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This open access book presents an international comparison of religiously motivated extremism in the Arab world and around the globe. Based on data from the Arab Barometer and the World Values Survey, it applies advanced statistical techniques to analyze how religiously motivated political extremism affects political and social outcomes as well as political violence. The study clearly shows that identification with a political Islam that also influences elections, promotes religious and gender discrimination, and advocates an Islamist interpretation of Islam, are the main interrelated syndromes of political Islam that together explain more than 50% of the total variance of the 24 model variables used. "A carefully and methodically flawlessly researched work, which is highly recommended for all those who deal seriously with this topic. Professor Arno Tausch is clear-headed and possesses a remarkable ability to make the broad picture of Political Islam accessible." Hon. Prof. Gunther Hauser, Head of the Department Strategy and Security Policy, National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria "Methodological rigorous, scientifically sound, empirically rich and combining the best of qualitative and quantitative approaches, Prof Arno Tausch has produced a tour de force on Political Islam. This study reflects the best scholarship on the subject and will be of use to both policy makers and academics." Prof Hussein Solomon, Academic Head of the Department of Political Studies and Governance, University of the Free State, South Africa

Introduction -- The Gendered Landscape in International Film Production: Continuity and Change. Susan Liddy -- Europe -- The Austrian Film Gender Report 2012-2016. Eva Flicker and Lena Lisa Vogelmann -- Where are the Female Creatives? The Status Quo of the German Film Industry. Elizabeth Prommer and Skadi Loist -- With Eyes Wide Open: Gender Equality in the Polish Film Industry. Greta Gober -- The Road to 5050: Gender Equality and the Irish Film Industry. Susan Liddy -- Gender Equality in British Filmmaking: Research, Targets, Change. Shelley Cobb and Linda Ruth William -- Gendered Representation in Danish Film. Tess Sophie Skadegård Thorsen -- To Change or not to Change: Women and Gender Equality in the Finnish Film Industry. Tarja Savolainen -- From Edith to Carlmar to Iram Haq: Women in the Norwegian film industry. Anette Svane -- Experiencing Male Dominance in Swedish Film Production. Maria Jansson and Louise Wallenberg -- Out in the Cold? Women Filmmaker in Iceland. Gudrun Elsa Bragadottir -- Women in the Italian Film Industry: Against All Odds. Bernadette Luciano and Susanna Scarparo -- Gender Struggles in the Portuguese Film Industry (2008-2018). Carla Baptista and Ana Prata -- North America -- Hollywood and Gender Equity Debates in the #metoo Times Up Era. Courtney Brannon Donoghue -- Australia and New Zealand -- Gender Still Matters: Towards Sustainable Progress for Women in Australian Film and Television Industries. Lisa French -- Marian Evans Aotearoa New Zealand: A Tale of Two Nations -- Nigeria -- Women and Representation in Nollywood: Questions of Production and Direction. Agatha Ada Ukata.

Japan's future and a new Meiji transformation : international reflections / Ken Coates, Kimie Hara, Carin Holroyd and Marie Söderberg -- New Meiji's economics and finance : is Abenomics successful and sustainable? Most probably not / Axel Berkofsky -- From Datsu A to development assistance as a way of reaching out to Asia / Marie Söderberg -- Japan's "new Meiji" transformation through G7 and G20 governance / John Kirton -- Japan's emerging soft power in East Asia? : Taiwan as a crucial case / Paul Midford -- Japan and security in East Asia : finding connections with the West / Kimie Hara -- Nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula : strategic adaptation, the Abe administration and extended deterrence in the face of uncertainty / John Nilsson-Wright -- Japan's grand strategy : in defense of the liberal western Pacific order / Tsuyoshi Kawasaki -- Learning from Okinawa's geopolitical history : how easing the burden of the bases makes good geopolitical sense / Paul O'Shea -- Meiji inspired diplomacy and politics for Japan's future / Scott Harrison -- Effective leadership in Japan : the case of Shibusawa Eiichi / Gil Latz -- Uses of Meiji : redefining history to repeat a success story / Annette Skovsted Hansen -- Japan and care in the community : sharing evidence from policy experiments / James H. Tiessen -- Reviving Japan through internationalization of higher education : Is there a "new Meiji"? Wilhelm Vosse -- Does rural Japan have a future? / Ken Coates -- Natural disasters and Japan / David W. Edgington -- Planning for Japan's 21st century economy and society / Carin Holroyd.

"Do prices respond to macro shocks? Does the mere presence of international frontiers hinder trade? We revisit these questions by studying a dataset of online book prices for a number of US and Canadian retailers. We believe our dataset is well suited to this task for a number of reasons: (1) data for multiple retailers are available; (2) the products sold are identical across retailers; (3) the sample spans a period of large fluctuations in the bilateral exchange rate; (4) the nature of the industry is such that physical distance is irrelevant beyond shipping costs which are observable; (5) nominal frictions in the form of menu costs are arguably minimal; and (6) proxies for sales are available for most retailers. Given the unique nature of our dataset, the first objective of the paper is to document the degree of price rigidity and price dispersion. Our main findings are: online book prices display significant stickiness; there is a large degree of heterogeneity across retailers in terms of price rigidity and pricing strategy; price dispersion is high both within and across borders. Also, price levels do not appear to respond to exchange rate fluctuations. Building on the predictions from a simple two-country, multi-firm model and by exploiting information contained both in prices and quantities, we show that market segmentation is probably behind this disconnect "--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

