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System‐wide change is often challenging to achieve due to complex and fragmented institutions, dispersed and diffused power structures, confidence‐sapping histories of failure and the influence of multiple and overlapping fields. This study examines how a large complex system‐wide problem such as the Northern Ireland Conflict and Peace Process was paradoxically opened up and made more receptive to change by widening of the way the problem was framed. We demonstrate how and why the framing enables the mobilization of cooperation and the delivery of contextually appropriate collective action critical to the achievement of outcomes in system‐wide change processes. More specifically, we examine how and why such complex and precarious processes emerge over extended timescales through four mechanisms: frame contesting, reframing, frame reproduction and frame defending. Each of these mechanisms is agentic, dynamic, purposive and politically charged. The time‐series analysis of these interlinked mechanisms is a crucial and innovative feature of the study. We encourage management and organizational scholars to elevate their gaze to the system‐wide changes so emblematic of contemporary society and offer an outline agenda for research.

BACKGROUND: Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) presents as a syndrome of respiratory distress and haemoptysis resulting from explosive shock wave exposure and is a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity in both military conflicts and terrorist attacks. The optimal mode of mechanical ventilation for managing PBLI is not currently known, and clinical trials in humans are impossible due to the sporadic and violent nature of the disease. METHODS: A high-fidelity multi-organ computational simulator of PBLI pathophysiology was configured to replicate data from 14 PBLI casualties from the conflict in Afghanistan. Adaptive and responsive ventilatory protocols implementing low tidal volume (LTV) ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) were applied to each simulated patient for 24 h, allowing direct quantitative comparison of their effects on gas exchange, ventilatory parameters, haemodynamics, extravascular lung water and indices of ventilator-induced lung injury. RESULTS: The simulated patients responded well to both ventilation strategies. Post 24-h investigation period, the APRV arm had similar PF ratios (137 mmHg vs 157 mmHg), lower sub-injury threshold levels of mechanical power (11.9 J/min vs 20.7 J/min) and lower levels of extravascular lung water (501 ml vs 600 ml) compared to conventional LTV. Driving pressure was higher in the APRV group (11.9 cmH(2)O vs 8.6 cmH(2)O), but still significantly less than levels associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate use of APRV may offer casualties with PBLI important mortality-related benefits and should be considered for management of this challenging patient group.

BackgroundPrimary blast lung injury (PBLI) presents as a syndrome of respiratory distress and haemoptysis resulting from explosive shock wave exposure and is a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity in both military conflicts and terrorist attacks. The optimal mode of mechanical ventilation for managing PBLI is not currently known, and clinical trials in humans are impossible due to the sporadic and violent nature of the disease.MethodsA high-fidelity multi-organ computational simulator of PBLI pathophysiology was configured to replicate data from 14 PBLI casualties from the conflict in Afghanistan. Adaptive and responsive ventilatory protocols implementing low tidal volume (LTV) ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) were applied to each simulated patient for 24 h, allowing direct quantitative comparison of their effects on gas exchange, ventilatory parameters, haemodynamics, extravascular lung water and indices of ventilator-induced lung injury.ResultsThe simulated patients responded well to both ventilation strategies. Post 24-h investigation period, the APRV arm had similar PF ratios (137 mmHg vs 157 mmHg), lower sub-injury threshold levels of mechanical power (11.9 J/min vs 20.7 J/min) and lower levels of extravascular lung water (501 ml vs 600 ml) compared to conventional LTV. Driving pressure was higher in the APRV group (11.9 cmH2O vs 8.6 cmH2O), but still significantly less than levels associated with increased mortality.ConclusionsAppropriate use of APRV may offer casualties with PBLI important mortality-related benefits and should be considered for management of this challenging patient group.

