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THE AUTHOR RESPONDS TO A CRITIQUE OF HIS WORK, AS WELL AS THAT OF OTHER EUROPEAN PEACE RESEARCHERS,WHICH WAS DEVELOPED BY N.G.ONUF. THE RESPONSE DISCUSSES THE PROPOSITION THAT THE AUTHOR AND HIS COLLEAGUES ARE PAROCHIAL IN THEIR THEORIES & EXAMINES CRITICALLY THE CONCEPTSOF DEPENDENCY AND SELF-DETERMINATION.

How is disobedience required under international criminal law? How do war crimes trials demand and seek to cultivate disobedience as a response to atrocity? It is widely recognized that international law may require disobedience as a response to domestic authorities that order or legalize war crimes, yet this obligation to disobey is commonly conceptualized as a kind of byproduct of efforts to establish compliance with international norms. Drawing on empirical and theoretical scholarship analyzing "crimes of obedience," this article investigates the demand for disobedience as articulated in international legal conventions and in war crimes trials dealing with lower-level soldiers and civilian authorities. It argues that disobedience is an important response to war crimes and that the capacity to disobey abusive authorities does not follow logically or inevitably from a commitment to obey laws that criminalize their abuses. In international criminal law, the obligation to disobey abusive authorities has been articulated in ways that require the exercise of critical judgment, as well as moral and political agency, in order to overcome various pressures to obey domestic authority. Prominent theoretical explanations of compliance with international law not only neglect the importance of such skills, but call for strategies that are in tension with their development. Closer attention to the role of exemplary disobedience in the legal reasoning animating war crimes prosecutions, I suggest, could strengthen the pedagogical role of legal institutions as a response to criminal obedience and as interventions in the politics of memory.

International organization — Officials — Unilateral amendment of conditions of service — Widely-drafted amendment clauses — Retroactivity.

Energy price rises for industry are a major political concern. Access to cheap energy is often considered a key factor for the competitiveness of industry. To enable international comparisons, and to foster further empirical research on the impacts of energy price or tax differentials on a wide range of outcomes, such as international trade and investment patterns, we construct sector level energy prices for 12 industrial sectors in 48 countries for the period 1995 to 2015. Our prices are constructed as weighted averages of fuel-specific prices by fuel consumption. We provide guidelines for the use of our energy price data, which is made available for download, as well as a set of stylized facts on major trends and variations, and illustrative applications.

Energy price rises for industry are a major political concern. Access to cheap energy is often considered a key factor for the competitiveness of industry. To enable international comparisons, and to foster further empirical research on the impacts of energy price or tax differentials on a wide range of outcomes, such as international trade and investment patterns, we construct sector level energy prices for 12 industrial sectors in 48 countries for the period 1995 to 2015. Our prices are constructed as weighted averages of fuel-specific prices by fuel consumption. We provide guidelines for the use of our energy price data, which is made available for download, as well as a set of stylized facts on major trends and variations, and illustrative applications.

International Business in the New Asia-Pacific -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Asia-Pacific Region: The New Center of Gravity for International Business -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Major Developments in the Twenty-First Century -- 1.2.1 Economic Integration -- 1.2.2 Global Financial Crisis -- 1.2.3 International Environment -- 1.2.4 Technological Competition -- 1.2.5 Aging Population -- 1.2.6 Global Pandemic -- 1.3 A Transformed Asia-Pacific Region -- 1.3.1 Asia as the World's Manufacturing Center -- 1.3.2 Asia as a Thriving Consumer Market -- 1.3.2.1 Growing Consumer Market -- 1.3.2.2 Increasing Consumer Market Digitalization -- 1.3.3 Asia as a Leading Hub for Innovation -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Changing Business Environment in the New Asia -- Chapter 2: The Changing Business Landscape in an Era of Growing US-China Strategic Rivalry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evolution of US-CHINA Relations in the Past Four Decades -- 2.3 Recent Actions and Policy Measures from Both Sides -- 2.4 The Impact of US-China Relations on Business Landscape: A Retrospective -- 2.5 The Changing Business Competitive Landscape in an Era of US-China Strategic Rivalry -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP): Implications for the Asia-Pacific Region -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An Overview of the CPTPP -- 3.3 The Economic Impact of the CPTPP -- 3.4 The Geopolitical Implications of the CPTPP -- 3.5 Implications for the Asia-Pacific Region -- 3.5.1 Economic Benefits -- 3.5.2 Standardization -- 3.5.3 Supply Chain Relocations -- 3.5.4 Anti-corruption and Transparency -- 3.5.5 Geo-economic Considerations -- 3.6 The Future of CPTPP -- 3.6.1 Scenario 1: Retention of Current Membership.