Suchergebnisse

Der Verfasser gibt einen Überblick über die Arbeit der 1980 gegründeten "Disabled People International" (DPI). Über eine konsultative Zusammenarbeit mit der UNO ist es DPI als nichtstaatlicher Organisation gelungen, Inhalte der Behindertenpolitik in Dokumente der UNO einzubringen. Wichtige Meilensteine waren das "World Program of Action concerning disabled People" und die "Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities". Verbreitung und Implementierung der "Standard Rules" sind seit 1993 ein wichtiges Aktivitätsfeld der DPI. Bei der praktischen Umsetzung der "Standard Rules" sind in den Mitgliedstaaten der UNO noch erhebliche Defizite zu beklagen. (ICE)

PurposeInternational entrepreneurship (IE) has received a considerable amount of attention in the recent decades as a result of globalization enabling access to new international markets and business opportunities. Despite the growing increase in academic publications, IE still faces certain inconsistencies, with doubts remaining as regards its boundaries and the thematic groups making up the field. The purpose of this article is to systematically analyse the IE, mapping the intellectual territory and the evolution of the field.Design/methodology/approachIndexed to Web of Science( WoS) database until 2021, from 52 journals, 130 articles were selected, applying content analyses techniques to identify the main research lines.FindingsThe results reveal that IE presents four conceptual themes/clusters: (1) international business networks and opportunities; (2) institutional environments; (3) the characteristics and motivations of entrepreneurs; and (4) internationalisation drivers and processes. Extant analysis show that IE has progressed immensely, concentrating a good diversity of subtopics and research trends. An integrative framework bringing together 27 years of publications and 67 future research lines, detailed by cluster, were also presented in this study to improve understanding and guide future studies.Originality/valueThis review makes a broad contribution to the IE literature, assisting in consolidating the academic field, expanding and complementing the results of previous theoretical–conceptual studies. We reflect and individually discuss the state of the art of the four streams that characterize IE to identify key themes, points of convergence and advance new subfields.

The standard approach of international organizations (IOs) makes no formal distinctions between nonprofit private sector associations, known as trade or industry groups, and public interest groups like Amnesty International or Greenpeace. After all, these groups are all organized as nonprofits; they may all be characterized as nongovernmental organizations representing the interests of their memberships; and the groups all seek to advance the agendas of members by offering ideas and expertise to international officials or bodies—classic lobbying activity. Thus, most IOs offer accreditation and access to both private sector and public interest groups on equal terms, without differentiating between them. I will call this approach "interest blind" and use this essay to examine its origins and consequences. Specifically, the interest blind approach has resulted in robust participation by private sector groups, and their contributions affect the quality of deliberation at international organizations, and of information that international lawmakers receive. While there are dangers, a successful reform will not seek rigid divisions between public interest and private sector groups, as the World Health Organization has recently tried to do, but will instead capture the informational and practical contributions of all nonstate participants, while introducing more functional registration and disclosure rules.

Under what conditions are effective international regimes for the promotion of human rights likely to emerge? Case studies of European institutions — the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe — confirm hypotheses more consistent with Liberal theories of international relations than their Institutionalist or Realist counterparts. The uniquely successful mechanisms of the European regime, in particular its fine-grained system of individual petition and supranational judicial review, function not by external sanctions or reciprocity, but by `shaming' and `coopting' domestic law-makers, judges and citizens, who pressure governments from within for compliance. The evolution of these mechanisms presupposes the existence of an autonomous independent civil society and robust domestic legal institutions and, even in the relatively propitious circumstances of postwar Europe, required several generations to evolve. Such institutions appear to be, with only a few exceptions, most successful when they seek to harmonize and perfect respect for human rights among nations that already effectively guarantee basic rights, rather than introducing human rights to new jurisdictions. Those nations in which individuals, groups or governments seek to improve or legitimate their own democratic practices benefit the most from international human rights regimes.

"Between 1946 and 1952, Albert O. Hirschman, a German-born economist and wartime refugee, worked as an economic analyst in the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Board of the United States. He was first in charge of the Western European desk; later he was the Fed's representative to the Economic Cooperation Administration, the organization responsible for the Marshall Plan. In that capacity, Hirschman wrote a number of internal reports about early reconstruction policies in Europe, the first efforts at intra-European cooperation, and the uncertainties that surrounded the shaping of a new international economic order with the United States at its core. Europe, the Marshall Plan, and the Post-War International Order is a collection of these interrelated pieces compiled into book form. In aggregate they provide the reader with a behind the scenes view of the American rationale for an economically rebuilt and integrated Europe, written by someone who would go on to become one the the twentieth century's most significant economic thinkers. This collection offers a first-hand analysis of crucial developments in post-war European history and US-European relations. The essays featured here offer a nuanced and sophisticated analysis of major post-war problems such as the global "dollar shortage." Hirschman's skill and style are brought to the uncertainties of economic policymaking in the post-war years in a compelling manner, highlighting the often counterintuitive and paradoxical sequences of specific economic and political processes. Further, Hirschman's writings provide an advanced view of what would become signature concepts in his later work, including "inverted sequences," inducement mechanisms," and "staged sequences of policymaking." Europe, the Marshall Plan, and the Post-War International Order is a valuable addition to our understanding of the post-war international economic order and to Hirschman's critical thinking on processes of economic development, policymaking, and reform."

International organization — Officials — Renewal of fixed-term contracts — Evidence — Certificate of service.

The times of crisis between insolvency and financial law -- Legal constants, and the constant outside of the law -- The un(codified) financial systems in times of crisis -- Cross-border insolvency law : venturing beyond structural crisis -- Conclusions.