Forest management could not be separated from problems or land conflicts. Factors affecting land conflicts are economic, social, ecological and different agricultural needs. Several forms of land conflicts are overlapping land use and land ownership conflict. Social conflicts may occur between the settlers and the natives. These all are the obstacles in the development of Forest Management Unit (FMU). This study aimed to identify the parties and land claims in the form of land management, identify institutional and tenure rules in the FMU and policy recommendations. The study was conducted by the method of Rapid Land Tenure Assessment (RATA), to assess, analyze, understand, and describe briefly the problem and/or conflict of complex land tenure system. The result showed that the problem of tenure in the FMU in South Lampung Regency happened because forest area have been occupied by residential, public/social and modern market in the definitive village. The role of the parties/actors in land tenure in the FMU is crucial. The central government issued the policy but did not do evaluation, especially the area boundaries and inactive permits. While the local government issued a regulation of definitive village formation and publishes an annual tax return for the land which is then use as legal tenant claims. In institutions, there is no coordination between the Ministry of Forestry (the ruler's) with stakeholders in local government in the issuance of land certificates. Suggested policies are to accommodate the needs of local communities. One approach that can be taken by the Ministry of Forestry is by making the cultivated forest land to become the HTR program, HKm or Village Forest and resetting forest area boundaries. ; Dalam pengelolaan kawasan hutan tidak terlepas dari adanya persoalan-persoalan atau konflik lahan. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi konflik lahan antara lain ekonomi, sosial, ekologi dan kebutuhan lahan pertanian. Beberapa bentuk konflik lahan antara lain tumpang tindih penggunaan lahan dan ...

Since Serbia and Kosovo began their political and technical dialogue mediated by the European Union in 2011, numerous agreements were signed, but few of them implemented. In addition, since 2018 the idea of partitioning Kosovo along ethnic lines has entered public debates. This article asks why that is the case and argues that Northern Kosovo – specifically, who has the right to claim statehood over this area – lies at the heart of why partition was suggested as a viable option and why so few agreements have been implemented. In order to demonstrate this, the article adopts a performative view of statehood, particularly suitable for states 'in-becoming', such as Kosovo. As only externally performed statehood has been examined so far, that is, efforts for international recognition, this article extends performativity to internally negotiated statehood, against the background of two political systems competing for legitimacy in the long run. This is the case with Northern Kosovo, conceptualized as an area of overlapping limited statehood. The developed analytical framework can be extended to other cases of territorial disputes, such as Crimea or Palestine. The framework can also be expanded to explore performativity of statehood in areas where statehood is not institutionally disputed, but rather symbolically.

In connection with the development and mass distribution of information technologies, the growing volume of information circulating, is complicated by the problem of decision making process in the management of complex real-time systems, which is exacerbated when they are functioning in the conditions of information warfare. As a result, the analysis of recent studies have determined that the failure or substandard performance of such systems can lead to large economic losses, catastrophic consequences of the military and state values. Given that such systems is governed by the principle of homeostasis (functional and technical self-preservation), focuses on the need assessment of the occurrence of bifurcations (unreachable state of homeostasis), which is based on the signals from the receptors and sensors about the state of the system, and possibilities of further correction of this situation in real time.The article contain a consideration of important problems of creation a difficult informative-managing systems of real time with particular regarding of human's psychical features as a subject of managing. Such approach given in this article has possibility of situational estimation the basic of conflicts and bifurcations in the difficult informative-managing systems, and also helps to define the clear distributing of management functions, actions and making decision between an operator and technical devices in real-time. ; В статье рассмотрены проблемы создания сложных информационно-управляющих систем реального времени с учётом психических особенностей человека как субъекта управления. Представленный в статье подход позволяет ситуационно оценивать возникновения конфликтов и бифуркаций в сложных информационно-управляющих системах, чётко определять распределение функции управления, действий и принятия решений между оператором и техническими устройствами в реальном времени. ; В статті розглянуті проблеми створення складних інформаційно-управляючих систем реального часу з урахуванням психічних особливостей людини як суб'єкту управління. Наданий в статті підхід дає можливість ситуаційної оцінки виникнення конфліктів та біфуркацій в складних інформаційно-управляючих системах, визначити чіткий розподіл функцій управління, дій і прийняття рішень між оператором і технічними пристроями в реальному часі.

