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Welcome to the third issue of volume 42 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 42:3, 2018).
The IASSIST Quarterly presents in this issue three papers from geographically widespread countries. We call IASSIST 'International', so I am happy to present papers from three continents in this issue with papers from Zimbabwe, Italy and Canada.
The paper 'The State of Preparedness for Digital Curation and Preservation: A Case Study of a Developing Country Academic Library' is by Phillip Ndhlovu, who works as the institutional repository librarian and liaison librarian, and Thomas Matingwina, who is a lecturer at the Department of Library and Information Service at the National University of Science and Technology (NUST) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Modern day libraries have vast amounts of digital content and the authors noted that because these collections require very different management than the traditional paper-based materials, the new materials' longevity is endangered. Their study assessed the state of preparedness of the NUST Library for digital curation and preservation, including the assessment of awareness, competencies, technology infrastructure, digital disaster preparedness, and challenges to digital curation and preservation. They found a lack of policies, lack of expertise by library staff, and lack of funding.
You might conclude that investigating your own organization and reaching the very well known conclusion that 'we need more money!' is not so surprising. However, you have to take note that the Jeff Rothenberg statement from 1995 that 'Digital information lasts forever – or five years, whichever comes first' has not yet sunk in with politicians and administrators, who will immediately associate the term 'digital' with 'saving money'. This study shows them why this is not a valid connotation. It is a study of a single institution, and as the authors note it cannot be generalized even to other academic libraries in Zimbabwe. However, other libraries - also outside Zimbabwe - have here a good guide for making their own assessment of the digital preparedness of their institution.
The second paper was - as was the paper above - presented at the IASSIST conference in 2018 and is also about the transition from media known for thousands of years to new media and digital forms. Peter Peller presented the paper 'From Paper Map to Geospatial Vector Layer: Demystifying the Process'. He is the Director of the Spatial and Numeric Data Services unit at Libraries and Cultural Resources at the University of Calgary in Canada.
The conversion of raster images of maps to vector data is analogous to OCR technologies extracting words from scanned print documents. Thereby the map information becomes more accessible, and usable in geographic information systems (GIS). An illustrative example is that historical geospatial information can be overlaid in Google Earth. The description of the entire process incorporates examples of the various techniques, including different types of editing. Furthermore, descriptions of the software used in selected studies are listed in the appendix. It is mentioned that 'paper texture and ink spread' can be responsible for introducing noise and errors, so remember to keep the old maps. This is because what is considered noise in one context might become the subject for interesting future research. In addition the software for extracting information will most certainly improve.
For once both the author and we at IASSIST Quarterly have been quite fast. The data for the third paper was collected in late 2017 and the results are presented here only a year later. In October 2017 a message appeared on the IASSIST mail list with the start of the sentence 'I would share the data but...' It quickly generated many ways of completing that sentence. Flavio Bonifacio - who works at Metis Ricerche srl in Torino, Italy - quickly launched a questionnaire sent to members of the mail list and to others from similar communities of interested individuals. The questionnaire was an extension of an earlier one concerning scientists' reuse and sharing of data. The paper includes many tabulations and models showing the background as well as the data sharing attitudes found in the survey. A respondent typology is developed based upon the level of propensity for sharing data and the level of experiencing problems in data sharing into a 2-by-2 table consisting of 'irreducible reluctant', 'reducible reluctant', 'problematic follower', and 'premium follower'.
In the Nordic countries we tend to have the impression that certain services are publicly available and for free. This impression is plainly superficial because we Nordic people also know very well that 'there is no such thing as a free lunch'! All services must be paid for in one way or another. If you have many services that carry no direct cost, it is probably because you - and others - paid for them beforehand through taxation. Because of cuts in the public economy one of the things Flavio Bonifacio wanted to investigate was the question 'Is there a market for selling data-sharing services?' The results imply that 'reducible reluctants' can be a target for services that reduce the problems of that group.
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - November 2018

In recent years, in the Lithuanian science (Sakalauskas, 2007–2017; Uscila, 2012, 2015; Vaičiūnienė, 2017, etc.) and in the policy of custodial sentences, in terms of convicts' social integration into society, in addition to the concept social rehabilitation, a wider term resocialization is used, as well as the differences between these concepts are perceived. Resocialization covers a wider context, and a number of assumptions determine the success of the resocialization of a convict in the imprisonment institutions. The implementation of resocialization requires not only the material and human resources of statutory institutions. In order to succeed in integrating a person into the society, a personalized access, the motivation of a convicted person himself/herself to change his/her behaviour have become important, the forces of enforcement authorities, the society (NGOs, volunteers, etc.), the continuing assistance to the person upon his/her release have been concentrated.Lithuania is taking the first steps in systematically managing the resocialization of imprisoned persons. Institutions of imprisonment face major challenges, because the successful rehabilitation of convicts requires the creation of appropriate conditions (close to life under release), to have the competent staff capable to identify the most serious motives of an offender and to individualize their needs to change, to have well-thought out programs of social adaptation, employment, etc., for whose implementation it is necessary to attract more people. Large public funds imply the need to assess whether the process of resocialization is effective.Summarizing the indicators which are currently used in imprisonment institutions and discussed by scholars as inadequate for assessing the effectiveness of resocialization (reduction of crime recidivism, the number of social rehabilitation programs and the number of convicts involved in them, the number of employees who acquired the competences necessary for the implementation of social rehabilitation process, etc.), the question is raised how to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of resocialization. Having found that the researchers (Schapland, Bottoms, Farrall, McNeill, Priede, Robinson, 2012) of the countries (Germany, England, the USA), which have best practices in the resocialization of convicts, advocate the use of subjective research in assessing the effectiveness of the resocialization process in imprisonment institutions, the survey was carried out in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator to assess the effectiveness of the process of the social integration of convicts into society (the purpose of resocialization).For the survey carried out at the beginning of 2017, 397 men and women, who were imprisoned in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator (hereinafter ŠII, the Isolator), were selected as the respondents. Answers to questions were provided by 279 respondents. The content of the quantitative research was expressed in five main thematic groups of questions: demographic, the evaluation of the activities of the Isolator social rehabilitation specialists, the change of services provided by an organization and their management, the efficiency of resocialization and social rehabilitation, and the influence of the environment on the convict's resocialization.The structural composition of the 279 respondents according to gender is as follows: 95% of them indicated "a man", 5% – "a woman". According to the age, the persons of 18–40 years old (76%) prevailed in the research. Other age groups: 22% (41–55 years old) and more than 1% (56 years old and over). According to the education, a significant part of persons (47.7%) have the basic education, others have vocational (22.9%) and primary (21.5%) education. Out of them, 22 persons (7.9%) claimed that they have higher education (most of them were the arrested). Furthermore, 49.8 % of persons are imprisoned for the first time, 48.7% of respondents indicated, that they had served the custodial sentence before, the rest of the convicts did not mark this point in the questionnaire. In the research, the convicts were divided into: arrested persons, sentenced persons and sentenced persons to imprisonment.The results of the research showed that in this research we once again have actualized the strategic tasks of the last years of Lithuanian imprisonment institutions in the implementation of resocialization; we have indicated the strengths and weaknesses of an individual institution (in this case, in ŠII) in implementing the resocialization of the convicts; we have received the feedback from convicts about the quality and needs of the social rehabilitation measures implemented by Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator.Obviously, convicts see the benefits of resocialization for convicts in general and for themselves. In assessing critically the inadequate preparation of staff for the effective implementation of the planned social rehabilitation measures, the domestic and physical infrastructure of the interrogation isolator, the convicts are in favour of various employment opportunities (mostly work activity, physical education) and primarily organized in the open air. They appreciate the efforts of the heads of the social rehabilitation units devoted for their resocialization, however, they would like to get more of psychological help.Summing up the ideas provided by convicts, it is clear that in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator, which until 2026, will be moved from the city centre of Šiauliai to the modern complex in Šiauliai district, the changes are necessary. The officials' attitude towards the convicts has to change as well: the respondents who participated in the survey noted the unacceptable behaviour of the officials with the convicts. Household and physical conditions that respect human dignity are necessary. More help from psychologists and the examples of best practices are needed. The effectiveness of resocialization would be increased by meeting the demand for employment, and more employment measures in the open air. Developing democratic processes in the society should make it easier for convicts to take part in decision-making on their household conditions, employment programs, etc., to carry out a wider campaign of information on the possibility of convicts to learn, because currently only a small percentage of convicts use the adult learning centre established in the Isolator. ; Įkalinimo įstaigoms tenka iššūkis parengti kalinamąjį socialiai integruotis į visuomenę. Resocializacijos, vykdomos laisvės atėmimo įstaigoje, veiksmingumo vertinimas tampa diskusijų objektu. Nebepakanka kiekybinių rodiklių ir labiausiai paplitusio kriterijaus – nusikaltimo recidyvo sumažėjimo kalinamajam išėjus į laisvę. Remiantis mokslininkų požiūriu, kad pravartu tirti patį resocializacijos procesą ir net subjektyvias jos dalyvių nuomones, Šiaulių tardymo izoliatoriuje buvo atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas. Kalinamųjų apklausa parodė per paskutinius metus čia vykdomos kalinčiųjų resocializacijos pažangą. Taip pat išryškinti ir proceso veiksmingumą mažinantys veiksniai: netenkinančios buitinės sąlygos, psichologinės pagalbos trūkumas, nuteistąjį žeminantis personalo elgesys, resocializacijai reikalingų išteklių (paslaugas organizuojančių ir teikiančių darbuotojų kompetencijų, infrastruktūros) nepakankamumas ir kt.

