Suchergebnisse

Environmental taxation has been a permanent feature of the policy agenda over the past few decades. It has represented about 2.5 percent of GDP and 6 percent of total taxation in the EU in recent years. In this paper, we study the evolution of total environmental taxation and its two main subcategories, energy and transport taxes, as a percentage of GDP and as a share of total taxation in the EU, through a club convergence analysis of the period 1995–2016. From the GDP perspective, the results show three groups of countries or clubs for the total environmental taxation and only two clubs for the two other categories analysed. Considering the taxation structure perspective, two clusters emerge for the total environmental taxes, three for the energy case and only one for the transport taxation, denoting overall convergence in this case. These results indicate a high grade of convergence in environmental taxation in the EU.

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Preface and acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction to the European Union and Brexit -- PART I THE UK AND BREXIT -- 2. Why did the UK leave the EU? The state of the science of explaining Brexit -- 3. The Brexit referendum -- 4. Parties -- 5. Brexit and the nations -- 6. Brexit and economic ideas -- 7. Brexit and Europe's political economy -- PART II BREXIT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS -- 8. The making of Brexit: legal aspects of the 2016-20 negotiations -- 9. The European Council and Brexit: from accommodating an 'awkward partner' towards managing a conflictual relationship? -- 10. The European Parliament and Brexit -- 11. The European Commission and the Brexit negotiations -- 12. EU agencies and Brexit: assessing the implications of Brexit for EU agencies -- 13. Brexit: the sub-national dimensions from the vantage point of the European Committee of the Regions -- PART III MEMBER STATES AND BREXIT -- 14. Ireland and Brexit -- 15. Germany and Brexit -- 16. France and Brexit -- 17. De-Europeanization of Eastern peripheries or testing the limits of differentiation: Poland in the post-Brexit European Union -- 18. Regional cooperation in the EU in the shadow of Brexit -- PART IV BREXIT AND AFFILIATED NON-MEMBERS IN EUROPE -- 19. The pattern of affiliations between the EU and its neighbours: Normative, Market and Governance Power Europe -- 20. The Swiss model in the context of Brexit: from 'side-street' to 'dead-end'? -- 21. The Norway Model and the UK post-Brexit -- 22. Liechtenstein and its relations with the EU -- PART V BREXIT BEYOND EUROPE -- 23. The 2020 EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement as a Canada style agreement -- 24. The impact of Brexit on EU-US political relations and NATO.

Bu tez çalışmasında, Avrupalılaşma ve yumuşak güç kavramları kullanılarak Alman Dış Politikasının Avrupalılaşması, Avrupa Birliği'nin Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmasında yumuşak güç kullanması üzerinden incelenmektedir. Tezin temel argümanı, Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukrayna krizinde ulusal tercihlerini başarılı bir şekilde Avrupa Birliği seviyesine yüklerken, Avrupa Birliği de çatışma karşısında sert güç unsurları yerine sivil güç ve yumuşak güç birleşim unsurlarını kullanmasında etkili olduğudur. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak, Avrupalılaşma ve yumuşak güç kavramları detaylı bir şekilde sunulmuştur. Daha sonra, tezin ikinci bölümünde aşağıdan yukarıya Avrupalılaşma ve yukardan aşağıya Avrupalılaşma boyutları üzerinden Alman dış politikasının Avrupalılaşması detaylandırılmıştır. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde, Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukrayna krizindeki rolü ve Avrupa Birliği"nin krize karşı yumuşak güç kullanmasındaki etkisi incelenmektedir. Tezde Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukrayna krizinde ulusal politikasını başarılı bir şekilde Avrupa Birliği seviyesine taşımış olduğu ve Avrupa Birliği"nin Rusya"ya karşı kriz boyunca sadece sivil ve yumuşak güç unsurlarını kullandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. --- The Europeanization of German foreign policy is evaluated through an analysis of the case of Germany"s role in the Russia-Ukraine crisis in this thesis. The main argument of the thesis is that Germany successfully uploaded its national preferences to the European Union level during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the European Union used combination of civilian and soft power tools in tackling the crisis instead of hard power. In this regard, firstly, the theoretical framework of Europeanization and soft power concepts are presented in detail. Then, in the second chapter of the thesis, the Europeanization of German foreign policy is elaborated with the dimensions of uploading and downloading. Finally, Germany"s role in the Russia-Ukraine crisis and the European Union"s employment of soft power for addressing the crisis is analysed. The thesis concludes that Germany has successfully uploaded its national preferences to the European Union level, and the EU employed combination of civilian and soft power in dealing with the crisis.