Multiple decision makers and managers, competing interests and values, scarcity of resources, complex legislative requirements, and vast uncertainties about the future due to a more connected and rapidly changing world and the impacts of climate change, are just some of the issues that impact upon the capacity to carry out effective water planning and management. Throughout the world these issues are becoming increasingly difficult to handle, and there have been calls for more adapted approaches to aid the decision making processes required for water planning and management. Participatory risk management approaches appear appropriate to such situations as they can be designed to increase collaboration and manage conflict, explicit uncertainties, and structure complexity in more understandable forms. This paper will outline some insights and lessons learnt from the design and implementation of two different participatory risk management processes for water planning and management: a values-based method based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard for Risk Management for the development of the Lower Hawkesbury Estuary Management Plan in Australia; and a participatory modelling approach to manage the risks of living with floods and droughts in the Iskar basin in Bulgaria. Both processes were designed and implemented with the aid of researchers, local managers, government representatives at various levels of jurisdiction, community stakeholders and external legislative, scientific or engineering experts. The Australian process was an initiative driven and funded by the Hornsby Shire Council, a peri-urban municipality of Sydney. It consisted of three interactive stakeholder workshops with an average of 20 participants, held over a period of four months, as well as an external scientific and legislative review. The workshops focussed on establishing estuarine values, issues and current management practices; performing a risk assessment based on the stakeholder defined values (assets) and issues (risks); and formulating strategies to treat the highest prioritised risks as input to the estuary management "risk response" plan. The Bulgarian process in the region of Sofia formed part of the European Project "AquaStress", funded by the European Union, and was primarily driven from a research perspective. The participatory process was more elaborate in design than the Australian process with around 60 stakeholders divided into 6 groups taking part in a series of 15 workshops, individual interviews and evaluation exercises over a one year period. The process included cognitive mapping of the current management context and physical system, values, visions and preference elicitation for actions, strategy development and evaluation. Both cases provided rich insights into the value and constraints of participatory risk management approaches in different regulatory and political environments, as well as some important recurrent issues that organising teams of participatory approaches need to appreciate including: impacts of last minute process changes; how to deal with divergent objectives in a multi-institutional organising team; and the unintended ethical issues that can arise when working in "real-world" management situations. Increasing awareness of the value and potential issues associated with participatory risk management approaches should aid their adoption and the subsequent improvement of water planning and management around the world.

International audience ; Ethnic minorities living in the highlands of northern Thailand have long been accused of degrading the upper watersheds of the country's major basins. In the nineties, the government reinforced his environmental policies and further restricted their access to farm and forest resources. In the meanwhile, the policy framework also favoured decentralization and public participation. This contradiction resulted in an increasing number of conflicts over land-use between local communities and state agencies, calling for the need for adapted participatory methodologies to facilitate coordination among multiple stakeholders with competing interests. Companion Modelling (ComMod) is one of them. When drawing the lessons from many past participatory projects, several authors highlight their limited impact due to the lack of support at higher institutional levels. Moreover, because of a lack of attention to the local socio-political situations, the less powerful stakeholders were often left behind. This article discusses the usefulness of an area diagnostic study prior to the launch of a ComMod process to avoid such pitfalls and to facilitate genuine communication among stakeholders within and across institutional levels. The article is illustrated by a ComMod experiment conducted in Nan province and focusing on a conflict between two Yao communities and a recently established National Park. We suggest that a relatively short but well-structured initial agrarian and institutional analysis to assess the various stakeholders' characteristics, perceptions of the issue to be solved, and interactions is useful to identify the constraints to an equitable outcome of a subsequent participatory process. It is also used to adapt the ComMod process in order to mitigate these constraints. Moreover, such a picture of the initial situation is necessary to assess the effects of the following participatory process.