Le attività di ricerca descritte in questa tesi si focalizzano sullo sviluppo dei quartieri ad energia netta zero (NZE settlements) in un caso di studio reale in Italia. Questo studio fa parte di un più ampio progetto di ricerca chiamato ZERO-PLUS (acronimo di "Achieving near Zero and Positive Energy Settlements in Europe using Advanced Energy Technology"), che fa a sua volta riferimento al programma internazionale Horizon 2020. Il progetto prevede la costruzione di quattro quartieri NZE in casi di studio reali in Europa, cioè in Italia, Francia, Cipro e Regno. In particolare, l'insediamento italiano è composto da soluzioni avanzate per l'involucro edilizio, sistemi innovativi di produzione di energia e gestione integrata delle risorse energetiche a livello di quartiere. Tuttavia, l'obiettivo di ottenere edifici ad alte prestazioni energetiche può essere raggiunto solo se si considera l'influenza contemporanea delle caratteristiche tecniche e dell'occupazione. Studi recenti riportano che, man mano che gli edifici diventano più efficienti dal punto di vista energetico, il comportamento degli occupanti gioca un ruolo sempre più importante nel consumo. Pertanto, una costruzione progettata per essere un "Net Zero Energy Building" (NZEB) potrebbe generare un consumo maggiore del previsto se le ipotesi fatte nel processo di simulazione non sono rispettate durante l'uso reale. D'altra parte, le prestazioni effettive di tecnologie innovative e ad alta efficienza devono essere verificate rispetto alle prestazioni previste. In quest'ottica, uno degli obiettivi di questo studio è quello di evidenziare i punti critici che possono influenzare le prestazioni energetiche, reali e attese, di nuovi edifici volti a soddisfare lo standard di energia netta zero. L'analisi è stata quindi eseguita attraverso la simulazione dinamica calibrata di un edificio continuamente monitorato. Nel dettaglio, le impostazioni dei parametri di comfort da parte degli occupanti e la loro interazione con l'involucro e i sistemi influenzano direttamente il funzionamento degli edifici e i relativi usi energetici. Gli strumenti di simulazione (EnergyPlus e DesignBuilder) sono stati impiegati per dimostrare il potenziale impatto degli stili di vita degli occupanti e delle diverse composizioni domestiche sull'uso di energia e sulle condizioni di comfort termico. I risultati rivelano chiaramente il loro impatto. I risparmi in termini di consumo annuale di energia possono arrivare fino al 60% nel passaggio da comportamenti errati a "verdi". Infatti, questo studio mira a focalizzare l'attenzione sull'urgente bisogno di modelli di riferimento relativi a problemi comportamentali umani che influenzano l'uso di energia negli edifici, in particolare negli NZEB. Infine, l'importanza dei fattori psicologici viene sempre più riconosciuta nel guidare il movimento NZEB. Questo studio sviluppa un esteso "Technology Acceptance Model" (TAM) per spiegare l'intenzione dei consumatori di adottare gli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE lo esamina attraverso un'ampia indagine condotta attraverso i canali dei social media. I risultati mostrano che la conoscenza soggettiva, l'utilità percepita, i cambiamenti climatici percepiti, l'atteggiamento nei confronti degli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE e le preoccupazioni ambientali generali misurate dalla scala "New Ecological Paradigm" (NEP), sono i determinanti psicologici significativi dell'intenzione di adottare gli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE. Si è anche riscontrato che la mancanza di conoscenze soggettive relative agli NZEB, e in particolare ai quartieri NZE, potrebbe costituire una potenziale barriera psicologica tra i consumatori intervistati. I fattori psicologici identificati forniscono riferimenti ai responsabili politici per sviluppare efficacemente strategie di intervento comportamentale per i consumatori e allocare risorse negli schemi di promozione dei quartieri NZE. This thesis focus on research activities within the context of the development of a Near Zero Energy (NZE) settlement in a real case study in Italy. This study is part of a wider research project called ZERO-PLUS (acronym of "Achieving near Zero and Positive Energy Settlements in Europe using Advanced Energy Technology"), which is in the International Horizon 2020 programme. The project involves the construction of four real-life case study NZE settlements in Europe, i.e. in Italy, France, Cyprus, and UK. In particular, the Italian settlement is composed of advanced solutions for the building envelope, innovative energy production systems, and integrated resources energy management at the settlement level. However, the objective of obtaining high performance energy buildings can be reached only if considering the contemporaneous influence of technical characteristics and occupancy. Recent studies report that as buildings become more energy efficient, the behavior of occupants plays an increasing role in energy consumption. Therefore, a construction designed to be a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) might consume higher than expected if the occupant behavior assumptions made in the simulation process are not respected during the real use. On the other hand, the effective performance of innovative and high efficiency technologies must be checked against predicted performance. In this view, one of the goals of this study is to highlight the critical points that may affect the energy performance, real and expected, of new buildings aimed at meeting the net zero energy standard. The analysis has, therefore, been performed through calibrated dynamic simulation of a continuously monitored building. In detail, indoor comfort settings by the occupants and their interaction with the envelope and the systems directly affect the operation of buildings and related energy uses. Simulation tools (EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder) were employed to demonstrate the potential impact of occupant behavior lifestyles and different household compositions on energy use and thermal comfort conditions. The results clearly reveal their impact. The savings in terms of annual energy consumption can reach up to 60% in the transition from wrong to "green" behaviour. Indeed, this study aims at focusing the attention on the urgent need of reference models related to human behaviors that influence the energy use in buildings, especially in NZEBs. Finally, the importance of psychological factors is also increasingly being recognized in driving the NZEB movement. This study develops an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain consumers' intention to adopt NZEBs in NZE settlement framework and examines it through an extensive survey conducted via social media channels. The results show that subjective knowledge, perceived usefulness, perceived climate change, attitude towards NZEBs in NZE settlement framework and general environmental concern measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, are the significant psychological determinants of intention to adopt NZEBs in NZE settlement framework. It is also found that lacking subjective knowledge related to NZEBs, and in particular NZE settlements, could be a potential psychological barriers among the surveyed consumers. The identified psychological factors provide references for policymakers to effectively develop consumers' behavioral intervention strategies and allocate resources in NZE settlements promoting schemes.

The purpose of the work is to clarify the role and influence of the foreign language on the process of intercultural communication as the main component of students' self-determination in modern higher educational system of Ukraine; to determine by which factors the process of intercultural communication becomes more effective in interacting with representatives of different cultures. The research methodology consisted in the application of such research methods as study, analysis and generalization with the purpose of revealing the concept of intercultural communication as a factor in the formation of interethnic consent in all spheres of communication. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the description of the problem of mastering intercultural interaction. In this regard, the research proves that in our time as never before, foreign language and the process of its knowledge affect preferences in choosing vital important values. It helps students to dive into social, economic, political and cultural trends of modern globalized world. Modern student should be capable of recognizing valuable orientations.The problems of communication, value orientations formation, formation of linguistic culture elements have been extensively covered in the scientific literature, but despite this, the problem of intercultural communication as the main indicator of person's value formation in the process of international activity remains insufficiently studied. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that learning foreign language, at least one, allows not only deeper realize national identity of other countries and become familiar with theirs culture, habits, customs, but with a sufficiently high level of cultural competence provides an opportunity to participate in the dialogue of cultures. In these processes, a special role is played by intercultural communication that can not only become a means enhancing the overall competence of the individual, but also can significantly impact on the processes of its self-determination. Conclusions. It is proved that from self-determination in culture and through the help of cultures depend the relationship of the individual with other people, attitudes to own activities, awareness of own individuality therefore, the study of a foreign language determines not only the use of certain acquired skills and skills of communication, but also gives peculiarities of the host country's linguistic picture of the world, linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that determine communication. As a result of such activity new forms of cultural space are born, which hardly affect other people, but they play a key role in the process of interaction. ; Цель работы – выяснить роль и влияние иностранного языка на процесс интеркультурной коммуникации как основной составляющей самоопределения студентов в современной системе высшего образования Украины. Определить благодаря каким факторам процесс интеркультурной коммуникации становится более эффективным во взаимодействии с представителями разных культур. Методология исследования базируется на использовании таких методов исследования как изучение, анализ и обобщение с целью раскрытия понятия интеркультурной коммуникации как фактора к формированию межнационального согласия во всех сферах общения. Научная новизна заключается в описании проблемы освоения интеркультурного взаимодействия. В связи с этим, исследование доказывает, что в наше время как никогда, иностранный язык и процесс его познания влияет на предпочтения при выборе жизненно важных ценностей. Это помогает студентам ориентироваться и соблюдать социальные, экономические, политические и культурные тенденции современного мира. Модерновый студент должен быть способен расставлять и правильно детерминировать ценностные приоритеты и ориентиры. В научной литературе достаточно широко дифференцируются проблемы коммуникации, формирования ценностных ориентиров, формирование элементов языковой культуры, но несмотря на это, недостаточно изученной остается проблема интеркультурной коммуникации как основного показателя ценностного формирования личности в процессе международной деятельности. Именно поэтому, изучение иностранного языка, по крайней мере одного, позволяет не только глубже осознать национальную идентичность других стран и ознакомиться с их культурой, обычаями, привычками, но с достаточно высоким уровнем культурной компетенции, дает возможность участвовать в диалоге культур. В этих процессах особую роль играет интеркультурная коммуникация, которая может не только стать средством повышения общей компетенции личности, но также существенно влиять на процессы ее самоопределения. Выводы. Доказано, что от самоопределения в культуре и с помощью культур зависят отношения лица с другими людьми, отношение к собственной деятельности, осознание собственной индивидуальности, поэтому именно изучение иностранного языка обусловливает не только использование определенных приобретенных умений и навыков коммуникации, но предоставляет осведомленности об особенностях языковой картины мира страны пребывания, лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов, обусловливающих коммуникацию. В результате такой деятельности рождаются новые формы культурного пространства, которые практически не влияют на других людей, однако играют ключевую роль в процессе интеракции. ; Мета роботи – з'ясувати роль та вплив іноземної мови на процес інтеркультурної комунікації як основної складової самовизначення студентів у сучасній системі вищої освіти України. Визначити завдяки яким факторам процес інтеркультурної комунікації стає більш ефективним у взаємодії з представниками різних культур. Методологія дослідження базується на використанні таких методів дослідження як вивчення, аналіз та узагальнення з метою розкриття поняття інтеркультурної комунікації як чинника до формування міжнаціональної згоди у всіх сферах спілкування. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в описі проблеми опанування інтеркультурної взаємодії. У зв'язку з цим дослідження доводить, що в наш час іноземна мова та процес її пізнання впливає на переваги при виборі життєво важливих цінностей. Це допомагає студентам орієнтуватися та дотримуватися соціальних, економічних, політичних та культурних тенденцій сучасного світу. Модерновий студент має бути здатним розставляти та правильно детермінувати ціннісні пріорітети та орієнтири. У науковій літературі досить широко диференціюються проблеми комунікації, формування ціннісних орієнтирів, формування елементів мовної культури, але незважаючи на це, недостатньо вивченою залишається проблема інтеркультурної комунікації як основного показника ціннісного формування особистості в процесі міжнародної діяльності. Саме тому, вивчення іноземної мови, принаймні однієї, дозволяє не тільки глибше усвідомити національну ідентичність інших країн та ознайомитися з їх культурою, звичаями, звичками, але з досить високим рівнем культурної компетенції дає можливість брати участь у діалозі культур. У цих процесах особливу роль відіграє інтеркультурна комунікація, яка може не тільки стати засобом підвищення загальної компетенції особистості, але також суттєво впливати на процеси її самовизначення. Висновки. Доведено, що від самовизначення в культурі та за допомогою культур залежать відносини особи з іншими людьми, ставлення до власної діяльності, усвідомлення власної індивідуальності, тому саме вивчення іноземної мови обумовлює не лише використання певних набутих вмінь та навичок комунікації, але надає обізнаності щодо особливостей мовної картини світу країни перебування, лінгвістичних і екстралінгвістичних чинників, що обумовлюють комунікацію. У результаті такої діяльності народжуються нові форми культурного простору, які практично не впливають на інших людей, проте відіграють ключову роль у процесі інтеракції.