This monograph provides an account of how the synthetic nitrogen industry became the forerunner of the 20th-century chemical industry in Europe, the United States and Asia. Based on an earlier SpringerBrief by the same author, which focused on the period of World War I, it expands considerably on the international aspects of the development of the synthetic nitrogen industry in the decade and a half following the war, including the new technologies that rivalled the Haber-Bosch ammonia process. Travis describes the tremendous global impact of fixed nitrogen (as calcium cyanamide and ammonia), including the perceived strategic need for nitrogen (mainly for munitions), and, increasingly, its role in increasing crop yields, including in Italy under Mussolini, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The author also reviews the situation in Imperial Japan, including the earliest adoption of the Italian Casale ammonia process, from 1923, and the role of fixed nitrogen in the industrialization of colonial Korea from the late 1920s. Chemists, historians of science and technology, and those interested in world fertilizer production and the development of chemical industry during the first four decades of the twentieth century will find this book of considerable value.

Migration has become business, big business. Over the last few decades a host of new business opportunities have emerged that capitalize both on the migrants' desires to migrate and the struggle by governments to manage migration. From the rapid growth of specialized transportation and labour immigration companies, to multinational companies managing detention centres or establishing border security, to the organized criminal networks profiting from human smuggling and trafficking, we are currently witnessing a growing commercialization of international migration.This volume claims t.

AbstractThis article seeks to explore the reasons why sanctions for international humanitarian law (IHL) violations are so difficult to put into effect. Beyond the lack of willingness of states to do so for political reasons, some more technical aspects should be emphasized. The implementation of sanctions is too often seen solely through the prism of international law, without enough attention being paid to the complexity and diversity of municipal legal systems. The author puts forward the idea that efficiency starts with a clear sharing of competencies. Three main issues are discussed: first, the influence of the sharing of competencies within the state (between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature) on the implementation of sanctions; second, the broad interpretation of their powers by regional or international bodies in charge of monitoring and reviewing human rights protection; and, third, the creation of new or specific bodies in charge of dealing with and if necessary punishing gross violations of humanitarian law.

The paper argues that in order to adequately analyse the development of postcolonial democracy – in this case South Africa – a theoretical model has to take into account the context within which that democratic experiment finds itself in. This context is shaped by the international political economy, the circulation of a democracy discourse at both the level of global and local political culture, and the history of state-formation. The paper explores what might explain the resurgence of purportedly 'traditional' modes of governance, symbolised by the 'chief' across several rural landscapes. It argues that the inability of the state to affect fundamental changes in the social, political and economic conditions of the rural hinterlands has created a situation in which local power holders are able to redefine traditional cultural values. In the process of doing so, these local power holders both shape and are shaped by a global discourse of what democracy might be and mean. The paper highlights the debate concerning notions of "African" forms of democracy, embodied most starkly by some of Nelson Mandela's writings, which hold that village level deliberation and chieftaincy based upon community consensus may be more appropriate models of democracy than western versions based upon the notions of electoral contestation. This argument stands in sharp contrast to conventional approaches to democracy which would suggest that traditional leadership is an anachronism of lesser developed countries and stands in contrast to western democratic norms and values.

SOVIET LAW IS INCREASINGLY INFLUENCED BY INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO WHICH THE SOVIET UNION IS A PARTY. OFTEN THE CONCLUSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY BRINGS ABOUT A CHANGE IN EXISTING SOVIET LAW. IN 1978 THE SOVIET UNION PASSED THE LAW ON THE PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCLUSION, EXECUTION, AND DENUNCIATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES OF THE USSR, ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES FOR FULL CONFORMITY WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD FAITH FULFILLMENT BY THE STATE OF ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW.

The globalization of the modern world strengthens the role of migration flows in the socio-economic development of countries and regions. The European Union, and Italy in particular, are among the main centers attracting migrants due to their geopolitical transit position and relatively favorable environment. The consequences of the explosive growth in migration flows are ambiguous. To clarify the direction and power of such effects, we perform correlation and regression analysis according to a number of parameters. The paper presents relevant data on the demographic and socio-economic situation in Italy for 2001–2017. In the literature review section, we examine the substance of international migration and identify the factors affecting the trends in economic dynamics as well as changes in migration flows. The research results confirm that the most significant determinants are employment, the GDP growth rate and the labor cost index. The study also finds that there is a positive correlation between GDP growth and inflow of remittances. The empirical data provided indicate the coherence between migration and particular macroeconomic indicators. A comprehensive analysis of the factors presents a promising pathway for improving migration policy.

Climate change has traversed from the realm of environmental speculation to political policy. No longer is it an issue of lacking scientific evidence; rather it is now an issue of lacking political will. Courageously, the European Union, after gauging the international landscape for a multilateral accord and finding it wanting, has forged forward unilaterally to combat this pressing and substantial threat. In enacting the 20/20 by 2020 the EU has not only set a profound precedent for other developed nations, but has also placed a great burden on its domestic industries. This article examines the EU's regulatory response, in light of its WTO obligations. On the whole, it argues that the EU is well within its sovereign right to apply this measure domestically. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the EU also has strong legal arguments to justify influencing other developed nations to abide by a similar regime through an interpretation of past WTO jurisprudence. Finally, it makes recommendations to empower nations to be more effective at combating threats of this magnitude. On the whole, nations must be supported in progressive environmental actions, rather than hindered.