Using representative individual-level data from the first round of the European Social Survey fielded in 2002/03, this paper provides an empirical analysis of unionization in 18 countries of the European Union. We show that union density varies considerably in Europe, ranging from 84 per cent in Denmark to 11 per cent in Portugal. Estimating identical models for each country, we find that individuals? probability of union membership is significantly affected by their personal characteristics, their attitudes and the characteristics of their workplace, whereas social factors seem to play a minor role. The presence of a union at the workplace and employees? attitudes concerning strong unions are the two variables with the most widespread effects on unionization.

In recent years, the European Union (EU) has seen and grappled with a varied degree of crisis, which a few observers considered as proof of its vulnerability and at worst scenario - existential threat. As it is with every crisis, there are gainers and losers; there are those who benefit from the fallout and others who manage to turn vulnerability into opportunity and strength. The crisis surrounding the EU can be characterized along the latter context, particularly in the backdrop of rising European populism. The rise of contemporary European populism has raised many questions and generated debates. Based on its anti-EU rhetoric and growing public acceptability, populism is interpreted as EU's political nemesis. In the midst of rising European populism, the paper looks at the debates in which the EU is considered as a failing or failed project. It also explores the extent to which European populism impacts the European political landscape. The paper explores the notion of populism as an anti-EU movement, bent at dislodging and disintegrating the Union. It argues that the actions of the populist parties suggest otherwise; populist dramatization underscores EU's continuous evolution and transition instead of its disintegration.

The article analyses the negotiations between European Union and countries of the Western Balkans and attempts to identify where the major problems are likely to be. The main obstacles in the process of European integration of the countries from Balkan region are analyzed. Also, the paper focuses on the key priorities that Western Balkan countries have to accomplish in order to reach the domestic readiness for their process of European integration. An important goal of the article is to identify some important conclusions for the European roadmap of the Republic of Moldova from experience of the presented states.

The expansion and innovation of financial markets, commonly known as financialisation, is closely linked to the growth of pension funds. While the conventional narrative is based on the notion of financial development as a positive change, this paper argues that pension funds may induce demand-led pressures on the financial system, generating potential for systemic risk and instability. The rise of pension funds is therefore important for the process of financialisation, as these institutions' demand for assets continuously sparks growth and innovation in financial markets. In the current context pension funds are attempting to reduce risk by rebalancing their allocations away from equities towards 'alternatives', such as hedge funds and private equity. Coupled with the current regulatory trends towards risk-based funding regulation, we argue that pension funds are unlikely to be a stabilising force in financial markets today.

1. The EU's socio-economic model(s) and the crisi(e)s : any perspectives? / Dagmar Schiek -- 2. The dysfunctional nature of the economic and monetary union / Philip Arestis, Giuseppe Fontana and Malcolm Sawyer -- 3. The European currency in turbulent times : austerity policy made in Brussels the only way out? / Amy Verdun -- -- 4. The contested scope of labour law requirements in public procurement : a multi-level analysis / Julia Vinterskog -- 5. From safety nets and carrots to trampolines and sticks : national use of the EU as both menace and model to help neoliberalise welfare policy / Charlotte O'Brien -- 6. Empowering consumer-citizens : changing rights or merely discourse? / Katalin Cseres and Annette Schrauwen -- 7. The politics of inclusion : comparing the contribution of civil society actors to EU legitimacy / Petra Guasti -- 8. EU internal and external social policy in times of global crisis / Rebecca Zahn -- 9. The EU as a "virtuous international actor" : human rights indicators and global governmentality / Bal Sokhi-Bulley.

The rule of the "Unique Market" – which is the free circulation of plants, vegetal products and other articles under regulation, is also represented by the "new phytosanitary strategy of the European Union ". With regard to the vegetal quarantine legislation, a clear cut distinction has been made between the countries of the European Community and the non-European Community ones (the third party countries). In the first case, at the same time with the quick development of the exchange relationships between the European Community countries, the phytosanitary control has been reinforced; as this is compulsory, the legislation harmonizing between the European Community countries has been imposed, and the phytosanitary control has become an obligation of the exporting country , not of the importing one. In the second case, once the wares have crossed the EU' s borders, they are subjected to a certification system adopted by both European Community and non-Community countries; the reinforcement of the EU borders with the third party countries has become an obligation, so the products passing the phytosanitary control are to be subjected to a certification system which is identical with the one of the goods from the the European Community countries. All this process has caused the drawing up of new concepts and strategies that regulate the norms which govern the free circulation of plants, vegetal products and other articles complying to these norms.