The thesis provides a complex analysis of the activity of NGOs of Poland in the context of its European integration. It was proven that the civil society activation was happening in conditions of transformation processes and democracy transit. The peculiarities of the work of non-governmental organizations during the change of the foreign policy vector were determined. The study systemizes the theoretical and methodological foundations of studying this field for they have an interdisciplinary foundation and are based on the theory of democracy, transitology, system approach, namely, the networks theory, and have the features of neoinstitutionalism. The political and legal basis for civil society organizations' functioning were analyzed and the system of documents which reflect the conditions and fundamental foundations of NGO functioning was determined.The paper looks at the long-term program of Polish legislation harmonization with the acquis communautaire, which includes the regulatory acts of the EU (regulations, directives, decisions, resolutions etc.), general principles of the EU law (rulings of the European Court, common strategies, actions and positions within the framework of the common foreign and security policy etc.). It was determined that Polish legislation reacted to the needs of the NGO sector and regulated their activity during 1989–2004. The political and legal component of NGO activities at the current stage depends on the governmental policy and is characterized by a number of laws, which contradict the independence of NGOs.The initial conditions of the European integration were studied. In historical retrospective, Poland had a long history of state building as well as the experience of functioning in a unity of states. These factors became the historical preconditions of accessing the European Union. Political preconditions reach to the times of activity of the "Solidarity" Independent Trade Union. The economic transformations at the end of the 1980-s led to the civil society activation and in 1990–1997 – to the change of public attitude to the EU and caused the increase of the social position of Poland.The stages of NGO formation, including the present-day stage, were generalized. The key classification types have been determined, the typology by the activity fields with the consideration of the Euro-integration vector of Poland have been actualized. The emphasis was made on the territorial and quantitative components of NGO functioning, the functioning peculiarities of the NGO development models (continental, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, corporate) and the characteristic model for Poland has been determined, the Eastern European model, for it has principal differences from the general European models.The thesis defined key pro-European organizations, which functioned in the context of European integration of Poland and facilitated the civil society formation in Poland as well as popularization of European ideas through the attraction of international funding. It was proved that the major financial support from the outside came from the following international organization: Polish-American-Ukrainian Cooperation, National Democracy Foundation, the Embassy of the United States of America and the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherland, the Bosch Foundation, Polish-American Freedom Foundation, the European Union, UKIE, MOTTA Foundation.The paper determines the peculiarities of the NGO functioning during the period of European integration that included the cooperation of the organizations with the governmental and the business structures, which was reflected in the development of the awareness-raising programs, development of the strategy and the program of implementation of the policy aimed at the civil society development.The analysis of the development of the public sector of Poland has been carried out with the help of such indexes as the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Index (CSO) and the Civil Society Index (CSI).It has been determined that during the period of Poland's full membership in the European Union, NGOs continue to develop within the European vector. At the current stage of their development, the NGOs in Poland are not only the receivers of resources from the EU funds, but also provide assistance in the issues of European integration. The greatest influence of Poland in the international cooperation is carried out through the Visegrad Fund, which was established in 2000 by the governments of the countries of the Visegrad group.It was found out that after Poland became a member of the European Union in 2004, its cooperation with the European funds has only strengthened and was aimed at the implementation of not only European, but also social projects in accordance with the adopted Programs of the European Union for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, which are characterized by a considerable increase of the financial inflow into the public sector of Poland. However, the current period of NGO activity is characterized by the decrease of the level of their independence and the establishment of state control over the organizations' activities. This was caused by the decrease of the external influence after Poland gained full membership. This tendency led to the decrease of democracy indexes, where one of the indicators is the state of civil society. The evidence of the negative processes in the civil society functioning structure are reflected in the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Indexes (CSO) in Poland in 2008–2017. ; Przeprowadzono kompleksową analizę działalności organizacji pozarządowych Polski w kontekście jej integracji europejskie. Udowodniono że aktywizacja społeczeństwa obywatelskiego się odbyła w warunkach procesów transformacyjnych oraz tranzytu demokracji pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Określono specyfikę działalności organizacji pozarządowych pod czas zmiany wektora polityki zewnętrznej. Systematyzowano teoretyko-metodologiczne podstawy tego kierunku. Podsumowano okresy tworzenia organizacji pozarządowych i określono kierunki działalności ze względu na eurointegracyjny sukces Polski. Wyjaśniono osobliwości funkcjonowania modeli rozwoju organizacji pozarządowych i wskazano na osobliwości modeli dla Polski, mającej zasadnicze różnice od ogólnoeuropejskich. Zrobione wnioski o zwrotnych procesach stanu demokracji w Polsce we współczesnych warunkach. ; Здійснено комплексний аналіз діяльності громадських організацій Польщі у контексті її європейської інтеграції. Доведено, що активізація громадянського суспільства відбувалась в умовах трансформаційних процесів та транзиту демократії під впливом зовнішніх чинників. Визначено специфіку діяльності громадських організацій під час зміни вектору зовнішньої політики. Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні основи дослідження цього напрямку. Узагальнено періоди формування громадських організацій та визначено основні сфери їх діяльності з урахуванням євроінтеграційного поступу Польщі. З'ясовано особливості функціонування моделей розвитку громадських організацій та визначено характерну модель для Польщі, що має принципові відмінності від загальноєвропейських. Зроблено висновок про реверсні процеси стану демократії Польщі за сучасних умов.