International audience ; Ethnic minorities living in the highlands of northern Thailand have long been accused of degrading the upper watersheds of the country's major basins. In the nineties, the government reinforced his environmental policies and further restricted their access to farm and forest resources. In the meanwhile, the policy framework also favoured decentralization and public participation. This contradiction resulted in an increasing number of conflicts over land-use between local communities and state agencies, calling for the need for adapted participatory methodologies to facilitate coordination among multiple stakeholders with competing interests. Companion Modelling (ComMod) is one of them. When drawing the lessons from many past participatory projects, several authors highlight their limited impact due to the lack of support at higher institutional levels. Moreover, because of a lack of attention to the local socio-political situations, the less powerful stakeholders were often left behind. This article discusses the usefulness of an area diagnostic study prior to the launch of a ComMod process to avoid such pitfalls and to facilitate genuine communication among stakeholders within and across institutional levels. The article is illustrated by a ComMod experiment conducted in Nan province and focusing on a conflict between two Yao communities and a recently established National Park. We suggest that a relatively short but well-structured initial agrarian and institutional analysis to assess the various stakeholders' characteristics, perceptions of the issue to be solved, and interactions is useful to identify the constraints to an equitable outcome of a subsequent participatory process. It is also used to adapt the ComMod process in order to mitigate these constraints. Moreover, such a picture of the initial situation is necessary to assess the effects of the following participatory process.

International audience ; Ethnic minorities living in the highlands of northern Thailand have long been accused of degrading the upper watersheds of the country's major basins. In the nineties, the government reinforced his environmental policies and further restricted their access to farm and forest resources. In the meanwhile, the policy framework also favoured decentralization and public participation. This contradiction resulted in an increasing number of conflicts over land-use between local communities and state agencies, calling for the need for adapted participatory methodologies to facilitate coordination among multiple stakeholders with competing interests. Companion Modelling (ComMod) is one of them. When drawing the lessons from many past participatory projects, several authors highlight their limited impact due to the lack of support at higher institutional levels. Moreover, because of a lack of attention to the local socio-political situations, the less powerful stakeholders were often left behind. This article discusses the usefulness of an area diagnostic study prior to the launch of a ComMod process to avoid such pitfalls and to facilitate genuine communication among stakeholders within and across institutional levels. The article is illustrated by a ComMod experiment conducted in Nan province and focusing on a conflict between two Yao communities and a recently established National Park. We suggest that a relatively short but well-structured initial agrarian and institutional analysis to assess the various stakeholders' characteristics, perceptions of the issue to be solved, and interactions is useful to identify the constraints to an equitable outcome of a subsequent participatory process. It is also used to adapt the ComMod process in order to mitigate these constraints. Moreover, such a picture of the initial situation is necessary to assess the effects of the following participatory process.

International audience ; Ethnic minorities living in the highlands of northern Thailand have long been accused of degrading the upper watersheds of the country's major basins. In the nineties, the government reinforced his environmental policies and further restricted their access to farm and forest resources. In the meanwhile, the policy framework also favoured decentralization and public participation. This contradiction resulted in an increasing number of conflicts over land-use between local communities and state agencies, calling for the need for adapted participatory methodologies to facilitate coordination among multiple stakeholders with competing interests. Companion Modelling (ComMod) is one of them. When drawing the lessons from many past participatory projects, several authors highlight their limited impact due to the lack of support at higher institutional levels. Moreover, because of a lack of attention to the local socio-political situations, the less powerful stakeholders were often left behind. This article discusses the usefulness of an area diagnostic study prior to the launch of a ComMod process to avoid such pitfalls and to facilitate genuine communication among stakeholders within and across institutional levels. The article is illustrated by a ComMod experiment conducted in Nan province and focusing on a conflict between two Yao communities and a recently established National Park. We suggest that a relatively short but well-structured initial agrarian and institutional analysis to assess the various stakeholders' characteristics, perceptions of the issue to be solved, and interactions is useful to identify the constraints to an equitable outcome of a subsequent participatory process. It is also used to adapt the ComMod process in order to mitigate these constraints. Moreover, such a picture of the initial situation is necessary to assess the effects of the following participatory process.

