are moving towards regulating the internet. The justifications for internet regulation and censorship are largely predicated around the rhetoric of protecting its citizens from the negative effects of the internet. However, these regulations seem to be a response to Pacific Island governments' fears of growing criticism and dissent on social media platforms.

After several months of research and consultation the previous Labor government introduced in May 1994 a set of labour market programs targeted at the long term unemployed with its publication of Working Nation. With the new Coalition government taking office in March 1996 we saw the end of Working Nation. Working Nation had a short life: it was born accompanied with a loud fanfare, it was buried quietly. Did Working Nation labour market programs lead to a fall in unemployment and a fall in long term unemployment? This paper attempts to evaluate its success using simple econometric methods on macroeconomic data. Our results suggest that although Working Nation had a very short life it succeeded in helping the long term unemployed: it was a very valuable social experiment which was aborted for political reasons. The Coalition government has apparently lost interest in the long term unemployed: there has been a massive cutback in expenditure on labour market programs and the only plans it has announced to date are the work for the dole scheme for long term unemployed young people. It is hoping that its industrial relations legislation will lead to a miraculous solution to the problem of unemployment and long term unemployment which has plagued most of the OECD economies for several years.

The idea that the British government was obligated to enhance the development of its colonies was a product of the West Indian disturbances of 1937/38. Strikes & disturbances were met with force, martial law, & some concessions. The Colonial Office acted on matters of colonial labor during the years of upheaval, & legislation was directed toward improving worker conditions & compensation. Several factions pressured the British government to take more direct interest in colonial affairs. Colonial unrest & the appointment of commissions in response has some historical background, as exemplified by the West Indian sugar industry at the turn of the century. The 1929 Colonial Development Act & the Trade Agreement of 1925 were intended to improve the conditions of the West Indies. The harshness of the Germans toward their colonies encouraged the British to review their treatment of colonial peoples. A Royal Commission & a new policy of colonial development was adopted, & directed at positive change, the elimination of waste, & increased social services. In May, 1939, a central fund for colonial research was established. The political environment of each colony was considered during policy making. Only with rioting did positive change come, & the publication of the findings of the Moyne Commission increased interest in colonial affairs & gave evidence of the need for more adequately funded colonial policy. L. Kamel.

chapter Introduction -- chapter 1 British policy and the crises of 1948 -- chapter 2 Aid, conflict and the Commonwealth, 1949–50 -- chapter 3 The decline of British influence, 1950–54 -- chapter 4 The China crisis and the beginnings of American aid, 1948–52 -- chapter 5 The Kuomintang crisis and the termination of American aid, 1952–54 -- chapter 6 Communist intervention and the resumption of American aid, 1955–58 -- chapter 7 Britain, the United States and the end of civilian government, 1958—62 -- chapter 7 Britain, the United States and the end of civilian government, Conclusion.

Is capitalism moral? -- Isn't capitalism brutal? -- Aren't the rich getting richer at other people's expense? -- Aren't higher taxes the price we pay for a humane society? -- Don't regulations safeguard the public good? -- Aren't free trade and 'globalization' destroying American jobs and the economies of other nations? -- Is affordable healthcare possible in a free market? -- Isn't government needed to direct the economy? -- Now what?

"Building on the author's 2012 book, Lee Kuan Yew's Strategic Thought, this new book presents a comprehensive overview of Lee Kuan Yew's strategic thought over the course of his entire life. It charts the development of Singapore over the last seven decades, showing how Lee Kuan Yew steered Singapore to prosperity and success through changing times and how he had an enormous impact on the development of Singapore and of Southeast Asia more generally. It analyses the factors underlying Lee Kuan Yew's thinking, discusses his own writings and speeches, and shows how his thinking on foreign policy, security and international relations evolved. It also appraises writing about Lee Kuan Yew and the memorialisation of him, assessing how views of his legacy have changed and continue to change"--

"Since the 1980s, income concentration has increased dramatically, with the top 1% increasing their share from 10.7% in 1980 to 20.2% in 2014 (an 89% increase), and the top 0.01% income share increasing even more - by approximately 230%. Before the turn of the 21st century, scholars seeking to explain rising inequality emphasized structural economic change and demographics, focusing on factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, aging, union decline, and skill-biased technological change (Alderson and Nielsen 2002; Berman et al. 1998; Bound and Johnson 1992; Danziger and Gottschalk 1995; Goldin and Katz 2008). In this work, politics and policy played at most a peripheral role in explaining the ebb and flow of American inequality. But newer scholarship has given politics a more central place in our understanding of income disparity"--

The nine papers which constitute this forum examine what is understood when the term "health" is used. They contend that an understanding of what health is, must be a necessary prerequisite of any discussion about whether it can be improved. Cooperation between all the players including governments, planners, researchers, health care workers, educators and individuals seeking or needing health care is addressed.