Entrepreneurship is the principal mechanism for materializing the impact of technological innovation on economies and societies. Technological innovation is, in turn, the ultimate source of productivity improvement and the main driver for economic growth. Consequently, innovation and entrepreneurship have become top policy priorities in the national agendas of countries that strive to deliver prosperity for their citizens through economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction. What are the factors that determine the status of entrepreneurship in societies around the world? How can we observe and measure those factors and track their evolution in time as societies and economies evolve? Addressing those questions is the goal of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the leading worldwide study on entrepreneurship. GEM was initially conceptualized in 1997 and is currently considered as the most authoritative and informative longitudinal study on entrepreneurship in the world, covering all geographic regions and economic levels. The GEM conceptual framework is based on the assumption that national economic growth is the result of the personal traits and capabilities of individuals to identify and seize opportunities, and that this process is affected by environmental factors that influence individuals' decisions to pursue entrepreneurial initiatives. Therefore, GEM seeks to capture the attitudes of societies towards entrepreneurship, the characteristics, motivations and ambitions of entrepreneurs, and the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems in different economies. GEM accounts for specific contextual factors, which are considered influential in creating unique business and entrepreneurial contexts, such as social, political, and economic. Measuring and understanding the factors that affect the status of entrepreneurship is important in order to drive policy-making that can lead to solid productivity improvements and a positive change in economic activity. Policy making in the modern world is particularly challenging, as it needs to take into account the rapid and profound changes brought by exponential progress in technology, the unprecedented acceleration of globalization and the onslaught of climate change. Exponential progress in knowledge and technology makes most new technologies obsolete very fast. The cycle of innovation, which comprises experimentation, learning, knowledge application, and assessment of success or failure - is becoming shorter than ever. Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and the 4th Industrial Revolution are disrupting whole economic sectors and threaten to render a variety of blue and white collar jobs across numerous sectors obsolete. Globalization is leading to the acceleration of global flows of information, knowledge, people, commerce and finance, making the world hyperconnected and interdependent with markets, businesses, governments and societies interwound more tightly together than ever. Climate change raises unexpected challenges and threats that may require radical solutions to problems of great complexity and scale; such solutions might call for the deployment of innovative inventions, in synchrony with the mobilization of society and a radical change of mindset at a global scale. The aspiration of the Cyprus GEM National Report is to analyze the status and evolution of entrepreneurship in Cyprus through the lens of modern-world challenges. We believe this is important for informed, timely and agile decision-making. What are the key observations from the 2017/2018 survey? On the positive side, we observe that there is a constantly positive perception about entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunities in Cyprus, and that an encouraging percentage of the population expresses entrepreneurial intention. Physical, commercial and legal Infrastructures are considered to be on par with the European average, while government policies regarding taxes and bureaucracy are considered more positive to entrepreneurship than the EU average. In comparison to 2016/2017, it seems that an improved awareness about entrepreneurship is helping Cypriots to develop a more pragmatic view of the challenges involved in undertaking entrepreneurial activity. However, this is combined with an increased fear of failure and a weaker access to finance in comparison to the respective EU averages. Moreover, the riskreward balance offered in Cyprus appears rather limited, due to the small size of the country, the lack of highly specialized talent, and the sparsity of networks that connect local entrepreneurs and innovators with global finance and big markets. These factors can deter the up taking of high-risk or unconventional entrepreneurial activities. The GEM surveys for Cyprus of the last two years depict a country in transition from the financial crisis of 2012- 2013 into a future that is still uncertain. Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) seems weaker compared to last year (7.3% in 2017/2018, 12% in 2016/2017). Most of the TEA entrepreneurs in Cyprus are opportunity-driven rather than necessity-driven. However, there is still a notable gender gap between female and male TEA entrepreneurs as the ratio between females and males involved in TEA is 0.6. Most of TEA is recorded in Wholesale and Retail sectors (45.4%), whereas rapidly growing sectors with strong innovation potential in globalized marketplaces, like ICT, renewable energy and intelligent manufacturing, have a modest contribution to TEA. Also, entrepreneurs involved in TEA do not foresee substantial creation of new jobs (46.6% expect no new jobs). Few entrepreneurs consider that their TEA activity is internationally oriented (10%), whereas activity relevant to medium-tech or high-tech is very limited (4.9%). These can be a source of concern for the future of economic competitiveness and job creation in dynamic economic sectors. Beyond the impact of entrepreneurship on Cyprus' economic competitiveness and job creation, entrepreneurship can largely contribute to the altering of climate change and the protection of the environment. This year's guest section emphasizes on green entrepreneurship. Drawing on international best cleantech practices, it provides recommendations to assist Cyprus in becoming a regional Cleantech Innovation and Entrepreneurship Hub for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Cyprus' participation in GEM fosters the generation of data on the country's entrepreneurship status across time and allows the comparison with other countries. This year's GEM report analyzes the status of the entrepreneurship in Cyprus as it has evolved between 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 and compares it to corresponding European average values. It then outlines several policy making recommendations organized in respect to the following categories: Education, Government process, Financial support and Business Processes. We aspire that GEM 2017/2018 can be a practical and valuable tool for improving the status of entrepreneurship in Cyprus. ; Ministry of Energy Commerce Industry & Tourism ; Bank of Cyprus

The purpose of the work is to clarify the role and influence of the foreign language on the process of intercultural communication as the main component of students' self-determination in modern higher educational system of Ukraine; to determine by which factors the process of intercultural communication becomes more effective in interacting with representatives of different cultures. The research methodology consisted in the application of such research methods as study, analysis and generalization with the purpose of revealing the concept of intercultural communication as a factor in the formation of interethnic consent in all spheres of communication. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the description of the problem of mastering intercultural interaction. In this regard, the research proves that in our time as never before, foreign language and the process of its knowledge affect preferences in choosing vital important values. It helps students to dive into social, economic, political and cultural trends of modern globalized world. Modern student should be capable of recognizing valuable orientations.The problems of communication, value orientations formation, formation of linguistic culture elements have been extensively covered in the scientific literature, but despite this, the problem of intercultural communication as the main indicator of person's value formation in the process of international activity remains insufficiently studied. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that learning foreign language, at least one, allows not only deeper realize national identity of other countries and become familiar with theirs culture, habits, customs, but with a sufficiently high level of cultural competence provides an opportunity to participate in the dialogue of cultures. In these processes, a special role is played by intercultural communication that can not only become a means enhancing the overall competence of the individual, but also can significantly impact on the processes of its self-determination. Conclusions. It is proved that from self-determination in culture and through the help of cultures depend the relationship of the individual with other people, attitudes to own activities, awareness of own individuality therefore, the study of a foreign language determines not only the use of certain acquired skills and skills of communication, but also gives peculiarities of the host country's linguistic picture of the world, linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that determine communication. As a result of such activity new forms of cultural space are born, which hardly affect other people, but they play a key role in the process of interaction. ; Цель работы – выяснить роль и влияние иностранного языка на процесс интеркультурной коммуникации как основной составляющей самоопределения студентов в современной системе высшего образования Украины. Определить благодаря каким факторам процесс интеркультурной коммуникации становится более эффективным во взаимодействии с представителями разных культур. Методология исследования базируется на использовании таких методов исследования как изучение, анализ и обобщение с целью раскрытия понятия интеркультурной коммуникации как фактора к формированию межнационального согласия во всех сферах общения. Научная новизна заключается в описании проблемы освоения интеркультурного взаимодействия. В связи с этим, исследование доказывает, что в наше время как никогда, иностранный язык и процесс его познания влияет на предпочтения при выборе жизненно важных ценностей. Это помогает студентам ориентироваться и соблюдать социальные, экономические, политические и культурные тенденции современного мира. Модерновый студент должен быть способен расставлять и правильно детерминировать ценностные приоритеты и ориентиры. В научной литературе достаточно широко дифференцируются проблемы коммуникации, формирования ценностных ориентиров, формирование элементов языковой культуры, но несмотря на это, недостаточно изученной остается проблема интеркультурной коммуникации как основного показателя ценностного формирования личности в процессе международной деятельности. Именно поэтому, изучение иностранного языка, по крайней мере одного, позволяет не только глубже осознать национальную идентичность других стран и ознакомиться с их культурой, обычаями, привычками, но с достаточно высоким уровнем культурной компетенции, дает возможность участвовать в диалоге культур. В этих процессах особую роль играет интеркультурная коммуникация, которая может не только стать средством повышения общей компетенции личности, но также существенно влиять на процессы ее самоопределения. Выводы. Доказано, что от самоопределения в культуре и с помощью культур зависят отношения лица с другими людьми, отношение к собственной деятельности, осознание собственной индивидуальности, поэтому именно изучение иностранного языка обусловливает не только использование определенных приобретенных умений и навыков коммуникации, но предоставляет осведомленности об особенностях языковой картины мира страны пребывания, лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов, обусловливающих коммуникацию. В результате такой деятельности рождаются новые формы культурного пространства, которые практически не влияют на других людей, однако играют ключевую роль в процессе интеракции. ; Мета роботи – з'ясувати роль та вплив іноземної мови на процес інтеркультурної комунікації як основної складової самовизначення студентів у сучасній системі вищої освіти України. Визначити завдяки яким факторам процес інтеркультурної комунікації стає більш ефективним у взаємодії з представниками різних культур. Методологія дослідження базується на використанні таких методів дослідження як вивчення, аналіз та узагальнення з метою розкриття поняття інтеркультурної комунікації як чинника до формування міжнаціональної згоди у всіх сферах спілкування. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в описі проблеми опанування інтеркультурної взаємодії. У зв'язку з цим дослідження доводить, що в наш час іноземна мова та процес її пізнання впливає на переваги при виборі життєво важливих цінностей. Це допомагає студентам орієнтуватися та дотримуватися соціальних, економічних, політичних та культурних тенденцій сучасного світу. Модерновий студент має бути здатним розставляти та правильно детермінувати ціннісні пріорітети та орієнтири. У науковій літературі досить широко диференціюються проблеми комунікації, формування ціннісних орієнтирів, формування елементів мовної культури, але незважаючи на це, недостатньо вивченою залишається проблема інтеркультурної комунікації як основного показника ціннісного формування особистості в процесі міжнародної діяльності. Саме тому, вивчення іноземної мови, принаймні однієї, дозволяє не тільки глибше усвідомити національну ідентичність інших країн та ознайомитися з їх культурою, звичаями, звичками, але з досить високим рівнем культурної компетенції дає можливість брати участь у діалозі культур. У цих процесах особливу роль відіграє інтеркультурна комунікація, яка може не тільки стати засобом підвищення загальної компетенції особистості, але також суттєво впливати на процеси її самовизначення. Висновки. Доведено, що від самовизначення в культурі та за допомогою культур залежать відносини особи з іншими людьми, ставлення до власної діяльності, усвідомлення власної індивідуальності, тому саме вивчення іноземної мови обумовлює не лише використання певних набутих вмінь та навичок комунікації, але надає обізнаності щодо особливостей мовної картини світу країни перебування, лінгвістичних і екстралінгвістичних чинників, що обумовлюють комунікацію. У результаті такої діяльності народжуються нові форми культурного простору, які практично не впливають на інших людей, проте відіграють ключову роль у процесі інтеракції.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kemampuan dan inovasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja pegawai PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cabang Pontianak. