Suchergebnisse

A copublication of the World Bank and the Centre for Economic Policy Research ; Turkey first applied for associate membership in the European Union (EU)—then the European Economic Community (EEC)—in 1959. The application resulted in an association agreement in 1963, whereby Turkey and the EU would, in principle, gradually create a customs union by 1995 at the latest. The customs union was seen as a step toward full EU membership at an unspecified future date. The EU unilaterally granted Turkey preferential tariffs and financial assistance, but the process of staged, mutual reductions in tariffs and nontariff barriers was delayed because of the economic and political conditions in Turkey. After pursuing inward-oriented development strategies throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Turkey switched over to a more outward-oriented policy stance in 1980. The opening up of the economy was pursued in part with the aim of integrating the country into the EU. Turkey applied for full membership in the EU in 1987. The response in 1990 was that accession negotiations could not be undertaken at the time because the EU was engaged in major internal changes, and that matters were further complicated by developments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. However, the EU was prepared to extend and deepen economic relations without explicitly rejecting the possibility of full membership at a future date. Thus the plans for a customs union were revived.

Discusses conflicts between small & large countries in debates about the structure of the European Union (EU) & the ability of small member states to influence European politics. Special attention is given to public perceptions in Austria & other smaller EU member states about sanctions used in 2000 to boycott Austria's conservative coalition government. Citizens of smaller EU members, especially Denmark, interpreted the sanctions as an example of the dominance of large members over smaller ones, claiming the same measures would not have been imposed on larger nations if they had formed a similar radical right-wing coalition government. Differences between "big" & "small" are explored, & the conflict is illustrated by looking at the positions of large & small members on the extension of qualified majority voting, weighting Council votes, Commission size, enhanced cooperation, & the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The conflict's role in the debate on a new European constitution is discussed, maintaining that constitutionalization of the EU might restrain open power struggles & impair the bullying ability of larger states. 31 References. J. Lindroth

Health care systems across the European Union face a common challenge: the high cost of health care. Governments strive to ensure that cost pressures do not undermine values such as universal coverage and equitable financing and access. Focusing on the three health care financing functions - collection pooling and purchasing - as well as on coverage this book analyses the organization of health care financing in the Member States of the European Union discusses the principal financing reform trends of recent years and assesses their capacity to help ensure fiscal sustainability. The book inclu

In the article the author describes the normative legal acts of the European Union, which cover foreign trade policy instruments of the European Union. The expediency of research of the features of import and export regulation, quota and licensing system, the system of safeguard measures in the European Union for the improvement of the Ukrainian trade legislation is considered in the article. ; У статті розглянуті нормативно-правові акти Євросоюзу, в яких висвітлюються інструменти торговельної політики Європейського Союзу. Обґрунтовано доцільність дослідження особливостей регулювання імпорту та експорту, системи квотування та ліцензування, діючої системи захисних заходів в Європейському Союзі для удосконалення українського торговельного законодавства.

Full publication at: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/52313 ; In 2020 we published our second book from the series 'Annual Publication of the Institute for European Studies', entitled 'The Future of the European Union – Demisting the Debate'. This edited volume includes 14 original contributions, featuring a foreword by Giles Merrit, an introduction by the co-editors Dr. Mark Harwood, Dr. Stefano Moncada and Prof Roderick Pace. The remaining 12 chapters include contributions from international renowned scholars, and emerging authors. The Institute for European Studies has made available, freely accessible, the whole publication, and the single individual chapters, via the institutional repository of the University of Malta ( https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/52313). The book launch was held on 13th February 2020 at the Central Bank in Valletta with an introduction by the Pro-Rector, Prof. Carmen Sammut, the key speech by His Excellency Walter Hassmann, German Ambassador to Malta, with a concluding address by the Pro-Rector Prof Godfrey Baldacchino. The book includes chapters on: Decoupling and Federalizing: Europe after the Multiple Crises Sergio Fabbrini Portrait of a Union: Redrawing a Sketch of the Whole Dimitris N. Chryssochoou The Future of the EU in Jean-Claude Juncker's State of the Union Speeches Jean Claude Cachia The Future of Europe: The View from Strasbourg During the 'Future of Europe' Debate Mark Harwood Europe in the World 95 Chapter Five The EU's Role in the World Trading System Richard W.T. Pomfret The Arab Spring and the Post-Arab Spring (2011–19): An Assessment of the European Response Bichara Khader The Future of European Security and Defence: Keeping the Americans in? Valentina Cassar The Future of EU Defence and inter-Parliamentary Co-operation Roderick Pace EU Cybersecurity Governance – Stakeholders and Normative Intentions towards Integration Agnes Kasper Towards a 'Cyber Maastricht': Two Steps Forward, One Step Back Agnes Kasper & Vlad Alex ...

Implications for the effectiveness of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the proposed admission of Malta, which adheres to principles of neutrality and non-alignment. Also discusses the possibility of bringing the EU into disputes concerning maritime delimitation in the Central Mediterranean.

AbstractThe extent of the Council presidency's political influence is the subject of disagreement among both practitioners and researchers. While some describe the presidency as responsibility without power, others suggest that it provides incumbent states with an opportunity to achieve decision outcomes close to their preferences. This article formulates and tests hypotheses on the conditions under which presidents influence the timing and content of decision outcomes in the legislative arena. Decision outcomes are shown to be significantly more favourable to presidents in the chair at the time of adoption than to other Member States, even after controlling for other factors that influence bargaining success.