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This article begins from the observation that while communication is a widely used catch-phrase in current IR theorising, the very concept of 'communication' is still mainly treated in terms of simple sender-receiver models which do not sufficiently elaborate how the insights of the 'communicative turn' can be made fruitful for IR theorising. The argument is developed in three steps. First - particularly drawing on the work of Karl W. Deutsch - we identify those pockets in IR theory, namely conflict studies and theories of 'communicative action', in which 'communication' plays a considerable theoretical role. Second, it is claimed that placing 'communication' at the centre of any theory of IR requires taking full account of the theoretical consequences of the 'linguistic turn'. To develop this argument requires an examination of the often implicit notion of 'communication' in contemporary uses of speech act theory and symbolic interactionism in current IR theory. Such a move necessarily leads to the diagnosis that all social systems and orders of exchange, including international relations, are communicatively constituted. Finally, such a view enables a reconfiguration of the central problems of 'order' and 'conflict' in IR theory in an innovative fashion: while the problem of order can be restated not as the problem of establishing regularities and patterns but as a problem of disconnecting communications, the problem of conflict can be restated not as a problem of a disruption of communication but as a problem of continuing conflict communication. Adapted from the source document.

The concept that certain objects and persons may be legitimately attacked during armed conflicts has been well recognised and developed through the history of warfare. This book explores the relationship between international law and targeting practice in determining whether an object is a lawful military target. By examining both the interpretation and its post-ratification application this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the definition of military objective adopted in 1977 Additional Protocol I to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and its use in practice. Tackling topical issues such.

This book challenges a central assumption of the international law of territory. The author argues that, contrary to the finding in the Frontier Dispute, uti possidetis is not a general principle of law enjoining states to preserve pre-existing boundaries on state succession. The book demonstrates that African state practice gave rise to customary rules of intangibility of inherited frontiers and respecting the territorial status quo that, respectively, regulate sovereign territory transfer in Africa on independence and beyond. It explains that those rules changed international law as it relates to Africa in many aspects, including the creation of norms of African jus cogens prohibiting secession and the redrawing of boundaries. The book examines in depth the phenomenon of secession in Africa, exploring extensive state practice. Finally, it advances a daring argument for a right to egalitarian self-determination, addressing domination in multi-ethnic states, to serve as an exception to the African rule against secession

This article argues that the Ukraine war is the first major conflict since the end of the Cold War to bring the two major nuclear powers, the U.S. and the Russian Federation, into conflict with one another. The intense U.S. support for the Zelenski Administration in the power struggle in Ukraine and the heavy American sanctions against Russia have pitted Washington and Moscow against each other at a level never seen since the end of the Cold War. The U.S., which was silent on Russia's intervention in Georgia in 2008, reacted very harshly against Moscow in Ukraine, leading to tension similar to that of the Cold War period. Therefore, this article argues that the impact of the Ukraine war on the international system has been enormous. As a close neighbor of Russia and an ally of the U.S., Türkiye is also significantly affected by this war.

International Refugee Law, as a matter of human rights, is in continuous evolution. This article aims to capture what the main advances in ​​gender human rights have been in the regime of well-founded fear of persecution that is entitled by the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Thus, this article will expose what is the classic literature around the conceptualization of the well-founded fear of persecution, including what the iusfeminist critical doctrine has contributed. Subsequently, it will be shown how to improve the evaluation process of the two elements that make up the well-founded fear of persecution, namely the subjective and objective elements. Followed by a detail of the main stumbling blocks that such an evaluation has in terms of gender blindness. Finally, this article will venture to make some legal proposals to overcome such gaps.

This topic is quite relevant within the framework of modern conditions in the field of tourism, since today tourism is at the top of the list of the most important socio-economic sectors of the world economy. It is becoming a lifestyle for millions of people on our planet. Its beneficial influence on the development of political, social, cultural ties and interpersonal relations on an international scale has become an obvious fact for everyone. Marketing in tourism is a system of management and organization of the activities of tourism companies for the development of new, more efficient types of tourist and excursion services, their production and sale in order to make a profit based on improving the quality of tourist products and taking into account the processes that take place in the global tourism market.