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah kausal komparatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer berupa kuisioner dan wawancara serta data sekunder berupa data yang bersumber dari nasabah PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cabang Pontianak. Sampel menggunakan Sampling sensus. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 50 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama kemampuan dan inovasi berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja. Kedua kemampuan, inovasi dan kepuasan kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cabang Pontianak. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Allen, N. J. dan J. P. Meyer. Commitment in The Workplace Theory Research and Application. Sage Publications. Califotnia.1997. Ali, Mukti. Pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Badan Ketahanan Pangan Dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan Daerah Kota Samarinda. 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The thesis provides a complex analysis of the activity of NGOs of Poland in the context of its European integration. It was proven that the civil society activation was happening in conditions of transformation processes and democracy transit. The peculiarities of the work of non-governmental organizations during the change of the foreign policy vector were determined. The study systemizes the theoretical and methodological foundations of studying this field for they have an interdisciplinary foundation and are based on the theory of democracy, transitology, system approach, namely, the networks theory, and have the features of neoinstitutionalism. The political and legal basis for civil society organizations' functioning were analyzed and the system of documents which reflect the conditions and fundamental foundations of NGO functioning was determined.The paper looks at the long-term program of Polish legislation harmonization with the acquis communautaire, which includes the regulatory acts of the EU (regulations, directives, decisions, resolutions etc.), general principles of the EU law (rulings of the European Court, common strategies, actions and positions within the framework of the common foreign and security policy etc.). It was determined that Polish legislation reacted to the needs of the NGO sector and regulated their activity during 1989–2004. The political and legal component of NGO activities at the current stage depends on the governmental policy and is characterized by a number of laws, which contradict the independence of NGOs.The initial conditions of the European integration were studied. In historical retrospective, Poland had a long history of state building as well as the experience of functioning in a unity of states. These factors became the historical preconditions of accessing the European Union. Political preconditions reach to the times of activity of the "Solidarity" Independent Trade Union. The economic transformations at the end of the 1980-s led to the civil society activation and in 1990–1997 – to the change of public attitude to the EU and caused the increase of the social position of Poland.The stages of NGO formation, including the present-day stage, were generalized. The key classification types have been determined, the typology by the activity fields with the consideration of the Euro-integration vector of Poland have been actualized. The emphasis was made on the territorial and quantitative components of NGO functioning, the functioning peculiarities of the NGO development models (continental, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, corporate) and the characteristic model for Poland has been determined, the Eastern European model, for it has principal differences from the general European models.The thesis defined key pro-European organizations, which functioned in the context of European integration of Poland and facilitated the civil society formation in Poland as well as popularization of European ideas through the attraction of international funding. It was proved that the major financial support from the outside came from the following international organization: Polish-American-Ukrainian Cooperation, National Democracy Foundation, the Embassy of the United States of America and the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherland, the Bosch Foundation, Polish-American Freedom Foundation, the European Union, UKIE, MOTTA Foundation.The paper determines the peculiarities of the NGO functioning during the period of European integration that included the cooperation of the organizations with the governmental and the business structures, which was reflected in the development of the awareness-raising programs, development of the strategy and the program of implementation of the policy aimed at the civil society development.The analysis of the development of the public sector of Poland has been carried out with the help of such indexes as the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Index (CSO) and the Civil Society Index (CSI).It has been determined that during the period of Poland's full membership in the European Union, NGOs continue to develop within the European vector. At the current stage of their development, the NGOs in Poland are not only the receivers of resources from the EU funds, but also provide assistance in the issues of European integration. The greatest influence of Poland in the international cooperation is carried out through the Visegrad Fund, which was established in 2000 by the governments of the countries of the Visegrad group.It was found out that after Poland became a member of the European Union in 2004, its cooperation with the European funds has only strengthened and was aimed at the implementation of not only European, but also social projects in accordance with the adopted Programs of the European Union for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, which are characterized by a considerable increase of the financial inflow into the public sector of Poland. However, the current period of NGO activity is characterized by the decrease of the level of their independence and the establishment of state control over the organizations' activities. This was caused by the decrease of the external influence after Poland gained full membership. This tendency led to the decrease of democracy indexes, where one of the indicators is the state of civil society. The evidence of the negative processes in the civil society functioning structure are reflected in the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Indexes (CSO) in Poland in 2008–2017. ; Przeprowadzono kompleksową analizę działalności organizacji pozarządowych Polski w kontekście jej integracji europejskie. Udowodniono że aktywizacja społeczeństwa obywatelskiego się odbyła w warunkach procesów transformacyjnych oraz tranzytu demokracji pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Określono specyfikę działalności organizacji pozarządowych pod czas zmiany wektora polityki zewnętrznej. Systematyzowano teoretyko-metodologiczne podstawy tego kierunku. Podsumowano okresy tworzenia organizacji pozarządowych i określono kierunki działalności ze względu na eurointegracyjny sukces Polski. Wyjaśniono osobliwości funkcjonowania modeli rozwoju organizacji pozarządowych i wskazano na osobliwości modeli dla Polski, mającej zasadnicze różnice od ogólnoeuropejskich. Zrobione wnioski o zwrotnych procesach stanu demokracji w Polsce we współczesnych warunkach. ; Здійснено комплексний аналіз діяльності громадських організацій Польщі у контексті її європейської інтеграції. Доведено, що активізація громадянського суспільства відбувалась в умовах трансформаційних процесів та транзиту демократії під впливом зовнішніх чинників. Визначено специфіку діяльності громадських організацій під час зміни вектору зовнішньої політики. Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні основи дослідження цього напрямку. Узагальнено періоди формування громадських організацій та визначено основні сфери їх діяльності з урахуванням євроінтеграційного поступу Польщі. З'ясовано особливості функціонування моделей розвитку громадських організацій та визначено характерну модель для Польщі, що має принципові відмінності від загальноєвропейських. Зроблено висновок про реверсні процеси стану демократії Польщі за сучасних умов.

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about law enforcement by civil service police unit related to the change of building of complexes that have no building permit (Study In Pontianak City). The Civil Service Police Unit did not enforce the law against the owner of the building that changed the building without building permit in Pontianak City is the weak supervision of the existing development in the area of Pontianak city, which is influenced by several factors, namely community factors, some people of Pontianak still lack understanding the importance of knowledge of the rules of law, so that the Pontianak City government must be active in counseling-ucan effectively and efficiently. In order for the achievement of a literate society the applicable law provisions antinya can be less massive activities of society can reduce the things that conflict with the law. And Factor Culture / Habit, Culture is the norms that apply in society contains the rules that govern how should act, do, and determine the attitude for the individual if they relate to others. Community cultural norms basically contain rules on what to do and what actions are prohibited. The obstacles that caused the Civil Service Police Unit did not enforce the law against the owner of the building that changed the building without building permit in Pontianak City are as follows: Institution, Although there is an annual work program about the operational plan of guidance and enforcement of Local Regulation on the owner of the building changing buildings without building permit in Pontianak City, but in the implementation of local communities tend not to obey the rules. Human Resources: The public demand for speed of service by the apparatus, but the ability and technical skills of the operation of the building owner who changed the building without building permit in Pontianak City is not adequate. Network: Lack of cooperation with relevant agencies in the framework of enforcement of the Local Regulation on the owners of buildings that change the building without building permit in Pontianak City and the lack of regulations underlying the coordination of the Civil Service Police with other agencies. Environment that is not conducive yet: The supporting facilities and supporting infrastructure for the fostering of tranquility and order and enforcement of Regional Regulation on building owners who change the building without building permit in Pontianak city is still lacking. On the other hand there is a decrease in the level of public awareness and compliance with the prevailing regulations regarding the owners of buildings that change buildings without building permit in Pontianak City. The steps that should be done by the Civil Service Police Unit building in the complexes that change the building without permission to build a building in the city of Pontianak as the Doing Law Enforcement by the Civil Service Police Unit building in the complexes that change the building without permission to build a building in the City Pontianak, To socialize to the owners of buildings in complexes that change the building without building permit in Pontianak City. As well as efforts made by Satpol PP to overcome the violations that occurred ie the owners of buildings in the complexes that change the building without building permit in Pontianak City, Satpol PP only mongobrak-obrak perpetrators, and continue to patrol, so that such violations can be minimized. Keywords: Law Enforcement, Change, Building House, By, Satpol, Pamong Praja. ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang penegakan hukum oleh satuan polisi pamong praja terkait perubahan bangunan komplek-komplek yang tidak memiliki izin mendirikan bangunan (Studi Di Kota Pontianak). Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja tidak melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak ialah Lemahnya pengawasan terhadap pembangunan yang ada di wilayah kota Pontianak, yaitu di pengaruhui beberapa faktor yaitu faktor masyarakat, Sebagian masyarakat Kota Pontianak masih kurang memahami bagaimana pentingnya pengetahuan tentang peraturan-peraturan hukum, sehingga pemerintah Kota Pontianak harus giat dalam penyuluhan­penyuluhan dengan efektif dan efisien. Agar tercapainya suatu masyarakat yang melek akan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku yang antinya dapat sedikit besarnya aktivitas-aktifitas masyarakat dapat mengurangi hal-hal yang berbenturan dengan hukum. Dan Faktor Kebudayaan/ Kebiasaan, Kebudayaan merupakan norma-norma yang berlaku dalam masyarakat berisi aturan-aturan yang mengatur bagaimana seharusmya bertindak, berbuat, dan menentukan sikap bagi individu jika mereka berhubungan dengan orang lain. Norma-norma budaya masyarakat pada dasarnya berisi peraturan mengenai apa yang harus dilakukan dan perbuatan mana yang dilarang. Kendala-kendala yang menyebabkan Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja tidak melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak adalah sebagai berikut : Kelembagaan, Meskipun sudah ada program kerja tahunan tentang rencana operasional pembinaan dan penegakan Peraturan Daerah terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak, namun pada pelaksanaan masyarakat di daerah cenderung tidak taat pada peraturan yang berlaku. Sumber Daya Manusia : Adanya tuntutan masyarakat terhadap kecepatan pelayanan oleh aparat, namun kemampuan dan keterampilan teknis operasi terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak kurang memadai. Jaringan Kerja : Kurangnya kerjasama dengan instansi terkait dalam rangka penegakan Peraturan Daerah terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak dan kurangnya peraturan yang mendasari tentang koordinasi Polisi Pamong Praja dengan instansi lainnya. Lingkungan yang belum kondusif : Saranan dan prasarana pendukung teknis operasional pembinaan ketenteraman dan ketertiban serta penegakan Peraturan Daerah terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak masih kurang. Di sisi lain terjadi penurunan tingkat kesadaran dan ketaatan masyarakat terhadap peraturan yang berlaku mengenai terhadap pemilik bangunan yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak. Langkah-langkah yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja bangunan di komplek-komplek yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak sebagai yaitu Melakukan Penegakan Hukum oleh Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja bangunan di komplek-komplek yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak, Melakukan sosialisasi kepada para pemilik bangunan di komplek-komplek yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak. Serta Upaya yang dilakukan oleh Satpol PP untuk mengatasipelanggaran yang terjadi yaitu pemilik bangunan di komplek-komplek yang merubah bangunan tanpa izin mendirikan bangunan di Kota Pontianak, Satpol PP hanya mongobrak-obrak para pelaku, dan terus berpatroli, sehingga pelanggaran yang demikian itu dapat diminimalisir. Kata Kunci: Penegakan Hukum, Perubahan, Bangunan Rumah, Oleh, Satpol,PamongPraja.

