Suchergebnisse

Global Business Transcendence argues that country's borders are becoming less important from a trade perspective. We are thus quickly approaching a single global economy.

This monograph provides an account of how the synthetic nitrogen industry became the forerunner of the 20th-century chemical industry in Europe, the United States and Asia. Based on an earlier SpringerBrief by the same author, which focused on the period of World War I, it expands considerably on the international aspects of the development of the synthetic nitrogen industry in the decade and a half following the war, including the new technologies that rivalled the Haber-Bosch ammonia process. Travis describes the tremendous global impact of fixed nitrogen (as calcium cyanamide and ammonia), including the perceived strategic need for nitrogen (mainly for munitions), and, increasingly, its role in increasing crop yields, including in Italy under Mussolini, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The author also reviews the situation in Imperial Japan, including the earliest adoption of the Italian Casale ammonia process, from 1923, and the role of fixed nitrogen in the industrialization of colonial Korea from the late 1920s. Chemists, historians of science and technology, and those interested in world fertilizer production and the development of chemical industry during the first four decades of the twentieth century will find this book of considerable value.

Migration has become business, big business. Over the last few decades a host of new business opportunities have emerged that capitalize both on the migrants' desires to migrate and the struggle by governments to manage migration. From the rapid growth of specialized transportation and labour immigration companies, to multinational companies managing detention centres or establishing border security, to the organized criminal networks profiting from human smuggling and trafficking, we are currently witnessing a growing commercialization of international migration.This volume claims t.

The paper argues that in order to adequately analyse the development of postcolonial democracy – in this case South Africa – a theoretical model has to take into account the context within which that democratic experiment finds itself in. This context is shaped by the international political economy, the circulation of a democracy discourse at both the level of global and local political culture, and the history of state-formation. The paper explores what might explain the resurgence of purportedly 'traditional' modes of governance, symbolised by the 'chief' across several rural landscapes. It argues that the inability of the state to affect fundamental changes in the social, political and economic conditions of the rural hinterlands has created a situation in which local power holders are able to redefine traditional cultural values. In the process of doing so, these local power holders both shape and are shaped by a global discourse of what democracy might be and mean. The paper highlights the debate concerning notions of "African" forms of democracy, embodied most starkly by some of Nelson Mandela's writings, which hold that village level deliberation and chieftaincy based upon community consensus may be more appropriate models of democracy than western versions based upon the notions of electoral contestation. This argument stands in sharp contrast to conventional approaches to democracy which would suggest that traditional leadership is an anachronism of lesser developed countries and stands in contrast to western democratic norms and values.

AbstractThis article seeks to explore the reasons why sanctions for international humanitarian law (IHL) violations are so difficult to put into effect. Beyond the lack of willingness of states to do so for political reasons, some more technical aspects should be emphasized. The implementation of sanctions is too often seen solely through the prism of international law, without enough attention being paid to the complexity and diversity of municipal legal systems. The author puts forward the idea that efficiency starts with a clear sharing of competencies. Three main issues are discussed: first, the influence of the sharing of competencies within the state (between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature) on the implementation of sanctions; second, the broad interpretation of their powers by regional or international bodies in charge of monitoring and reviewing human rights protection; and, third, the creation of new or specific bodies in charge of dealing with and if necessary punishing gross violations of humanitarian law.

SOVIET LAW IS INCREASINGLY INFLUENCED BY INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO WHICH THE SOVIET UNION IS A PARTY. OFTEN THE CONCLUSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY BRINGS ABOUT A CHANGE IN EXISTING SOVIET LAW. IN 1978 THE SOVIET UNION PASSED THE LAW ON THE PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCLUSION, EXECUTION, AND DENUNCIATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES OF THE USSR, ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES FOR FULL CONFORMITY WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD FAITH FULFILLMENT BY THE STATE OF ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW.