Violent conflicts, in most cases, pose an unquantifiable challenge to human health and health systems especially in developing countries. Complex humanitarian emergencies as a result of conflicts could severely have negative consequences on public health. Nigeria has faced series of threatening security challenges, but the one caused by the activities of the socalled Islamist sect, the Boko Haram (BH), remains protracted, especially in Borno, a State in the north-eastern part of the country. The resultant outcome is the internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have suffered from many diseases especially cholera, which has continued to ravage these displaced populations. Conflict can contribute to water shortage through the destruction of water sources, such as wells, reservoirs and laid pipes, and its contamination. This is happening on an already weak health system. Though cholera is easily treatable, concerted efforts by government and medical humanitarian agencies are urgently required to ameliorate the situation of the IDPs. An appropriate strategy of control of the transmission of cholera and emergency medical intervention can help alleviate the devastating effects. The management of cholera transmission include the supply of sufficient water sources, adequate sanitation, and a public health campaign to maximize the effects of these measures. One key health system challenge that could limit the effectiveness of the interventions would be the people. This paper focuses on studying the resultant large numbers of IDPs from the BH conflict, discussing cholera outbreak as a specific health issue, and presenting a focused humanitarian intervention to address this health need.

Modern countries face a variety of political confl icts, as confl icts over the choice of strategy and the main vectors of social development, language. Social and political confl icts arising from the redistribution of power. Confl icts vary by their sharpness, real and potential consequences. Confl ict analysis is a crucial tool for understanding social and political processes, and for guiding confl ict management and decision-making toward the peaceful and constructive transformation of confl icts. If it is managed through dialogue and negotiation, and its structural and circumstantial causes are addressed, confl ict may offer an opportunity for realizing changes that are required to make society more fair and equitable. However, the general approach to the study of confl ict in various scientifi c theories reveals from various angles and approaches to their solution. Social confl ict itself is not necessarily negative. In many cases, it expresses a certain common sense regarding the potential and the limitations of the processes of development. the central problem is not that confl ict occurs in society today, but rather that the State lacks the necessary capacities to manage them in an effective manner. In the process of explaining the dynamic changes that occur in confl ict situations, stands the positive role of confl ict in the community. Many confl icts tend to grow because there is a lack of institutional frameworks which are capable of providing platforms for dialogue and negotiation.Keywords: confl ict, social confl ict, struggle, confl ict theory. ; У сучасній країні існують такі різновиди політичних конфліктів, як конфлікти з приводу вибору стратегії та головних векторів суспільного розвитку та статусу державної мови. Соціально-політичні конфлікти виникають з приводу перерозподілу влади, визначається їх гострота, реальні та можливі наслідки. Підхід до вивчення соціальних конфліктів у теоріях різних науковців розкрито з різних кутів зору та підходів до їх вирішення. У динамічному поясненні процесу змін, які відбуваються в конфліктних ситуаціях, виділяється позитивна роль конфлікту в житті суспільства.Ключові слова: конфлікт, соціальний конфлікт, теорія конфлікту.

This working paper presents the preliminary findings from the pilot-project'Early Warning Indicators for Preventive Policy' at the Stockholm International PeaceResearch Institute which was launched in late 2002. The pilot phase of the projectwill run for twelve month and is funded by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The project combines a monthly survey that retrieves events data from expertswith country framework data and Internet technology, thus breaking new ground inthe field of conflict early warning research. Processing both survey and statisticaldata using a well-designed statistical conflict forecasting model allows for thecreation of indexes that reflect negative national and regional developments in thesocial, political and economic sectors. The results are made available on the Internetin the form of country-specific and regional reports, with the possibility for users tocustomise the system for their own needs. ; Working paper