Introduction. Poetic discourse refers to the lingual continuum, which clearly explicates the language style of the author, and grammaticalizes intellectual-spiritual world of an individual, that, in fact, determines the relevance of our study. In poetic discourse, which is characterized by rhythmical-prosodic organization, specific lexical content, the presence of figurative-rhetorical constructions and implementation of a number of intentions, among which are cognitive mental intentions with regard to the more complex phenomena of human existence, to conceptosphere of an individual, his/her intellect and psyche and which are most clearly embodied in the poetic discourse of V. Stus, a Ukrainian writer, translator, and literary critic. Extralinguistic factors of the writer's language style influenced his creative activity filling it with awareness of inner freedom, a willingness to fight for the better future for Ukraine. Purpose ‒ to determine the communicative-intentional potential of the binary opposition ?assertion / objection' in the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus, to characterize means of verbalizing intentions of assertion and intentions of objection, to outline the functionality of the affirmative and negative statements in poetic communication as a relevant continuum of the author's attitudes verbalization. Methods. To define the communicative content of the intentions of assertion and objection, the following methods are used in the article to find out the peculiarities of their verbalization in the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus: descriptive method with cross-checking and systematization; contextual-interpretive method - for the identification of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of poetic communication, structural method - for analyzing the means of verbalizing communicative intentions against the background of predicative semantics; transformational analysis is used to express the functional potential of different utterances (incomplete elliptic, nominative, genitival, antiphrasis) as the main representatives of the author's intentions.Results. Intentions of assertion and intentions of objection form the essential manifestations of the category of communicative intentions:guided by of his/her knowledge and communicative competence, the subject of communication develops speech activity aimed at acknowledging certain facts or their denial. Intentional binary opposition ?assertion/ objection' under the influence of verse architectonic acquires emotional-expressive overtones while transmissing the content, implementating a particular thought, creating the aesthetics of what is being conveyed. It is relevant both to cognitive-mental base of the speaker and to the language representation of the speech intentions and plays an important role in the process of learning about the world, in interpreting and structuring empirical knowledge and in conveying the speaker's interior. In the poetic discourse of V. Stus assertive intention is implemented through narrative statements, differentiated according to the expression of predicativeness into one-member and two-member groups, which explicate predicates of action, process, state, quality, locative predicates and predicates of quantity as a major area in the predicative-positional structure of a sentence and verbalize intentions of assertion. The intention of assertion is implemented through on-member nominative utterances that are figurative and rhetorical, syntax structures and ascertain the objective reality, existence of man, convey the dynamics of impressions and thoughts, that allow to concisely describe everything in sight, to fix the contours of the surrounding objects, to emphasize a temporal or locative characteristics. Intentions of objection reflect the speaker's desire to object to a particular phenomenon or a fact of life, to convey contradictory views, to express disagreement and protest against the oppressive moral and political atmosphere of society.The typical syntactic means of verbalizing intentions of objection include a variety of modal-intentional utterances with the negative particle as the main marker of negation; non-parcelled communicative units; one-member impersonal sentences, quasidialogues with an imaginary addressee, autocommunication that defines the semantics of misunderstanding, doubt, hesitation. Originality. For the first time terminological apparatus relating to the notion intentional opposition ?assertion/ objection' is introduced, the means of its explication in the poetic discourse of V. Stus are characterized. It is indicated that binary opposition ?assertion/ objection' implements a wide range of the author's intentions (to stimulate thinking, to show the unfathomable philosophy of human existence, which manifests itself in the polarity of good and evil, black and white, good and bad, light and dark, material and divine) and determinates the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus. With the help of well-matched research methodology it was found that verbalization of intentions of assertion/ objection in the poetic discourse of V. Stus is a specific way of perceiving and understanding the social epoch in which the writer lived and worked, the act of assertion of truths, declaration of non-compliance, denial and rejection of everything that prevented Vasyl Stus, him, the great intellectual and patriot, from creating the better future for Ukraine. Conclusion. In the poetic discourse of V. Stus intentions of assertion and intentions of objection that reflect a universal way of learning about the world, transmit an individual perception of certain realities of life, ascertain some facts or deny them, stress out the inconsistency and dialogueness of thoughts, mould the intentional opposition of contrasted notions. Intentional range of the binary opposition ?assertion / objection' is verbalized through modal-intentional statements (affirmative and negative) with different types of predicates, one-member nominal constructions (nominative, genitival, quantitative-genitival), impersonal sentences, incomplete elliptic communivative units etc., a detailed study of which in close liason with extrainguinal parameters of communication, with regard to certain discursive manifestations of the Ukrainian language shapes the subject of our subsequent scientific studies. ; У статті проаналізовано змістовий обшир інтенцій ствердження та інтенцій заперечення, які відображають універсальний спосіб пізнання світу й особистісне сприйняття життєвих реалій, стверджують інформацію або заперечують її, вказують на суперечливість та діалогічність думок. На багатому ілюстративному матеріалі, дібраному з поетичних текстів Василя Стуса, схарактеризовано засоби вербалізації інтенційної опозиції ствердження / заперечення, визначено низку синтаксичних конструкцій (стверджувальних і заперечних модально-інтенційних висловлень з різними типами предикатів, односкладних конструкцій іменного типу (номінативних, ґенітивних, квантитативно-ґенітивних), безособових, неповних еліптичних комунікатів та ін.), які увиразнюють контраст людського буття, передають найтонші порухи душі, психоемоційний стан людини, виокремлюють життєві пріоритети, посилюють експресію, іронію й естетику поетичного дискурсу. За допомогою вдало підібраної методології дослідження з'ясовано, що вербалізація інтенцій ствердження / заперечення в поетичному дискурсі В. Стуса ‒ особливий спосіб сприйняття та осмислення тієї суспільної доби, у якій жив і творив письменник, акт ствердження життєвих істин і непокори, непогодженості, заперечення і відкидання того, що заважало йому, великому інтелектуалу і патріотові, творити світлу будучність України.

Purpose. The paper studies the problem of death penalty justifiableness in terms of democratic society from the metaphysical viewpoint. Philosophical argumentation to justify death penalty is proposed as opposed to the common idea of inhuman and uncivilized nature of court practice of sentencing to death. The essence of the study is not to rehabilitate law-based murder but to explain dialectic relation of the degrees of moral responsibility of criminals and society nourishing evildoers. The author believes that refusal from death penalty under the pretence of rule of humanism is just a liberal façade, plausible excuse for defective moral state of the society which, rejecting its own guiltiness share as for current disregards of the law, does not grow but downgrades proper human dignity. Methodology. The author applies an approach of dialectic reflection being guided by the perception of unity, relativeness and complementarity of evil and good striving to determine efficient way of resolving their contradictions in the context of moral progress of the society. Originality. Proposing philosophic approach to a death penalty problem instead of legal one, the author is not going to discuss the role of horrification, control or cruelty of the measure of restraint; moreover, he does not consider the issue of its efficiency or inefficiency. The author also does not concern vexation of mind of a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment for "humanitarian" reasons. The purpose of the author is to demonstrate that aim of the punishment is to achieve justice which becomes spiritual challenge and moral recompense not only for the criminal but for the whole society. Conclusions. Crime is first of all a problem of a society; thus, criminal behaviour of certain individuals should only be considered through a prism of moral state of the whole community. Attitude to a death penalty is the problem of spirituality and its dramatic sophistication. The author thinks that moral standards exclude any sentimental interpretation of humanism and mercy. Humanism is the imperative requiring both personal and social responsibility for the things humiliated in a victim and human dignity downtrodden in a criminal. Law-breaker cannot be liquidated without judicial safeguards as a dangerous animal. Severe punishment of the society adequately compensates a murderer his/her human dignity. As the society is guilty partially in the existing criminality, it accepts the fact of cruel punishment applied to redress an injustice. ; Цель. Исследовать вопрос о допустимости смертной казни в демократическом обществе с метафизической точки зрения. В противоположность убеждению о негуманном и варварском характере судебной практики приговоренных к смерти предложить философскую аргументацию за смертный приговор. Смысл данного исследования не в реабилитации убийства на базе вроде бы устаревшего права, а в раскрытии внутренней диалектической взаимосвязи степени моральной ответственности преступников и общества, что порождает преступников. Автор настаивает, что отказ от смертной казни под прикрытием торжества гуманности – лишь либеральная видимость, благовидное прикрытие недостатков нравственного состояния общества, которое, отказываясь от своей части ответственности за существующие беззаконие, не возрастает, а, наоборот, уменьшается в человеческом достоинстве. Методология. Автор использует метод диалектической рефлексии, осознавая единство, относительность и дополнительность добра и зла и стремится определить продуктивный путь решения противоречий между ними в нравственном развитии общества. Научная новизна. Предлагая философский подход к проблеме допустимости смертной казни, автор не прибегает к обсуждению роли устрашения, сдерживания или жестокости этой меры наказания, а также не рассматривает вопрос о ее эффективности, или наоборот. Автор не касается темы душевных страданий преступников, что обречены на пожизненное лишение свободы с учетом «гуманных» соображений. Задача автора показать, что цель наказания – достижение справедливости, которая становится нравственным испытанием не только для преступников, но и для всего общества. Выводы. Преступность – это в первую очередь общественная проблема и только через призму духовного состояния общественного целого следует рассматривать уголовное поведение отдельный индивидов. Отношение к смертной казни – это вопрос духовности и ее драматического осложнения. Требование нравственности, к убеждению автора, включает сентиментальное толкование человечности и милосердия. Гуманность – это императив, который требует личной и общественной ответственности за приниженное в жертве и отброшенное в преступнике человеческое достоинство. Преступник не уничтожается как опасное животное без суда и следствия. В суровом наказании общество по адекватной цене возвращает убийце человеческое достоинство. С другой стороны, общество смиряется с суровой расплатой, к которой оно вынуждено прибегать, осуществляя справедливость, поскольку оно само несет долю вины в существующей преступности. ; Мета. Дослідити питання про припустимість смертної кари у демократичному суспільстві з метафізичної точки зору. На противагу переконанню про негуманний і варварський характер судової практики засудження на смерть запропонувати філософську аргументацію за смертний вирок. Сенс даного дослідження не у реабілітації вбивства на базі ні би то застарілого права, а в розкритті внутрішнього діалектичного взаємозв'язку ступенів моральної відповідальності злочинців і суспільства, що породжує злодіїв. Автор наполягає, що відмова від смертної кари під привидом торжества гуманності – лише ліберальна видимість, благовидне прикриття недоліків морального стану суспільства яке, відмовляючись від своєї частки відповідальності за існуючи беззаконня, не зростає, а навпаки принижується у людської гідності. Методологія. Автор використовує метод діалектичної рефлексії, усвідомлюючи єдність, відносність і додатковість добра і зла і прагне визначити продуктивний шлях вирішення суперечності між ними у моральному розвитку суспільства. Наукова новизна. Пропонуючи філософський підхід до проблеми припустимості смертної кари, автор не вдається до обговорення ролі страхання, стримування чи жорстокості цієї міри покарання, а також не розглядає питання про її ефективність, чи навпаки. Автор не торкається теми душевних страждань злодіїв, що приречені на довічне позбавлення волі з урахування «гуманних» міркувань. Завдання автора показати, що ціль покарання – досягнення справедливості, яка стає моральним випробуванням не тільки для злочинців, але і для всього суспільства. Висновки. Злочинність – це насамперед суспільна проблема і тільки крізь призму духовного стану суспільного цілого слід розглядати кримінальну поведінку окремих індивідів. Ставлення до смертної кари це питання духовності та її драматичного ускладнення. Вимога моральності, за переконанням автора, виключає сентиментальне тлумачення людяності і милосердя. Гуманність це імператив, що вимагає особистої і суспільної відповідальності за принижену у жертві і відкинуту у злодії людську гідність. Злодій не знищується як небезпечна тварина без суду і слідства. У суворому покаранні суспільство за адекватною ціною повертає вбивці людську гідність. З іншого боку суспільство примиряється з брутальною розплатою, до якої воно змушено удаватися, здійснюючи справедливість, оскільки воно само має частку вини у існуючої злочинності.