The capitalist state is the indispensable power of a free labor economy. Its class character is not founded on a national basis. Rather it is founded on the world market relations of capitalist wealth and includes a history of suffering. This article scrutinizes ordoliberalism as a veritable statement about the character of capitalist society and its state. In the contemporary debate about the ordoliberalization of Europe, the ordoliberal argument about capitalist labor economy as a practice of government is put aside and instead it is identified with a certain 'German' preference for austerity and seemingly also technocratic governance, undermining the European democracies and leading to calls for the resurgence of the national democratic state that governs for the many. In this argument illusion dominates reality. In distinction, the argument attempted here scrutinizes the role of the member states in monetary union as executive states of the bond that unites them. Monetary union strengthens the member states as 'planners for competition' and is entirely dependent upon their capacity to govern accordingly.

Financial stability in the context of global todays economy is becoming more and more of greater importance for sustainability of worlds economy growth, countries development and stable implementation of economic policies in the global world. Despite that, the last global financial crises of 2007 – 2008 has revealed that there are certain problems related to ensuring the financial stability in global economy as the world's financial system is rather liberalized and there are various in depth relations among worlds regions, countries and all financial institutions. All of this creates the chain effect in the whole financial stability system, and in case if any counterparties face difficulties of stability, the others might be greatly affected as well. Due to this reason, it is significant that the financial stability evaluation is of greater importance and it has to be carried out periodically and within great attention. One of the mainly affected regions of the world during the global financial crises was the European Union, which at rather large extent faced a bunch of systemic banking crises, which spreaded accross the majority of the members of the European Union. Due to this reason, the countries of the European Union are one of the most suitable choices for applying financial stability evaluation models in order to compare different evaluation models and to understand the main reasons and leading indicators of the systemic banking crises occurence.

Financial stability in the context of global todays economy is becoming more and more of greater importance for sustainability of worlds economy growth, countries development and stable implementation of economic policies in the global world. Despite that, the last global financial crises of 2007 – 2008 has revealed that there are certain problems related to ensuring the financial stability in global economy as the world's financial system is rather liberalized and there are various in depth relations among worlds regions, countries and all financial institutions. All of this creates the chain effect in the whole financial stability system, and in case if any counterparties face difficulties of stability, the others might be greatly affected as well. Due to this reason, it is significant that the financial stability evaluation is of greater importance and it has to be carried out periodically and within great attention. One of the mainly affected regions of the world during the global financial crises was the European Union, which at rather large extent faced a bunch of systemic banking crises, which spreaded accross the majority of the members of the European Union. Due to this reason, the countries of the European Union are one of the most suitable choices for applying financial stability evaluation models in order to compare different evaluation models and to understand the main reasons and leading indicators of the systemic banking crises occurence.

Financial stability in the context of global todays economy is becoming more and more of greater importance for sustainability of worlds economy growth, countries development and stable implementation of economic policies in the global world. Despite that, the last global financial crises of 2007 – 2008 has revealed that there are certain problems related to ensuring the financial stability in global economy as the world's financial system is rather liberalized and there are various in depth relations among worlds regions, countries and all financial institutions. All of this creates the chain effect in the whole financial stability system, and in case if any counterparties face difficulties of stability, the others might be greatly affected as well. Due to this reason, it is significant that the financial stability evaluation is of greater importance and it has to be carried out periodically and within great attention. One of the mainly affected regions of the world during the global financial crises was the European Union, which at rather large extent faced a bunch of systemic banking crises, which spreaded accross the majority of the members of the European Union. Due to this reason, the countries of the European Union are one of the most suitable choices for applying financial stability evaluation models in order to compare different evaluation models and to understand the main reasons and leading indicators of the systemic banking crises occurence.

Financial stability in the context of global todays economy is becoming more and more of greater importance for sustainability of worlds economy growth, countries development and stable implementation of economic policies in the global world. Despite that, the last global financial crises of 2007 – 2008 has revealed that there are certain problems related to ensuring the financial stability in global economy as the world's financial system is rather liberalized and there are various in depth relations among worlds regions, countries and all financial institutions. All of this creates the chain effect in the whole financial stability system, and in case if any counterparties face difficulties of stability, the others might be greatly affected as well. Due to this reason, it is significant that the financial stability evaluation is of greater importance and it has to be carried out periodically and within great attention. One of the mainly affected regions of the world during the global financial crises was the European Union, which at rather large extent faced a bunch of systemic banking crises, which spreaded accross the majority of the members of the European Union. Due to this reason, the countries of the European Union are one of the most suitable choices for applying financial stability evaluation models in order to compare different evaluation models and to understand the main reasons and leading indicators of the systemic banking crises occurence.