Suchergebnisse

Social smiles of 10 visually impaired infants, ages 4 to 12 months, were examined longitudinally in play interactions with their mothers. Characteristics examined included the cognitive skills of the infants when the social smile was first seen, the parental behaviors that elicited and followed social smiles, and the frequency of social smiles in play interactions across the first year of life. All infants demonstrated both the presence of social smiles and the second Piagetian stage of cognitive development at the start of the study. Social smiling appeared to increase in frequency from 6 to 12 months except for a drop at 8 months. Smiles occurred in response to social and environmental events and were consistently followed by another parental social behavior.

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva debater os impactos e os desafios postos ao Serviço Social em face das transformações societárias no capitalismo contemporâneo que têm se refletido em todos os aspectos da vida social. A análise deste trabalho fundamenta-se na pesquisa bibliográfica através de revisão de literatura das obras de Paulo Netto, Guerra, Iamamoto e Souza. A partir das análises, evidencia-se que a crise do capital gera transformações, as quais têm demandado alterações societárias de todas as ordens e dimensões da vida social, de que não se têm esquivado as profissões, sobremodo o Serviço Social. A profissão se insere no processo de precarização tanto na formação como no exercício profissional, através de vínculos flexíveis, instáveis e, muitas vezes, destituídos de direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários. Constatam-se os ataques às políticas sociais, com a mercantilização, a seletividade e a focalização destas, bem como a reposição de práticas e teorias conservadoras, que têm achado terreno fértil à sua disseminação.

Although linked historically by Rowan et al., the scientific study of animal sentience and political campaigns to improve animal welfare should be kept separate, for at least two reasons. First, the separation makes it clear that standards of evidence acceptable for ethical or political decisions on animal welfare can be lower than those required for a rigorously scientific approach to animal sentience. Second, it helps to avoid confirmatory bias in the form of giving undue weight to results that are in line with pre-conceived ideas and political views.

Although linked historically by Rowan et al., the scientific study of animal sentience and political campaigns to improve animal welfare should be kept separate, for at least two reasons. First, the separation makes it clear that standards of evidence acceptable for ethical or political decisions on animal welfare can be lower than those required for a rigorously scientific approach to animal sentience. Second, it helps to avoid confirmatory bias in the form of giving undue weight to results that are in line with pre-conceived ideas and political views.

Making money versus making goods, as Aristotle pointed out, constitutes the basic social audit of economic in stitutions and practices. Current discussions of tariffs, of in flation, of stock-market or land speculation, of subsidies and tax loopholes, of resource conservation, of the activities of regulatory commissions, of stock pile and military spending, of advertising, monopoly, and featherbedding, and of price and wage increases abound in round-robin recriminations about "ir responsible and unjustifiable action," "unearned income," "in jury to public welfare," "something for nothing," "too much for too little," "waste," and so on. Can the social perform ance of business be identified, estimated, measured? How? With what limitations? Four major currents of thought muddy public discussion. Some maintain that "business is business." Profits per se measure social performance. Others rely heavily on classical competitive equilibrium processes or other versions of the "invisible hand." A third group—rig orously mathematical exponents of the new welfare economics —are pessimistic about even the possibility of finding a useful social-welfare function. An emerging fourth group affirms the principle of social responsibility of business, some in frankly prescriptive value terms, other in what they convince them selves are scientifically determinable and operable, though im precise and variable, zones or paths for creative voluntarism.

Purpose
This paper aims to identify and categorise the values expressed in women-led social entrepreneurship based on a typology of universal values. It explores the influence of gender and religious faith on the values that inspire social entrepreneurial organisations to engage in positive social change.


Design/methodology/approach
Inductive multiple case study research investigates the values manifest in five social entrepreneurial organisations founded and led by women in three Southeast Asian countries.


Findings
Organisations and their women-leaders express values related to benevolence, universalism, self-direction and security. Gender and religious faith are found to be mediators that influence approaches to social transformation.


Research limitations/implications
Purposive sampling and interpretive research design favour rich description but limit the generalisability of the findings. Further enquiry is needed into the gender-values-religion nexus in social entrepreneurship.


Practical implications
Social entrepreneurship is shown to be a process embedded in and motivated by prosocial values of benevolence and social justice and other values of self-direction and security. Findings provide evidence for the critical but often overlooked influence of gender and religious faith on the values foundation of social entrepreneurship.


Social implications
Social entrepreneurial organisations led by women contribute to positive social change through the values they incorporate and express.


Originality/value
Research on the link between gender, values and religious faith in social entrepreneurship is virtually non-existent.

AbstractThis study systematically reviews applications of three simulation approaches, that is, system dynamics model (SDM), agent‐based model (ABM) and discrete event simulation (DES), and their hybrids in COVID‐19 research and identifies theoretical and application innovations in public health. Among the 372 eligible papers, 72 focused on COVID‐19 transmission dynamics, 204 evaluated both pharmaceutical and non‐pharmaceutical interventions, 29 focused on the prediction of the pandemic and 67 investigated the impacts of COVID‐19. ABM was used in 275 papers, followed by 54 SDM papers, 32 DES papers and 11 hybrid model papers. Evaluation and design of intervention scenarios are the most widely addressed area accounting for 55% of the four main categories, that is, the transmission of COVID‐19, prediction of the pandemic, evaluation and design of intervention scenarios and societal impact assessment. The complexities in impact evaluation and intervention design demand hybrid simulation models that can simultaneously capture micro and macro aspects of the socio‐economic systems involved.

PurposeTo explore the link between enterprise scale, ownership and responsibility, specifically with regard to environmental responsibility. The paper argues that more local ownership and the co‐operative organisational form may ensure a higher level of corporate responsibilityDesign/methodology/approachThe paper is mainly discursive, although three case‐studies of companies are used to illustrate the argument: Shell, Vaux Brewery, and Tower Colliery.FindingsThe central findings are that the nature of ownership, the scale of an enterprise, and the governance form are key considerations in terms of the corporate responsibility of firms.Research limitations/implicationsFurther explorations of CSR in relation to the nature of governance and ownership of firms, and the scale of their operations, would develop and explore this paper's central argument further and thus provide more valuable insights.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that the issue of scale and the role of co‐operatives may be of more significance as corporate governance comes under greater scrutiny and sustainability plays a more central role in business practice.Originality/valueThis is the first conceptual application of the concept of CSR to co‐operative ownership and governance.