Actuality of work. Student age has the most favourable conditions for psychological, biological and social development; however, there are reasons why such natural advantages over other social groups can be completely or partially levelled. One of them is the presence of conflicts in the life of a student, a special group, among which there are women. The causes of the emergence of gender conflicts in individual social groups and the strategies for their solution have not been sufficiently explored and require further study and, therefore, are relevant. Purpose of the article is to investigate the causes of gender conflicts among students as a separate social group and to develop measures to address them and prevent them. Methodology. The research conducted in the work is based on the analysis and generalization of the causes of the emergence of gender conflicts among students, the identification of the main sources of information that form the consciousness of children and adolescents, and also influence their attitude to gender equality. Originality. The nature of gender conflicts has been quite effectively studied for a long time. However, the scope of research is limited to the most numerous social groups, such as the family, labour collective, political and public organizations, etc. Being a dynamic and socio-demographic formation, the students perform an important function in society – it takes a direct part in the transformation of all spheres of the life activity of the society. Based on the study of the objective conditions of the social environment with certain models of socialization that form the consciousness of students from early childhood, a three-component system of influence was first proposed, which is aimed at overcoming gender inequality and preventing gender conflicts among students. At the same time, the interaction of the components of the system will allow to minimize the gender inequality index in our country. Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the authors came to the conclusion that any part of their life activity can become the sphere of occurrence of gender conflicts of students: from the choice of the direction of vocational training and the educational process to the arrangement of living conditions. The main cause of gender conflicts among students is gender inequality, which is formed in their minds. While in our society there are gender stereotypes that influence the formation of the consciousness of people from childhood and are promoted by all available sources of information, such a phenomenon as gender inequality cannot be considered overcome. ; Актуальность работы. Студенческому возрасту присущи наиболее благоприятные условия для психологического, биологического и социального развития, однако, существуют причины, по которым такие естественные преимущества над другими социальными группами могут быть полностью или частично нивелированы. Одной из них является наличие в жизнедеятельности студента конфликтов, особую группу, среди которых, составляют женщины. Причины возникновения гендерных конфликтов в отдельных социальных группах и стратегии их решения недостаточно исследованы и требуют дальнейшего изучения и, поэтому являются актуальными. Целью статьи является исследование причин возникновения гендерных конфликтов студентов, как отдельной социальной группы, и разработка мероприятий по их решению и предупреждению. Методология. Исследования, проведенные в работе, основываются на анализе и обобщении причин возникновения гендерных конфликтов студентов, определении основных источников информации, которые формируют сознание детей и подростков, а также влияют на их отношение к гендерному равенству. Научная новизна. Природа гендерных конфликтов достаточно эффективно исследуется в течение длительного времени. Однако, сфера исследований ограничена наиболее многочисленными социальными группами, такими как семья, трудовой коллектив, политические и общественные организации, и т.п. Будучи динамичным и социально-демографическим формированием, студенчество выполняет в обществе важную функцию – принимает непосредственное участие в преобразовании всех сфер жизнедеятельности социума. На основе проведенного исследования объективных условий социальной среды с определенными моделями социализации, которые формируют сознание студентов с раннего детства впервые предложено трехкомпонентную систему воздействия, которая направлена на преодоление гендерного неравенства и предупреждения гендерных конфликтов студентов. При этом, взаимодействие компонентов системы позволит минимизировать индекс гендерного неравенства в нашей стране. Выводы. На основе проведенного исследования, авторы пришли к выводу, что сферой возникновения гендерных конфликтов студентов может стать любая часть их жизнедеятельности: от избрания направления профессиональной подготовки и учебного процесса к обустройству бытовых условий. Основной причиной гендерных конфликтов студентов является гендерное неравенство, формирующееся в их сознании. Пока в нашем обществе существуют гендерные стереотипы, влияющие на формирование сознания людей с детства, и пропагандируются всеми доступными источниками информации, такое явление, как гендерное неравенство, нельзя считать преодоленным. ; Актуальність роботи. Студентському віку притаманні найбільш сприятливі умови для психологічного, біологічного і соціального розвитку, проте, існують причини, з яких такі природні переваги над іншими соціальними групами можуть бути повністю або частково знівельовані. Однією з них є наявність у життєдіяльності студента конфліктів, особливу групу, серед яких, складають гендерні. Причини виникнення гендерних конфліктів в окремих соціальних групах та стратегії їх вирішення є недостатньо дослідженими та потребують подальшого вивчення і, тому є актуальними. Метою статті є дослідження причин виникнення гендерних конфліктів студентів, як окремої соціальної групи, та розробка заходів із їх вирішення і попередження. Методологія. Дослідження, проведені в роботі ґрунтуються на аналізі та узагальненні причин виникнення гендерних конфліктів студентів, визначені основних джерел інформації, що формують свідомість дітей та підлітків, а також впливають на їх відношення до гендерної рівності. Наукова новизна. Природа гендерних конфліктів достатньо ефективно досліджується протягом тривалого часу. Проте, сфера досліджень обмежена найбільш чисельними соціальними групами, такими як сім'я, трудовий колектив, політичні та громадські організації, тощо. Будучи динамічним і соціально-демографічним формуванням, студентство виконує в суспільстві важливу функцію – приймає безпосередню участь у перетворенні всіх сфер життєдіяльності соціуму. На основі проведеного дослідження об'єктивних умов соціального середовища з певними моделями соціалізації, які формують свідомість студентів з раннього дитинства вперше запропоновано трьохкомпонентну систему впливу, яка направлена на подолання гендерної нерівності та попередження гендерних конфліктів студентів. При цьому, взаємодія компонентів системи дозволить мінімізувати індекс гендерної нерівності нашої країни. Висновки. На основі проведеного дослідження, автори дійшли висновку, що сферою виникнення гендерних конфліктів студентів може стати будь-яка частина їх життєдіяльності: від обрання напряму професійної підготовки та навчального процесу до облаштування побутових умов. Основною причиною гендерних конфліктів студентів є гендерна нерівність, що формується у їх свідомості. Допоки в нашому суспільстві існують гендерні стереотипи, що вливають на формування свідомості людей з дитинства, та пропагуються усіма доступними джерелами інформації, таке явище, як гендерна нерівність, не можна вважати подоланим.