International criminal tribunals distinctions and main features -- Defining international crimes -- The ICC-Crime of Aggression -- Jurisdiction and complementarity -- Criminal liability principles envisioned by ICTs -- International criminal law defenses -- General principles of procedural criminal law envisioned by ICTs -- Principles of criminal evidence before ICTs -- Due process principles before ICTs -- International state cooperation with ICTs obtaining evidence abroad -- The International Criminal Court within the geopolitical world order -- Trials in absentia

The globalization of the modern world strengthens the role of migration flows in the socio-economic development of countries and regions. The European Union, and Italy in particular, are among the main centers attracting migrants due to their geopolitical transit position and relatively favorable environment. The consequences of the explosive growth in migration flows are ambiguous. To clarify the direction and power of such effects, we perform correlation and regression analysis according to a number of parameters. The paper presents relevant data on the demographic and socio-economic situation in Italy for 2001–2017. In the literature review section, we examine the substance of international migration and identify the factors affecting the trends in economic dynamics as well as changes in migration flows. The research results confirm that the most significant determinants are employment, the GDP growth rate and the labor cost index. The study also finds that there is a positive correlation between GDP growth and inflow of remittances. The empirical data provided indicate the coherence between migration and particular macroeconomic indicators. A comprehensive analysis of the factors presents a promising pathway for improving migration policy.

Climate change has traversed from the realm of environmental speculation to political policy. No longer is it an issue of lacking scientific evidence; rather it is now an issue of lacking political will. Courageously, the European Union, after gauging the international landscape for a multilateral accord and finding it wanting, has forged forward unilaterally to combat this pressing and substantial threat. In enacting the 20/20 by 2020 the EU has not only set a profound precedent for other developed nations, but has also placed a great burden on its domestic industries. This article examines the EU's regulatory response, in light of its WTO obligations. On the whole, it argues that the EU is well within its sovereign right to apply this measure domestically. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the EU also has strong legal arguments to justify influencing other developed nations to abide by a similar regime through an interpretation of past WTO jurisprudence. Finally, it makes recommendations to empower nations to be more effective at combating threats of this magnitude. On the whole, nations must be supported in progressive environmental actions, rather than hindered.

In this article I will try to demonstrate that the rift between Greek political parties concerning problems in educational reform in the period 1976- 77 was created to a great extent by different interpretations of the new international economic theories which were being expounded in the 70's. During the period of transition from a military regime (1974) to the consolidation of democracy (1981), revolutionary and radical political ideas flourished. The neo-Marxist theory of economics and the theory of dependence had a great influence on Greek political thought. The model of 'modernization' had been called into question by the Left political parties. The problem was not the issue of development but the kind of development. This lack of agreement not only set limits to the possibilities of successful educational reform in Greece but also posed new questions about the role of education in economic development. The discussion on development and education will be correlated with the changes that were taking place in economy, due to the fact that throughout history education has always been closely allied with productivity, either directly or indirectly. ; peer-reviewed

Decision processes in disaster environments pose a special challenge to rational problem solving. The urgency, complexity and uncertainty of disaster environments test the limits of human capacity for seeking, processing and disseminating information to support coordinated action. Current information technology offers a means of extending human problem solving capacity through an interactive, intelligent, spatial information system, if it is supported by a parallel organizational system designed to facilitate coordinated action.A preliminary model of organizational problem solving is proposed, focusing on the global problem of seismic risk. The model relies on the function of information technology to reduce uncertainty by increasing the timeliness and accuracy of information to disaster managers, thereby improving coordination in organizational performance. The model links information technology to organizational structure in ways that create feedback channels, improve organizational learning and increase capacity to correct organizational mistakes. The model is presented in terms of structuring technical and organizational conditions to support improved capacity for organizational problem solving in communities vulnerable to seismic risk. Illustrative data from a series of seven earthquake disasters demonstrate an evolving receptiveness to the integration of information technology into international crisis policy and practice.

A realistic and comprehensive understanding of the international meaning of the United States civilian space effort depends, in the first instance, upon a recognition of its domestic character. As a national program, it is to be under stood in terms of its impact upon government, industry and university, its economic dimensions, and its technological im petus. Internationally, the program is then seen as a contribu tion to the continued viability and strength of the nation which shields the free world and as an example to other advanced countries seeking to stimulate their lagging technology. The program offers certain direct and immediate benefits to peoples everywhere, as well as opportunities for direct participation in co-operative space research and exploration. Over-all, the space program constitutes perhaps the most favorable projec tion of the American image abroad today. The element of prestige, often put forward as the principal value of the pro gram in the eyes of the world, has no significance except as it represents a clear or intuitive perception of the more substan tive factors discussed.