Raširenost vladajućih normi u društvu u kontekstu rata, okupacije, anarhije i preuzimanja vlasti od strane kriminalnih snaga uništava stare, ali postavlja nove norme, koje takođe mogu biti odbačene. Anomija se može opisati kao nukleus društva, kao vrsta "pulsirajuće moralne destrukcije" koju niko ne kontroliše, ali koja paradoksalno proizvodi socijalni red. Anomija se ne rađa iz ništavila, iz praznine; ona je produkt interaktivne dinamike koja nastaje kada se pojedinci udruže, djelujući kao pogonsko gorivo koje potiče pojedince da se sretnu. Émile Durkheim se fokusira na to kako međuljudska interakcija stvara promjene u društvu, pri čemu često pokazuje različite patološke karakteristike koje dovode do frustracije i konflikta. Individualna potraga za sopstvenim oslobađanjem od zajednice dovodi do gubitka osjećaja pripadnosti, a time i otuđenja. Kada se stare društvene mreže pokidaju, postaje nemoguće održati stare norme i vrijednosti. Pojedinac više nije ograničen moralnim načelima i autoritetom. Umjesto toga, može da razvije obrazac po kojem konstantno prevazilazi sve granice jer se kolaps prijašnje socijalne kontrole poklapa sa razvojem sistema koji zahtijeva konstantan porast individualnih potreba. Produkt takve interakcije je stanje društva u kojem postoji nesigurnost po pitanju vrijednosti, ciljeva i normi. Durkheim ovakvo stanje naziva "anomijom". Durkheim analizira devijacije normi (kao i individualni i društveni odgovor/reakciju na devijacije normi, kao što je kazna) kao sastavni dio problema solidarnosti i socijalne kohezije. Moralni red u društvu prema Durkheimu ima fundamentalnu vrijednost zato što su pojedinci integrisani u zajednicu koja ih kontroliše. Durkheim vidi integraciju kao način da se pojedinac veže za zajednicu kroz zajednički stav, solidarnost i rituale. On vidi kontrolu kao silu koja opčinjava i veže pojedinca za norme kroz pravni sistem, zakone i sankcije. Durkheim definiše odstupanje od norme kao čin koji vrijeđa jaku i jasnu kolektivnu svijest. Zbog toga su djela antisocijalna ako krše norme i vrijednosti koje su inače važan segment društvenog jedinstva. Rad obavještajnih i operativnih policijskih i graničnih snaga u oblasti Baltičkog mora (Švedskoj, Finskoj, Estoniji, Litvaniji i Letoniji) karakterističan je po ritualima konstantnog stvaranja normi od samog početka dana: od jutarnje kafe i prve razmjene informacija sa obavještajnom službom do operativnih radnji kao što su nadzor ili kontrola pojedinaca ili automobila. Ove interakcije se odlikuju jakom željom da se očuva postojeći društveni red. Što se tiče prijetnje postojećim normama postoje i normativni rituali. Na primjer, u ovakvim interakcijama, konstruišu se "Rusi koji odbacuju norme", oni nisu fizički prisutni u određenoj situaciji, ali su važni u tim vezama kao neki nevidljivi sveti objekti. Stvaranje kategorije "Rus koji odbacuje norme" u kojoj su Rusija/Rusi iskorišteni za dramatizaciju "drugih" je vidljivo u empirijskom materijalu kada akteri u studiji opisuju (1) Ruse kriminalce, (2) ruske špijune i (3) ruskuvojnu okupaciju. ; Resolution of the prevailing norms in a society in the context of war, occupation, anarchy,and takeover by criminal forces dispels the old norms but also sets new norms, which in turn can bequickly dispelled. Anomie can be understood as the core of society, as a kind of "pulsating moral destructiveness" that no one really can control but that paradoxically produces social order. Anomie does not arise from nothing, from the void; it is the product of the interactive dynamics that arise when individuals come together, acting as a propellant to lead individuals to meet. Émile Durkheim's attention goes to how interpersonal interaction is creating changes in society, often showing thevarious pathological features that can lead to frustration and conflict. The individual's quest toliberate himself from the collective as a result has a rootlessness and isolation. When the old network dissolves, it becomes impossible to maintain the old norms and values. The individual is no longer limited by the rules of morality and authority. Instead, the individual may develop a pattern of constantly exceeding all limits because the collapse of the former social control coincides with the development of the system that requires constant growth of individual needs. The product of such interactions is a state of society where there is uncertainty about the values, goals, and norms. Durkheim refers to this state as "anomie". Durkheim analyzes deviation from the norm (as well as individual and societal response/reaction to the norm deviation, such as punishment) as an integral part of the issue of solidarity and social cohesion. The moral order in a society has a fundamental value according to Durkheim because individuals are both integrated with and controlled by the community. Durkheim saw integration as a way to tie the individual to the community through shared attitude, solidarity, and rituals. He saw control as a compelling force that binds the individual to the norms through the judicial system, laws, and sanctions. Durkheim defines a deviation from the normas an act that offends a strong and definite collective consciousness. Thus, the acts are antisocial inthat they violate norms and values that are important to the social unity. The work of intelligence and operational police and border guards in the Baltic Sea area (Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia) is characterized by the norm-creating and re-creating rituals from the first moments of theday: from the morning coffee and the first information exchange with an intelligence partner to operational actions in the form of surveillance or control of individuals and/or cars. These interactions are characterized by a strong desire to preserve the prevailing social order. In relation tothe threat to the prevailing norms, there also are normative rituals. For example, in these interactions,"norm-dissolving Russians" are constructed who are not physically present in the situation but whoare important in the relationship as invisible sacred objects. The making of the category "norm-dissolving Russian" in which Russia/Russians are used to dramatize the "other" is made visible in the empirical material when actors in the study describe (1) criminal Russians, (2) Russian espionage, and (3) Russian military invasion. ; II International Scientific Conference. "Social Deviations", Centar modernih znanja, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (20171013-20171014). "Društvo i anomija. Sociološka analiza obavještajnog i operativnog policijskog rada i rada granične službe u oblasti Baltičkog mora" (Society and anomie. Sociological analysis of intelligence and operational police and border guard work in the Baltic Sea area). (Plenary session).

Due to the strong spread of modern scientific technology to all areas of human life, especially the arts, requires active research and understanding of the impact factor of historical time in the creative process. At this stage, despite the large number of scientific papers dealing separately as creative problem and the problem of historical time, we can say that the interaction of these two categories , which directly affects the outlook of the artist and artistic product formation remains open and is practically research.The urgency of the matter but it is quite obvious, because the creative process and influences social reality and political situation of a certain historical period. Thus the study of the interaction of historical time and the creative process, and the first direct impact on the final result of the latter is the most burning questions of our time. Defining the relationship aspect of the creative process and the historical time open up new possibilities for the analysis of the current state of culture, study its interaction with social reality.The article focuses on the interaction of historical time and the creative process, as one of the most pressing issues of contemporary. Namely, the problem of determining the creative process of historical time, in connection with its impact on development and a culture.The article presents a number of scientific studies that deals with the topic of organic interaction of the categories "historical time" and "creative process". It primarily works in which creativity is seen as a phenomenon that, in turn, is influenced by the historical reality (L. Steklovа, K. Shurtakov).Emphasized, that many modern scientific research devoted to the topic of creative interdisciplinary perspective.The question of influence public consciousness on the creative process is concerned in the work of Y. Andreev, M. Ashmanis, V. Baranov, F. Girenok, V. Eliseev, N. Frantsuzova. Aesthetic aspect of creativity is seen in studies of M. Arnaudov, P. Valery, H.-G. Gadamer, R. Ingarden, E. Cassirer, Jose Ortega y Gasset, J. Sartre, V. Bychkov Y. Borev, S. Wyman, M. Kagan, A. Losev, M. Epshteyn, O. Benyuk, A. Bychko, T. Gumenuk, N. Zhukova, T. Krivosheya, L. Levchuk, O. Onishchenko, Y. Petrov, A. Polishchuk, M. Severinova.Noted that the current interest issues due to the creative process, from one side, the growth of innovative components in human activities, development of scientific and technical progress and aspiration to control education and development of creative personalities. On the other hand, the desire of studying personality by finding the secrets of creative activity, as one of its fundamental manifestations.The special value in the context of the examined question is presented for us by work of E. Fromm "The Creative Attitude, in Creativity and Its Cultivation", in which talked that the most important criterion of creation are descriptions and processes which activate creative activity and productivity of creative process. And it is not only the internal subconscious processes of personality, but also a lot of external factors that affect the creative process. Artistic work always contains the lines of personality of his creator, which not only cognizes, looks after and experiences the most various vital phenomena but also is their direct participant.Separately the known theories of the stages of creative process, which are an important constituent in forming of creative project and directly depend on many external factors, are examined in the article.The special attention within the framework of our article is devoted the advanced study of the modern Ukrainian researcher S. Kurbatov "Historical time as a determinant of the creative process", which is the first substantial step on a way to the awareness of this question.Universality of the aesthetic going near reality, Ukrainian scientist, his indifference to the utilitarian parameters of life allows to get around determination of essence of co-operation of historical time and creative process.Summing up the results of his research, S. Kurbatov says that the movement of history is somewhat reminiscent of a kaleidoscope, which again and again, changing the configuration of the pattern of human culture. It is this dynamic cultural life mankind can be secured with such fundamental philosophical and aesthetic categories as "historical time" and "creative process", concepts that embody the non-randomness, and even fatality historical movement.According to S. Kurbatov, every cultural phenomenon is the result of the creative process in a particular historical space aі harmonic or disharmonic in this space. The process of harmonization of life is carried out due to a creative process. As in a theology paradigm a creative act is preceded the world and man, a creative process is preceded a culture, determining the state of the last. If to examine history as permanent creative process, exactly in him and due to him harmonization of life is carried out.In the final section of the article summarized the research identified ways to further possible solutions to the problem.Of course, the final result or product of creative activity in every different kind of creativity, but the psychological aspects of the creative intention of committing one, and be sure to include: the creator or the subject of creativity, the presence of intrinsic qualities – skill, knowledge, experience, creative skills, and external factors that directly affect the creative process and the end result of creative activity – socio-historical events, certain conditions or circumstances.Further more in-depth study of the creative process of determination of historical time will open up new horizons in the study of world culture pages. ; Статья посвящена вопросу взаимодействия исторического времени и творческого процесса как одной из актуальнейших тем современности. В работе анализируются существующие научные теории, касающиеся проблемы соотношения исторического времени и творческого процесса. Автор акцентирует внимание на том, что формирование творческого процесса находится во взаимодействии с окружающей реальностью и в непосредственной зависимости от нее. Доказывается актуальность исследования на современной этапе проблемы детерминации историческим временем творческого процесса, его непосредственного влияния на формирование, становление и развитие культуры. ; Стаття присвячена питанню взаємодії історичного часу та творчого процесу як однієї з найактуальніших тем сучасності. В роботі аналізуються наукові теорії щодо співвідношення історичного часу та творчого процесу. Автор наголошує на тому, що формування творчого процессу знаходиться у взаємодії з навколишньою реальністю і безпосередній залежності від неї. Доводиться актуальність дослідження на сучасному етапі проблеми детермінації історичним часом творчого процесу, його безпосереднього впливу на формування, становлення та розвиток культури.